@Yayaya13

@Yayaya13 27 November 2020

Hey hey hey! Good day everyone! I dont know if Im still marked as spam in the comments since I decided to take a rest from this platform, but hopefully, even if I cannot reply you on comment sections, you would still acknowledge my works. Gonna catch up later. Take care everyone!

@Yayaya13 17 November 2020

Simula "**Madali lang yan, hawakan mo kamay ko"** *mga katagang sinabi mo habang nakatutok ka ng maigi sa screen ng isang telepono. Kasalukuyan tayong nag-eensayo para sa papalapit na intramurals sapagkat tayo ay naatasang sumayaw at nalalabi na lamang ang mga araw kaya't ikaw ngayon ay nag-aaral ng maigi upang maituro mo rin ito saakin.* **"Ganito yan, mag-pagaan ka at itataas kita sa upuan"** *wika mo habang ako naman itong tulala, hindi makapaniwalang ako ang magiging kapareha mo sa sayaw.* **"Nakuha mo ba? - ohh bakit Cris?"** **"Tinatawag na kase ako ng sa ibang grupo, hindi parin namin tapos ang isa pang sayaw, mamaya nalang ulit tayo mag-ensayo, paumanhin."** *Aking wika bago dali-daliang tumakbo para sa isa pang sayaw na aming itatanghal.* *Alam ko na sa aking pag takbo papalayo, unti-inti nanaman magugulo ang planado kong buhay at mundo.* *Naging matiwasay at maayos ang ating mga sayaw na iprinisenta. Hindi man ako ang naging huli mong kapareha, labis naman ang galak ko na naging maayos ang iyong lagay bago at pagtapos ng inyong sayaw.* *Akala ko'y doon na magtatapos ang ating kuwento, ngunit ito'y mali pala, sa muli ay mag kakasama nanaman tayo. Nataon na nais pala nating sumali sa isang organisasyong babago sa takbo ng mga buhay naten. Naging mag kagrupo tayo, naging mag kausap, at mag ka biruan. Naalala ko pa noon kung gaano ako kagalak kapag ikaw na ang aking katalahayan sa telepono kahit tungkol lang naman sa organisasyon ang ating pinag uusapan. Ewan ko din ba, diko din mawari, maaring may pag hanga na talaga ako sayo.* *Naalala ko ang mga biruan natin, maging ang samahan, mabait ka rin naman pala at maginoo. Nagpaka bulag ako sa katotohanang nag kakaroon na tayo ng mabuting ugnayan, ngunit nagkakamali ako, dahil iba pala ang iyong gusto.* *Isang araw, ikaw ay galing sa syudad upang makipagkita sa iyong mga magulang, ito ay iyong ipinamalita saakin kaya't walang hiyang nagbiro ako na ako ay iyong uwian ng kahit anong pasalubong, umoo ka naman at nagsabing hintayin ako. Labis ang galak ang aking nadama kasama ang aking kaibigan upang mag-hintay sa iyong pag-uwi. Akala ko ay iyon na ang simula, doon pala ito mag-wawakas. Sa ating pag lalakad pauwi, doon ko nalaman na may gusto ka pala sa aking kasama, at sinabi mo na ito'y matagal na. Masakit? Oo ako ay nasaktan at nadismaya, bilang pag tago sa aking tunay na nararamdaman, ako'y nagbiro muli patungkol sa inyong dalawa at tuluyang umiwas.* *Sa aking pag-iwas hiniling ko na sanay maging masaya ka sa piling nya, na sanay mag-tagal kayong dalawa.* *Ngunit, mapagbiro nga talaga ang tadhana at ako'y hindi na natutuwa.* Good day everyone, I hope you all had a great day today. Thank you so much @bheng620 and @esciisc for acknowledging my problems with regards to spam in comment section. I already emailed readcash about it, thanks to @Jane for the suggestion. Still waiting for our school's decision with regards to the resumption of classes I hope it will be a fair decision for everyone. Good evening!

@Yayaya13 16 November 2020

Dear You ***Justify always your thoughts, everyone is listening*** ***Avoid impulsive decisions, it will ruin your sanity*** ***Never assume, never expect, it will happen according to plan*** ***Deliver your message carefully and precisely, to avoid conflicts and misunderstanding*** ***Execute properly what is assign to you and it will go well*** ***Xenial to everyone, always be you*** ***Try and try, never lose hope*** ***Everyone is rooting for you and your success, keep that and go on*** ***Remember me at least once and smile*** ***Hide your negativity, let your positivity guide you*** ***Identify your foes, not everyone is your friend*** ***Give and take, know the difference*** ***Unite with enemies, talk to them when youre calm*** ***I will wait for your growth, just belive in yourself*** ***Together or not, I'll always be here for you*** ***Continue to learn, never stop to wonder*** ***Own your opinion, just speak when its needed*** ***Love yourself, but do not forget everyone in your surroundings*** ***Learn to appreciate simple efforts, its all that matters*** ***Aim high, be free my*** ***One last wish, is for you to be happy.*** Im setting you free Hello everyone! Just created this poem despite the hindrances I've been encountering lately. I hope you like it. Please wait for my return to reply to all of your comments and to comment on your articles, but in order for me not to be marked as snob, I will like your comments once I acknowledge it. So wait for my return, okay? I'll be posting articles again for tomorrow to stay in touch with you. Good evening!

@Yayaya13 16 November 2020

Good evening everyone, starting today, I will not comment to any articles or short posts not until my issues with spam comments are done. I already emailed readcash with regards to this matter and I hope to get a positive response. Stay safe. Let us all have a great day ahead❤

@Yayaya13 13 November 2020

What's with the low score or spam comments with my replies and comments on articles recently? I dont really know what happened or understand whats really happening on them. Can you feel me?

@Yayaya13 13 November 2020

So it was almost a month since I last visited this platform? I was shook when I read all of my notifications, some of them were 4 weeks ago, like seriously? I really need to catch up with you guys.

@Yayaya13 13 November 2020

Promenade Every month of February, Valentine's day is being celebrated, it is a celebration about love where a lot of events and parties are being held, including the promenade. Promenade is a social occasion where every Juniors and Seniors in high school and sometimes even on colleges had a chance to gather, dance and act as if they were prince and princess in just a night. They wear gowns, cocktail dresses, coats, tuxedo and other formal attire that suits on the occassion being held. During my first promenade, a lot of what ifs and negative thoughts were popping on my head. Well maybe its because it was my first time that nervousness is reigning instead of excitement. So what I did to ease my nervous feeling was to eat foods and have some chat with my friends, and it helped me a lot. Disregarding to what I felt, I remember how the students dance gracefully, showing off their moves and clothes, indeed, they took the stage off. This thought reminds me of our performance during our first promenade. All in all, we had a seven dance in total, such a breath taking activity. On my second promenade, I was stunned to those dresses wore by my classmates. Dancers were still beautiful despite the sweat and tiredness they felt during the performance. By this time, I felt the real joy and happiness as I had a great time with my classmates and friends. The third one was amazing. I was sick during our promenade but then with the help of my friends, I still manage to dance and performed gracefully and stroll around despite the dizziness I felt during the performance and rest moments. I'm starting to get used with to perform in the promenade and in front of a lot of people, well maybe because I'm getting old. My last promenade, yes, you read it right, I had 4 promenade in total during my high school years and it was sure tiring yet fantastic. But just like the third one, I was sick during my last promenade. Luckily, despite the heaviness of my head and body, I still manage to rule it according to what I want. I enjoyed and treasured every movement we did as it will be the very last time that I will experience such wonderful moment with my friends. To sum it all, I've enjoyed each promenade we had and experienced. Promenade is not all about dances and beautiful faces, it is about finding new acquaintances and creating memories. Such events will always be a reminder to everyone that **getting out from your comfort zone isn't a bad thing, enjoying a once in a lifetime experience is what matters, but always know your limitations.** How about you, what's your promenade experience?

@Yayaya13 12 November 2020

Pet Animals *Hello everyone! Sharing with you some of the random photos that I captured on the streets, houses and even on our home. These are some precious moments of pet animals we sure adore and love.* This photo was taken last month, a week after my dormmate rescued this cute little kitten on our school department. At first, I was afraid to introduce my hammies to this kitten because of the fact that kitten are silly and it might bite my hammies but luckily, he didnt. They eat peacefully the cat food we served to fed their hungry tummies. This is Abed. He's the one that my dormmate rescued during our laboratory days in our school department. Look at him as he fell into deep sleep on my tummy. Tanan! These are my babies in Pilar, Sorsogon. The pure white is a girl cat named Garlic and the other one is a boy cat named B.U. I know it's kinda weird about B.U's name but we decided to name him after the place where we found him, which was my school. This photo was captured last monday during their dinner. Photo captured earlier. This moment was unplanned. She was staying there for an hour so what I did is to grab my phone and took some pictures of her. Such a cute little fella. Found these cats sleeping on our way to the market to buy some foods. It's kinda weird how they found a pattern that they let the orange one to be in the middle during this moment. What a wonderful experience I had. *Enough with the cats, let me share to you this cutie rabbits I found on my Aunt's residence.* These rabbits were own by my cousins and I think they have a dozen of it. What a fam! *After introducing this fur babies, lets meet this dog named Ambo.* She was named after the storm Ambo. I want you to meet the one who keeps on barking on me even tho I am staying here for 3 days already. She keeps on barking on me, everytime I make a move, and even when I'm singing. I don't know if he hates my existence but I can see that she is enjoying what she's doing. Weird one. *Now let me introduce to you some of our farm animals I consider as pets* *You must be wondering why I called them pet animals even some of them were not even considered as pets. Well, I love animals, especially when I interact with them. I know some of you may think that they might hurt me or inflict some disease to me, but I am not afraid. As long as they know that I can be their friend, I will never stop until they like me back and give love.* `Animals are just like humans, at first, they will doubt your existence, your intention towards them. It will take time to gain their trust as they will analyze you, your moves and every actions in the nature they used to live in.` Be mindful with your actions towards them, they have feelings just like ours. Good evening!

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@Yayaya13 11 November 2020

Nightmare with Rolly `It was the 1st day of November when Supertyphoon rolly came and hit the Bicol Region. He left with lots of casualties and damages and bring traumatic moments to the places where unfortunately experienced the supertyphoon's wrath.` ***And I was there...*** This article was based on a true story of a college student who experienced such strong typhoon away from her family. The Wrath of Rolly It was friday, **October 29** when we heard the news about the typhoon Rolly and its track. At first it wasnt declared a supertyphoon and its track is different from the track it traced so we became calm and chill. It was 5 in the afternoon when my roommate decided to fix her clothes and put it in the closet in case of emergency so that there will be less mess inside the room and so what I did is to fit some of my clothes I havent used in a while. I know its kinda inappropriate to act like that when theres a storm coming but we were so sure that we will be safe inside the dormitory. We even had some great moments and talks about life and such until we fell asleep. At the **last day of the month**, I was so excited and sad at the same time because it will be the first time that I will celebrate my birthday away from my fam. Lots of people are chatting me, sending me messages greeting me a happy birthday, even tho my birthday was really on november 1st, and so i ask, why so advance,I mean, whats with the advance greetings? And all of them reason out that there might be a power interuption due to the typhoon, and so I started to have doubts about the storm and search it online, then I found out that its track was moved southwards and its now heading in Bicol Region, I began to feel a slight panic which I dont wanna show because if I end up showing it, my dormmates might panic as well so I remain calm and announced the latest news that I read on my social media account. After spreading the news, everyone get their candles and put it on the table so that when a power interuption occur, we will have a light. **November 1st**, it was 6 in the morning when our dormmate knocked on our room to invite us to have some breakfast, the power is out already and the wind is strong outside. At first I was hesitant to get up as it was still early, but then I realized that there was a typhoon and so I became alert, watched and observed my surroundings carefully to act as fast as I could in case of emergency. I remain online to contact my siblings and parents as well as my friends who were in different places. Past 8 am when we felt the strong winds and heavy rains brought by the supertyphoon. We can hear the roof, trees and other object flying,rumbling like it was escaping from the wrath of the storm. Before my phone shuts, I check my friends and fam and made sure that they were safe in their places and so I charged my phone. I was about to go outside specifically at the lobby to check if how were things going on in the front yard. And I regret going out of our room because you can hear from the lobby the strong winds of the typhoon, its sounds echoed on the open space of our frontyard making the cars create a loud noise. As I run back to our room, I sense something weird with my dormmates as they keep on laughing even during our situation. *As I keep on asking them,they lit up the candle(the one we used during the power outrage) and sang a happy birthday song for me.* Hahahhaha I know its kinda weird to be happy that moment, but thanks to my crazy dormmates, that song and surprise(was it?) made me calm a bit. 10 in the morning when I saw the water outside, I was still calm as I thought that it was normal especially with such a heavy rain. But it wasnt, the water is rising up putting us in an alarming state, its rate is fast making us act more quicker than usual. We decided to pack our things, bring important stuffs we can use for survival together with our pet animals and climb up to the second floor to observe if the water level will rise even more. I already texted one of our professor, and some of our classmates to inform them about our situation inside the dormitory. Luckily, the water did not rise even more and it stay still until we felt the last wrath of the storm. But the damages it left isnt that fantastic at all. Below are some of the actual footage of what the Supertyphoon Rolly did in Guinobatan, Albay. It was still vivid on our minds what happened last November 1 knowing that it was my birthday. I will never forget it and it will forever be a lesson and story I will tell for the next generation.

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@Yayaya13 11 November 2020

To Anyone Who's Feeling Unloved Today, I Love You *In life we will have this point or experiences where love is not easy to find and received, you will experience giving all you have for someone who doesnt even know how to utilize it properly. Its just sad how others treat you nothing despite what you've done for them. But dont give in, its just a test to measure how true you are to yourself and to everyone.* Lets just put it in a scenario ***A man who saves a snake in a forest fire*** *The snake is burning already and it lost its hope to sneak out from the fire because of so much tired and loneliness and then a man came. A man from the neighborhood found out what happened to the forest and try his best to save the animals left in there, he found a koala, monkey, tarsier and many more. He was tired and dehydrated but that doesnt stop him to help and rescue this poor wild animals, he was looking for more survivor when he found the snake fighting for its life, its body is full of fire and it became more aggressive than before making it hard for him to help it escape.* *Everyone thought that the man will just leave without helping the snake, but they were wrong, he came back with a gear and a stick to help himself protect against the aggressiveness of the snake while saving it and then he succeed.* *Even tho their world and nature were different, that doesnt stop a man to help and reach out for those who are in need. Let us not make diversity as barriers in order to connect and create a strong bond with one another.* Lesson in the scenario `Always have a positive thought in life, no matter how heavy you feels inside, keep calm, have a clear mindset and surrender yourself to the Almighty as He knows whats best for everyone. Never be eaten by the negativy and dark as it will ruin the purest white you have inside your heart.` ***To anyone who's feeling unloved today, I Love You. Spread the word, lets put a smile on those faces. Good Morning***

@Yayaya13 9 November 2020

Bente Uno ***Namundag sa lugar kun saen kapag igwa ka marani saimo sinda*** ***Nagdakula na tawong baloy, pirme sanang igda*** ***Nag kakawat solo, minsan kadagit an mga tugang*** ***Ngunyan nagrurumdom, sa saiyang kinapunan.*** ***Natawan nin maray na edukasyon kan saiyang mga magurang*** ***Nakanamit kan medalya na huna'y durudisplay,ulang ulang*** ***Pirme ngisi, pero ang arte labi-labi*** ***Nakatukaw, nakatulala, inrurumdom kun gano siya kadto para ibi*** ***Nag padagos kan sekondarya sa akademya kan saiyang paryentes*** ***Nagpuon maging masusupgon, daog pan ulod na nagtatago sa mga materyales*** ***Pero nakamidbid kan mga tunay na tawong saiyang pagkakatiwalaan*** ***Uto nag wala wala, nakaluwas sa hawla ang tunay na kaugmahan*** ***Nakamati kan iba ibang emosyon*** ***Na huna sa poon sana titiuson*** ***Aww nyanem ta sagkud mag sa4ong taon amo man gilayon*** ***Si inday neneng marupok,makauuyamon*** ***Nag gradwar matapos an pag sapar nin anum na taon*** ***Si inday, ulukon ta huna makabuwelo sa masunod na panahon*** ***Dae niya aram na mas malala pa an sasaparon na kalbaryo*** ***Adi na arani na, pagbati simo kan kolehiyo*** ***Naging maugma an kinapunan kan istorya*** ***Kadamo-damong mga tawo na saiyang nangilala*** ***Naging kampante sa sitwasyon asin estado kan saiyang namuklatan*** ***Daeng labot sa maski unong danos na saiyang aagihan*** ***Nag abot an aldaw na saiyang namatian*** ***Pag kamoot sa sarong lalakesng iba man an namumuutan*** ***Nagpaka martyr, naging boa masuportahan lang ang nakursunadahan*** ***Ngunyan nagka gulo gulo, dae aram kun saen na mapaduduman*** ***Naging maugma an kinapunan kan saindang isturya*** ***Dawa nagpuon sa sala, daeng labot basta sinda maugma*** ***Naging trangkilo asin matuninong ang salang relasyon kan duwa*** ***Daeng pagkaaram sa maabot na trahedya na raraot sa pagtutiwala niya*** ***Ngunyan nagsasapar nin labis na pagkamundo*** ***Manungod sa relasyong napuno sana nin mga pangako*** ***Ngunyan nagpupuon mag bungkaras asin mag puon*** ***Kan saiyang buhay bago matapos an taon*** ***Adi na, sa aldaw na ini siya ay nangangako*** ***Ang pag huru hibi ipupundo, pupunan na maging saro*** ***Ipagpamibi na sanay gabayan siya na dae malihis an tono*** ***Sa aldaw na ini inseselebrar an saiyang pagkamundag sa mundo*** `Summary`***:*** `Its all about a girl who celebrated her birthday by reminiscing her memories through objects related to a person who hurts her the most. It started from her childhood days upto the present. This poem was full of happiness and love and a promise that it will never happen again with the guidance of the Almighty.` GOOD MORNING EVERYONE! Dropping my not so good poem, I use my native language so that I can clearly state my emotions and feels all through out the poem. Hope you like it.

@Yayaya13 9 November 2020

Empty Thoughts Gone Wrong Have you ever wonder about going back with your ex lover? The thought of staying together again even after the fall, the heartaches and sorrow you've shared. Will you accept him/her even after knowing the truth behind his/her words and actions? Let us dig deep and know some scenarios of being in a relationship. This article was based on the Korean Drama "The World of the Married Couple" but we will only tackle relationship without rings and papers sign by the law and God. We all know how everyone dreamt of growing fast just to ecperience being in a relationship. Well its a normal thing, in fact, having such experience will put you in an advance stage as you will know some of the cycle of life. With the dream of being in a relationship, this puts everyone in a point where they are setting a standard when it comes to their ideal partner they wanna end up with, and its okay to set standards just dont settle for it in a long run 'cause you'll just end up dreaming for an unknown partner. But sometimes, especially those who are lucky when it comes to love, they usually meet their ideal one. The one who fits all the standards they set and the one who they think is their forever. Lucky indeed. But finding it is rare so better cherish it. Now, to make it on point, lets drop an example... You were in a long term relationship and everyone is dreaming for having that one. You both share happiness, love and sorrows but something is missing, something is wrong. You always end up crying every night and asking yourself what have you done wrong but still smiles at dawn. Everything seems normal when a big chaos came that would ruin the bond you were holding on. You end up ending your long term relationship with a question why? What? How? Just why? Your partner cut you off from everything and you just end up asking your self worth, asking if Am I worth it? After a week or month of agonizing from what happened, you started to realize that life will never end with a good bye, there is always a door behind you must open and conquer. But suddenly, he come back Begging for fogiveness, begging for you to stay from where he left you. Now let me ask you, will you stay and accept him/her again? It always depends on everyone's situation to stay and hold on, but you will never reach your goal and dreams if you keep on staying still and not moving forward. This article is open for everyone's opinion, you can commnt your thoughts below. Hello everyone! So heres my first article for today! What are your thoughts about it? Lezdooooo dis❤

@Yayaya13 9 November 2020

Hello everyone! Hope all is safe in their places. Gonna drop an update later so stay tuned😉

@Yayaya13 8 November 2020

Not so random ***Empty streets field of rose*** ***Bloody bed sheets with one little thorn*** ***Smiling in the corner, acting like a witch*** ***Cant ask myself if Im okay with you hurting me*** ***White wall drawn with gray*** ***Faking smiles 'cause you took them away*** ***Fading memories sure I'll miss*** ***Slowly healing, hoping it will stop in a bliss*** Good evening everyone! Its been a while. I miss posting articles and updates in this platform. I hope that everyone is safe in their own places. Gonna catch up soon with lots of articles so stay tuned😉

@Yayaya13 28 October 2020

Four Corners Here I am Laying on my bed Staring at the window Thinking on what to do I have lots of paperworks Who cares? I wanna have some peace of mind So please, stop educating me on what to do Hello everyone! Hope you like this short poem for my comeback. This is a true to life experience so yeah. Ive been away for about a week or 2? But I hope I can post lots of articles this week. Wishing and praying for everyone's safety. See you in the comment section😉

@Yayaya13 26 October 2020

Climate Change Refugia Climate change refugia are characterized by the occurrence of relatively stable local climatic conditions that persist over time, despite change at regional and global scales.Refugia are areas that remain relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time and enable persistence of valued physical, ecological, and socio-cultural resources. There are ways to minimize the negative effects of climate change: **CLIMATE ADAPTATION** Transition- Allowing inevitable changes to certain attributes of species. Examole of this is planting Resilience- Giving the ecosystem what they need to be able to rebound from climate stressors Resistance- Preserve as musc as possible. The preserve is called the Refugia. **Characteristics of climate change refugia for Australian biodiversity** Identifying refugia is a critical component of effective conservation of biodiversity under anthropogenic climate change. However, despite a surge in conceptual and practical interest, identifying refugia remains a significant challenge across diverse continental landscapes. We provide an overview of the key properties of refugia that promote species' persistence under climate change, including their capacity to (i) buffer species from climate change; (ii) sustain long‐term population viability and evolutionary processes; (iii) minimize the potential for deleterious species interactions, provided that the refugia are (iv) available and accessible to species under threat. Further, we classify refugia in terms of the environmental and biotic stressors that they provide protection from (i.e. thermal, hydric, cyclonic, pyric and biotic refugia), but ideally refugia should provide protection from a multitude of stressors. Our systematic characterization of refugia facilitates the identification of refugia in the Australian landscape. Challenges remain, however, specifically with respect to how to assess the quality of refugia at the level of individual species and whole species assemblages. It is essential that these challenges are overcome before refugia can live up to their acclaim as useful targets for conservation and management in the context of climate change. Irruptive population dynamics are characteristic of a wide range of fauna in the world's arid (dryland) regions. Recent evidence indicates that regional persistence of irruptive species, particularly small mammals, during the extensive dry periods of unpredictable length that occur between resource pulses in drylands occurs as a result of the presence of refuge habitats or refuge patches into which populations contract during dry (bust) periods. These small dry‐period populations act as a source of animals when recolonisation of the surrounding habitat occurs during and after subsequent resource pulses (booms). The refuges used by irruptive dryland fauna differ in temporal and spatial scale from the refugia to which species contract in response to changing climate. Refuges of dryland fauna operate over timescales of months and years, whereas refugia operate on timescales of millennia over which evolutionary divergence may occur. Protection and management of refuge patches and refuge habitats should be a priority for the conservation of dryland‐dwelling fauna. Under the UNHCR definition of a refugee, set out in the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, people fleeing their homes because of natural disasters or other environmental problems do not qualify for refugee status and the protection that come from such status. In a recent paper, I defended the essentials of the UNHCR definition on the grounds that refugee status and protection is best reserved for people who can only be helped by granting them refuge in a safe state for an indefinite period of time, and argued that this does not include most people fleeing from natural disasters. This claim is most strongly challenged by the possibility of displacement from climate change. Refugia have long been studied from paleontological and biogeographical perspectives to understand how populations persisted during past periods of unfavorable climate. Recently, researchers have applied the idea to contemporary landscapes to identify climate change refugia, here defined as areas relatively buffered from contemporary climate change over time that enable persistence of valued physical, ecological, and socio-cultural resources. We are currently facing the likelihood of severe climate change before the close of the century. In the face of such a global driver of species loss, we urgently need to identify refugia that will shelter species from the worst impacts of climate change. This will be a critical component of successful conservation and management of our biodiversity. Despite this, little is known about how best to identify refugia in the landscape, and the practical strategies needed to identify, protect and expand refugia are just beginning to be developed. Identifying refugia that will protect most species, or large numbers of species, remains a complex and daunting endeavour due to the large variations in climatic and biotic requirements of species.Refugia are habitats that components of biodiversity retreat to, persist in and can potentially expand from under changing environmental conditions (Keppel et al., 2012), facilitating the survival of organisms during extreme climatic changes (Médail & Diadema, 2009). They may thus maintain favourable climatic conditions now absent in the surrounding landscape. This is enabled by higher local heterogeneity of microclimates and the decoupling of local from regional climates (Dobrowski, 2011; Keppel et al., 2012). Because refugia potentially safeguard the persistence of components of biodiversity over millennia, they may act as safe havens under projected anthropogenic climate change (Médail & Diadema, 2009; Keppel et al., 2012). This capacity makes them critical components in climate change management. As a result, the identification and protection of refugia has increased in priority in conservation planning (Noss, 2001; Game et al., 2011). However, refugia are currently loosely defined and their study is often based on ad hoc, descriptive data sources (Ashcroft, 2010). Climate Change affects the distribution, abundance and persistance os species and exosystems around the world. Climate refugia are areas that remain relatively buffered from contemporary climate change. Citations: https://www.fs.usda.gov/ccrc/topics/climate-change-refugia Reside AE, Welbergen JA, Phillips BL, Characteristics of Climate change refugia for A ustralian Biodiversity, 2014, Wiley Online Library Addison, Brandle, Dickman, McDonald, et.al,Biological Reviews 92 (2), 647-664, 2017 Critical review of international social and political philosophy 17 (5), 618-634, 2014 Redmond, Sarah C Sawyer, Sarah Stock, Steven R Beissinger 2016.plos one.com Reside, VanDerWal, Ben Phillips,National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, 2013, apo.org au Gunnar Keppel, Grant W Wardell‐Johnson,Global Change Biology 18 (8), 2389-2391, 2012. Online library.com. Wilkin,2016, https://www.mdpi.com https://www.sciencedirect.com Ashcroft.ro.vow.edu:au, 2010 V Graham, 2019, https://www.tandfonline.com Climate Change Responses.biomedcenter.com Morelli,2016, https;//.journals.plos.org Beaumont,2019, https://www.sciencedirect.com Nescs.umpass.edu Stephenson,2015 Climate Refugia, undark.org,2019

@Yayaya13 26 October 2020

Good day! I hope everyone is safe in their places. I'll start publishing articles again soon so stay tuned❤

@Yayaya13 19 October 2020

Values Education Being a Filipino is a great challenge to all of us. As We all know, Philippines is a democratic and a values-oriented country. During the spanish colonialism, Our ancestors had to possess the values that the spaniards taught them. For the reason of that, It is still taught until now. A lot of researches and documentaries shows that Filipinos and other asian countries shows good manners and values that starts in the Family. Filipinos are also known to be hospitable, God-Fearing, dilligent, compassion, genorosity, resilliency, loyalty and most especially the respect for elders. All of these traits sums up for the Love to God, Country and Family. Philippines is also known as one of the happiest country globally, despite of the fact that Philippines is very far from first world countries, poverty is also a big issue to the society, Filipinos do not forget to smile beyond problems. In my personal experience, values and good manners is a must in our home. I was able to be taught to treat everyone as if I was them. I grew up in a religious family and environment, to be good at all times even though others are not. I remember when I was in elementary, I can see the posters in every police stations and public schools stating that Be honest even if others are not, Be kind even if others are not, and such. I am also fond of helping others and doing extramiles especially to the youths and the little ones. However, As time pass by, values also changes because of the constant change We experience. The so called Generation Z is very far from those of the past generation. Today, Helping others is not a must of you also need help. Being good to others is not a must if they can not treat you well. Having bad attitudes is excused depending on the current situation of a person. Honestly, I am frustrated by these changes. Sometimes Filipino has also the attitude of bringing down their fellowmen. I strongly believe in the philosophy that the end does not justify the means. Being kind or rude to others is not exceptional. Above all of these, It comes from love. We have the natural values of being good and compassionate however, circumstances also challenges us to be good at all times. Having Values Education in school from pre-school to college is important for me. The reason of that is that sometimes we forget it because of the constant change we experience. As young as we are, We should be taught good values in order to us to have good attitude towards others. Being good at all times makes our life easier because we are good. Keeping the Filipino traits mentioned earlier also makea the Filipinos unique from every other races in the world. We spread good vibes and we teach the world how to be happy despite of the problems we have in life. I remember a current issue we have in social media, the #Cancel. During this pandemic Filipinos voices out their own perspective on what is right and sometimes it is against the government or sometimes they don not wnat to be a Filipino anymore. However, this issue shows that even if Filipinos sometimes want to be in other race, they still choose to fight for the country, fight for a fellow Filipino and of course respecting our country. It is because of the love we have for God, for Country and Family.

@Yayaya13 19 October 2020

Done with my 3rd commission❤ uwuuuuu I'll be posting another article so stay tuned😉 good evening!

@Yayaya13 19 October 2020

Philippine Government Policies The government policies regarding science and technology is good enough only if it is applied properly. With the financial support from the Government, I think that its policies will have its optimum use for the betterment of the country. But sadly, the lack of support for the increasing problems relating science and technologies wasn’t addressed properly. Other agencies are abusing their positions just to have and obtain more money instead of imparting knowledge about science and technologies. If I were to change one of the government policy discussed, I would change nothing. The policies are good enough. All we need is a support for both moral and financial for it to be implemented properly. For me the government should pay more attention to the health sector in terms of science and technology. With the current education private and public schools were offering, our countries are producing talented doctors and nurses that would help resolve the pandemic we are facing right now but due to the lack of support from the government, the issues with regards of the increasing cases of positive COVID-19 patients in the country is still uncontrollable. Medical professionals needs and deserve a support. Comparing private schools with outstanding science education program such as University of San Jose-Recoletos in Cebu City, Siliman University in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, University of San Agustin in Iloilo City, Centro Escolar University in Manila ad many more which offers BS in Biology, BS in Environmental Science, BS in General Science, BS in Applied Science, BS in Chemistry, BS in Marine Biology, BS in physics, BS in Health Sciences, BS in Human Biology and BS in Cosmetic Science than the public service schools in the Philippines, it is visible that the private schools is more focus on giving quality education by providing tools and equipment that is necessary for the welfare of the students. There are also focus on honing the capacity and capabilities of each students by exposing them to current issues related to the course they were taking up. Public schools on the other hands also gives quality education but lacks the tools, equipment and also facilities to perform actual and laboratory activities that would help the students hone their skills in their chosen career.

@Yayaya13 19 October 2020

Greatest Invention In my 20 years of existence, I've used and discovered different technologies that were invented maybe out of curiosity or for the necessities of the consumers. I have seen the contribution of smart and android phones in the society and for me, it is the greatest invention out of all the inventions that I used. Smart and android phones were invented due to the increasing human needs and greed to create a better inventions and version of phone that would benefit the mankind and business industries. Every decisions and inventions has its own advantages and disadvantages that affects the society. With the invention and usage of smart and android phones, a lot of people experiences convenience and satisfaction. It brings happiness and satisfaction to everyone as a lot of features are installed in a pocket size device. The invention of smart and android phones open a way for easy communication, internet connectivity, academic purposes, and emergency purposes. It also serves as device to kill time while enjoying the use of it. This invention became a powerful tool that fits all the needs and necessities a human will have. Android and smart phones can also bring negative effects that could ruin humanity. The usage of this device became a tool for accidents, cheating issues, pollution, medium for crimes and many more. With these disadvantages, it is therefore recommended and advised to use smart and android phones in moderation. With the invention of smart and android phones, a lot of people experiences convenience and satisfaction as I have explained above. Variables that influenced the inventor to create this invention may be from the demand of the society, it can be also because of the driving unit or the curiosity of the inventor or maybe due to the knowledge and skills that he or she has.

@Yayaya13 18 October 2020

Been inactive for days. Gonna catch up soon.

@Yayaya13 17 October 2020

Surveying Theories and Philosophies of Mathematics Education" by Sriraman and English The article :Surveying Theories and Philosophies of Mathematics Education" by Sriraman and English can be describe as quite incomprehensible because of the words and terms used by the author. However, doing this article will surely help the educators to determine what philosophies and theories does mathematic posseses. According to Jena Piaget, cognition as a biologist viewing intelligence and knowledge as G biological functions of organisms.Von Gtasersfetd's view math as a radical constructivism.Paul Cobb and Heinrich Baursfed view math as social constructivism.Plato saidmath is unihed body of knowledge with an ontolgicat certainty and an in$attib(e underlying structure.Imre Lakatos is author of the book PROOFS AND REFUTATIONS; as constructivists' preference for Lakatosian (math as a subject to revision over time) Hersh (2006) said math is associated philosophy that should include voices, of cognitive scientists, linguistics, sociologist, anthropologist, and those who are interested mathematicians and philosophers.Proof and Refutations addresses the importance of the rote of history and consider historical development of mathematical concepts. It aims to bridge historians and philosophers.Past theories vs present theories, the theories become more prominent. Because of research elevation of theory in mathematics considered contradictory to the growing concerns for enhancing the relevance and usefulness of research.Theory of mathematics as:Structural is an organized and content system of concepts and nations in the mathematics education held. While Functional is a system of roots that permit a speculation about some reality.BourbGki and Dieudonn&'s approach steeped in an existentialist philosophy gave way to progmatic approach of Freudentha(humanistic element of doing mathematics)Didactique des mathematiques or The French Tradition (Ddm) Is study of process 09 dissemination of knowledge in mathematics.The Field of Mathematics has been greatly influenced over time by social, cultural and political dimensions of education, thinking and (earning which results to different synthesis, theories and philosophies. Some theories and philosophies tend to reexamine the nature and purpose of math education in relation to society. I would like to subscribe to the philosophical view of Bauersfeld known as the social constructivism because I highly believe that No man is An Island therefore inorder to learn not just in mathematics, We need help form others. It can be groupmates, schoolmates or just in the circle of friends. However, I disagree with the socio-cultural construtivism because It is based on the culture of the learners, Some learners are trasferee or some have different culture than others. It would be difficult to teach mathematics based on cultures, thus there will be no.innovation in this part which is highly needed to adopt new ways of learning. I think the most applicable philosophical view in my locality is the social construtivism because as I have said earlier, It is better to have different perspectives in order to open new learnings. Grouowork and Activities that are done by grouo are much effective because of the brainstorming happening inside the circle and new doors are being opened. I remember when I was in Highschool, sometimes I cannot understand the lesson so, I ask my classmates and groupmates to explain it to me, this way I can throw confusions to my classmates and they can answer me right way. I believe that the radical constructivism is no linger relevant to this era because there are many ways on solving math problems. Something It has different solutions and can come up with the same answers. Innovation is the trend for this era. Different hacks and easier way to understand math are being taught to learners.

@Yayaya13 16 October 2020

Prospects and Challenges in Implementing a New Mathematics Curriculum in the Philippines ***Abstract*** The basic education curriculum in the Philippines contains mother tonguebased multilingual education, universal kindergarten, college and livelihood readiness and specialized upper secondary education. The curriculum also features spiral progression and contextualization and enhancement, which helps make the curriculum more relevant to the students.According to Sec. of Education Raul Roco, the 2002 BEC was based on a 16- year study (starting in 1986).The implementation of the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum was announced in DepEd Order No. 25,s. 2002, issued on June 17, 2002.The actual implementing guidelines were found in DepEd Order No. 43, s. 2002, dated Aug. 29, 2002.Less than a year later, a new curriculum was signed into law.Implementation of RBEC was based on Executive Order No. 46, which in turn was based on the recommendations of the Philippine Commission on Educational Reforms (PCER), created on Dec. 7, 1998."The restricting of the curriculum is part of an ongoing effort to improve the quality of learning. We are focusing on the basics of improving literacy and numeracy while inculcating values across learning areas to make it dynamic." (Paul Roco). The 2002 BEC is a restricting and not a sweeping change of the elementary and secondary curricula.Greater emphasis on helping every learner become a successful reader. The following are the features of the BEC:(1)Emphasis on interactive/ collaborative learning approaches.(2)Emphasis on the use Of integrative learning approaches.(3)Teaching of values in all learning areas.(4)Development of self-reliant and patriotic citizens.(5)Development of creative and critical thinking skills. Secondary EducationCurriculum (SEC),At the secondary level, a critical reform is in the area of curriculum and instruction as an urgent response to declining school performance. After a four year try out in a number of school nationwide, SEC was the. ready for role out in the first year (sy 2010-2011)- First Year Level(SY 2011-2012) — Second Year Level (sy 2012-2013) - Third Year Level (sy 2013-2014) - Fourth Year Level.The main tenet of the curriculum is understanding versus facts. Students must understand, not just memorize facts.The refinement of the curriculum followed the Understanding by Design framework (developed by Jay MCtighe and Grant Wiggins) which offers a three stage, backward process to curriculum design. Hence, It is also known as Backward Design Curriculum.This implores to think about the outcomes we had for student learning first and then plan instruction and develop curriculum to close the gap between what the students already know and what they need to know.These are Special Curricular Programs: (SPA) Special Program in the Arts. (SPS) Special Program in the Sports. (SPJ) Special Program in Journalism. (SPFL) Special Program in Foreign Language. (ESEP) Science Education Program. (Tech-Voc) Technical-Vocational Program K to 12 (also K-12) is an education system under the Department of Education that aims to enhance learners' basic skills, produce more competent citizens, and prepare graduates for lifelong learning and employment. "K" stands for Kindergarten and "12" refers to the succeeding 12 years of basic education (6 years of elementary education, 4 years of junior high school, and 2 years of senior high school).The K-12 program offers a decongested 12-year program that gives student to master skills and absorb basic competencies.Students of the new system will graduate at the age of 18 and will be ready for employment, entrepreneurship, middle level skills development, and higher education upon graduation.The K-12 program accelerates mutual recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries. Kindergarten is mandatory for five-year-old children, a pre-requisite for admission to Grade 1.The new curriculum gives students the chance to choose among three tracks and undergo immersion, which provides relevant exposure and actual experience in their chosen track. ***Basic Education Curriculum*** Through the recommendation of Philippine comission on Educational Reform, The primary focus to Basic Education Curriculum is to cure the inability of students who can not read with comprehension. This incudes tecahing mathematics is shifted from spiral system to a discipline based model. Elementary algebra is taught in the first year, Intermediate Algebra in second year abd Geometry in the third year. ***2010 Philippine Secondary Curriculum*** This curriculum focuses on teaching and learning. The DepEd Memorandum 16s. 2010 requires teachers to organize their lessons starting with the end in mind. Students' learnung is assessed by observing the Students' performance. By means of this , Activities are designed according to the performance. The weakness of this curriculum is that misunderstandings are exaggerated interpretations of the principles. Some teachers thought that all six tenets of understanding identified in the framework need to be used in all classroom assessments. Some teachers were also told that concepts cannot be directly taught and should arise from student's explorations. ***K to 12 Program*** In 2011, the DepEd has get on the Kto12 program. Some significant changes include (1) expansion of the basic education cyvle from 10 to 12 years, (2) the use of the Mother-Tongue Based Multilingual Education in Grades 1-3, and (3) the opportunities for academic, technical-vocational or entrepreneurship was rolled out in Grade 1 and 7 classrooms in 2012, in Grade 2 and 8 in 2013 and so on, until all students hace same curriculum by 2017. ***Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE)*** The use of english in mathematics has long been blamed for poor mathematics performance. Tjis statement is hardly surprising given that many Filipinos are not proficient in English. Many university students, who have already undergone atleast 10 years of educationin English, Still have not acquired the English learning competencies exoected of a highschool graduate. A lot of studies have also shown how Filipino students perform better in tests written in their first language as comoared to the same tests in English. A curriculum is evaluated based not on its articulated outcomes but on how it is imolemented in classrooms. Unfortunately, Imolementation is often fraught with problems, heading to considerable waste of time, effort and resources. It is a serious area of concern, especially in a developing country like the Philippines where resources are scarce and curricular reforms are often sourced externally.

@Yayaya13 15 October 2020

Article 1 **Article title:** *Government's Support to Science Education by Hon. Estrella F. Alabastro, Secretary, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) DOST Complex. Bicutan, Taguig City* Reference:https://s.docworkspace.com/d/ADfCdOTR1vtHwtCr05anFA ***Abstract*** Science education has always played an important role in the development of a country. It has been jnstmmental in imparting the 'hard' skills and knowledge to our students to enable them to make a living. For many years now, science education has helped the Philippines develop a workforce to support the demands of industry, agriculture: service and the academe. Recognizing the role tbat science and technology play in bringing about economic growth and development, nations are taking steps to strengthen its science and technology capabilities. But for a developing country like the Philippines, the daunting challenges of reconciling the increasingly limited availability of resources! escalating costs of research and development, and the rapid race complexity of technological innovation still continue. ***Teacher scholarship programs*** The DOST also supports various scholarship programs aimed to fill in the gaps in the number of competent science and math teachers, specifically in the areas of Physics. Among them are: Cooperative Pre-Service Education for Science and Mathematics Teachers (Project 8102 Ed) in cooperation with the PNU, DLSU and TlJP Manila Partial Scholarship for BSE Major in Physics (Project 9001 Ed.) Scholarship Program for Science and Math Education, Major Physics (RSTC Project 8901 Ed) ***Developing teacher's capability*** There is a constant need to provide in-service training to equip teachers with both content knowledge and teaching skills for subjects like physics~ chemistry, biology and integrated science. Of all these areas of specialization, the most wanting of trained teachers is physics, where more than 92% of those already in the teaching force are neither majors nor minors in this discipline. The DOST has been implementing new teaching and learning approaches to prepare our young to cope successfully in a knowledge -based economy and at the same time to create a challenging learning experience for both teacher and pupil this includes: e-Training for Science and Mathematics Teachers is an online training designed to upgrade the competence and confidence of public and private science and math teachers in the elementary and secondary levels. This I0- month pilot online training program commenced in November 2005 and concluded in August 2006. Selected TEis served as nationwide training venues where participants were trained simultaneously using on-Jinc mode and printed modules. ***Project MUST*** Launched in 2001, MUST is a 90-hr non-degree teacher training program designe-0 to enhance content knowledge and to update teaching strategics of elementary science and math teachers who serve Muslim pupils and youth from other ethnic groups in Mindanao. A total of 6,331 participants were trained under the program from 2001-2005. ***Conclusion of this article*** While the Department of Science and Technology has already put in place intervention programs to bring about improvements in S& T education, much work has yet to be initiated and done. Since the government has identified different shortcomings along with teaching to not just primary but also in secondary and tertiary in Science, The DOST is being highly supported by the government. This just proves that science plays a big role in developing a country, Especially in terms of building the economy.

@Yayaya13 14 October 2020

Goodnight everyone! It was nice interacting with other users of this platform again. Stay safe everyone. Let us all have a deep rest for today

@Yayaya13 14 October 2020

Untold Stories ***To my future boyfriend,*** *It was month of september when you say you dreamed about me,* *I remember the way you talked about on how did I approach and embrace you while youre crying.* *Crying and begging as your dream girl rejected you again* *I know it will happened hahaha, you always ended up being broken after entering a romantic relationship* *But its kinda weird,* *Why me of all people?* *You were so happy while talking about it,* *Never did I know I was staring at you so intently.* *You talk to me all day, even on calls and chats on weekends,* *You never stop until I started to believe that it was true.* *You came in to my life,* *Calling me Im your future so I concluded, yeah maybe I am your future.* *To my future boyfriend, I hope you stay safe and happy,* *Stop begging for love as it will truly find you.* *Be yourself, be the real you.* *Stop fooling around and start dreaming.* *Do your job and I'll do mine.* *Love will wait for both of us.* *Theres no need to rush,* *Everything will find its way back to its proper place and I hope that way will lead me to you.* *This letter of mine was written out of curiosity,* *As I wanna know how my hand and mind will react on the things that I remember lately,* *I hope I can give this to you without stuttering,* *Please do acknowledge,you know how I hate waiting.* ***Let us meet at the right time. See you soon***. Your future girlfriend❤ `hey hey hey! I know some of you might wonder if who is this future Im referring to in this poem/letter or I dont know what to call it.` `It was a not so close friend of mine who dreamed about me when we were still in senior high. I just remember him recently and I hope that he finds the one who will make him happy forever.` `Other messages on the text was a work of fiction so please do not tease me. Hahahahhaa`

@Yayaya13 14 October 2020

Current Developments In Primary Science In The Global Context **Science Education Professional Development for Primary/Elementary Teachers: A Tale of Two Systems** *Shawn E. Bell & Steven S. Sexton* Abstract This paper reports on the illuminatory and exploratory phase of a study into how two educational systems are interconnecting content, policy, and teaching practice into science professional development (PD). New Zealand implemented a new curriculum in 2007 for full implementation in 2010, which should have altered how science was delivered in primary classrooms. New Zealand, however, began limited PD in science education in 2012. The state of Arkansas in the United States of America endorsed the Next Generation Science Standards in 2015, adopted the new Arkansas K-4 Science Standards in 2016 and Years 5–8 in 2017. Arkansas, however, began its science PD in 2015. Through face-to-face discussions during PD sessions, this study investigated how the teachers were experiencing PD explicitly based on the interconnections of content, policy, and practice. The results of this first phase highlight how due to their participation in PD, teachers in both Arkansas and New Zealand are now talking about how they build on what their students know and have experienced. The implications of this research note teachers not only need both the time and opportunity to experience learning but also support as they then implement their new learning into their own classroom practice. *Lets dive in...* In line with the current developments in primary science in the global context, the related article above had given significant insights which are interrelated to the current state of the development of the primary science. The paper had emphasized the importance of science knowledge and how that knowledge are being delivered to the learners. Also, it was also mentioned in the paper that science professional development (PD) had helped the teachers in preparing for teaching their learners. PD is can be considered as one part of the development of the primary science. Science Professional Development It was highlighted in the paper that a science teacher’s professional development (PD) is significant in the learning process since it assists the teachers in integrating science knowledge and skills into the minds of the learners. Through PD, teachers would be able to understand how important it is to know and understand the correlation between concepts, teaching practice, and policy. It was stated in the paper that primary teachers are not properly equipped with knowledge and understanding of science. By addressing where the teachers are lacking, PD would help the teachers in assessing their progress. PD is beneficial to teachers because it will help them in becoming a more effective teacher equipped with sufficient knowledge, skills, and experiences. The paper also suggested that many elementary and high school teachers in science does not have enough preparations and support to accomplish the task given to them. With PD, they would be able to address the issues which they are facing and can also solve the issues and improve their skills in order to deliver concepts effectively. PD is one essential element in an effective science teaching – teachers will be able to deeply understand the content that they are sharing and their own students’ way of learning science. Science education PD is useful for teachers in delivering relevant, useful, and meaningful science concepts in a diverse classroom. Barber and Mourshed (2007) argued, “you can have the best curriculum, the best infrastructure, and the best policies, but if you don’t have good teachers then everything is lost”. After the teachers have undergone workshops, they are able to give emphasis in the 2007 curriculum in which they give more importance on teaching Natural Science rather than referring to the 1991 document which is focusing on content areas of science. They can now see how content, policy and practices should be brought together and why they shouldn’t just focus on content and literacy in learning. PD workshops has given the teachers new ideas when it comes to teaching. They are now prioritizing their student’s experiences and existing knowledge to better connect to them. They are also working on getting students to use reason, think, and make sense of what they are observing and doing. Compared to the way of teaching that they did in the past they have become more eager and imaginative when to comes to doing their jobs. That is because they have fully grasped the knowledge that is necessary in teaching. With teachers undertaking workshops, New Zealand and Arkansas are expecting to see significant changes in their educational system. Conclusion Although this article has pointed out the good results of professional development the authors clarified that, it doesn’t mean that it works. Since there are various kinds of teachers there is a big difference between an expert teacher and an experienced teacher. The way they process things are different from each other. But they did, emphasize that research on understanding the connections between policy, PD, teachers, and students is essential. Teachers should be able know the things that they need to improve especially when it comes to teaching science in a classroom. According NMSSA in their 2012 study they are still hoping that even though only 2.43% of primary teachers have had the opportunity to participate, it will still make a change to the perception of teachers and students when it comes to science. A participant in the PD workshops suggested that ‘’participation in PD workshops should be mandatory’’, since it taught her a lot of skills which she is now sharing with her colleagues. And since teachers have now understood the importance of what and why they teaching it is expected that their students will also be able to understand what and why they are learning. New Zealand and Arkansas made sure that teachers should be able to support their students learning and development that is why they have highlighted the importance of PD workshops in teachers.

@Yayaya13 14 October 2020

Introduction to Advance Materials Today, as life welcomed the modernization, lots of production is continuously aiming to be on top global trend and to have a most reliable and productive equipment’s and machineries. Mainly we are concerned with the materials that are to become part of a device or structure or product, to discover, analyze and understand the nature of materials, to provide coherent explanations of the origin of the properties that are used, and to develop, prepare, and apply materials for specified need. We tend to invest more on production of materials in greater quantities, with less cost and is with good quality. As the world approaches to a modern industrialized society, increase in the extravagance use of materials has been the challenge to us. We use more materials than ever before, and we use them up faster. Materials being so ubiquitous and so important to man’s life and welfare, that without it man can do nothing, being the most necessary thing in people's doings, it has been postulated that with the current trends in world production and population growth, the materials requirements for the following decades would be more than the amount you could expect it to be. The enlarged consumption of materials will forced mankind to enlarge its resource base by finding ways to employ existing raw materials more efficiently, to recycle waste materials and make them reusable, to convert previously unusable substances to useful materials, and to produce wholly new materials out of substances which are available in abundance. This means that we will have to cope increasingly with natural-resource and supply problems. The current trend is to look beyond the well-defined categories of materials such as metals, polymers, and ceramics. We look for materials that could offer the prospect of better life-cycle performance and other gains, produces equipment reliability and maintenance practices for better returns on capital investment. That is why manufacturing engineers and researchers, business executives, and economic and policy analysts are continuously developing advance in materials for over 30 years, typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced and also newly developed, high-performance materials. With this current trend people got to think of rapid product realization techniques to speed delivery to the marketplace, intelligent manufacturing control for improved reliability and greater precision, and building a workforce with the multidisciplinary skills needed for competitiveness. To maintain competitiveness in the emerging global economy, we claim to a high level of materials civilization with extravagant utilization of a rich diversity of materials, we continuously search for a new field in the sciences that needs further research which could hold the future of mankind, we continuously search for advanced materials. Advanced materials being the materials with engineered properties created through the development of specialized processing and synthesis technology, including ceramics, high value-added metals, electronic materials, composites, polymers and biomaterials, has been developing, formulating and manufacturing advanced alloys, coatings, lubricants, refrigerants, surfactants, emulsifiers or substrates. Having a concise and well-organized analysis of new research directions is a big help in improving advance materials for its future growth demand. WHAT IS A MATERIAL?  Refers to a physical object, as opposed to something spiritual or mental, or something that is essential and relevant. *-Your Dictionary*  A type of physical thing, such as wood, stone or plastic, having qualities that allow it to be used to make other things. -*Cambridge Dictionary*  Can be classified into four main groups. This materials were engineered and undergone different development of specialized process and synthesize technology to become an advanced material. WHAT IS AN ADVANCED MATERIAL? Advanced materials are the materials with engineered properties created through the development of specialized processing and synthesis technology, including ceramics, high value-added metals, electronic materials, composites, polymers and biomaterials. This means developing, formulating or manufacturing advanced alloys, coatings, lubricants, refrigerants, surfactants, emulsifiers or substrates and has numerous application in the manufacturing and medical industries. Advanced material have different types and below are some of it: 1) **SEMICONDUCTOR** 2) **BIO-MATERIALS** 3) **SMART MATERIALS** 4) **NANO-ENGINEERED MATERIALS** **SEMICODUCTOR** Any of a class of solids whose electrical conductivity is between that of a conductor and that of an insulator in being nearly as great as that of a metal at high temperatures and nearly absent at low temperatures. It is a material or object that allows some electricity or heat to move through it and that is used especially in electronic devices. TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTOR * Intrinsic material* An intrinsic type of semiconductor material made to be very pure chemically. As a result, it possesses a very low conductivity level having very few number of charge carriers, namely holes and electrons, which it possesses in equal quantities. * Extrinsic material* Extrinsic types of semiconductor are those where a small amount of impurity has been added to the basic intrinsic material. This 'doping' uses an element from a different periodic table group and in this way it will either have more or less electrons in the valence band than the semiconductor itself. This creates either an excess or shortage of electrons. In this way two types of semiconductor are available: Electrons are negatively charged carriers. * N-type* An N-type semiconductor material has an excess of electrons. In this way, free electrons are available within the lattices and their overall movement in one direction under the influence of a potential difference results in an electric current flow. This in an N-type semiconductor, the charge carriers are electrons. * P-type* In a P-type semiconductor material there is a shortage of electrons, i.e. there are 'holes' in the crystal lattice. Electrons may move from one empty position to another and in this case it can be considered that the holes are moving. This can happen under the influence of a potential difference and the holes can be seen to flow in one direction resulting in an electric current flow. It is actually harder for holes to move than for free electrons to move and therefore the mobility of holes is less than that of free electrons. Holes are positively charged carriers. **BIO-MATERIALS** Materials that are produced by living organisms, such as blood, bone, proteins, muscle and other organic materials. Are materials which are created specifically to be used for biological applications. (e.g. bone replacement, skin replacement, membranes for dialysis, artificial limbs, etc.) **SMART MATERIALS** Also called as “intelligent or responsive materials”, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress and moisture. Have the potential to improve existing technology and add new functionality to products. They have application in a wide variety of areas and could have an important role in waste reduction. **NANO-ENGINEERED MATERIALS** Materials or chemical substances that are manufactured and used at a very small scale. A material of which a single unit small sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 to 100 nm measured in Kelvin. WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF ADVANCE MATERIALS?  *PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* Physical properties of a material are those which can be observed without change of identity of material.  *MECHANICAL PROPERTIES* Mechanical properties of a material helps us to measure how materials behave under load. In order to achieve optimal system performance, mechanical properties include the following: Mechanical properties of a material reflect relationship between its response to and deformation from an applied load or force. Properties of materials that find out its behavior under applied force are called mechanical properties.  *THERMAL PROPERTIES* Thermal properties are those properties of a material which is related to its conductivity of heat. In other words, this are properties which are exhibited by a material when the heat is passed through it. Thermal properties come under the broader topic of physical properties of a material. The major components of thermal properties are: **Heat Capacity** of a material can be defined as the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a material by one degree. **Thermal Expansion** is the ability of a material to expand when heated. **Thermal Conductivity** is the property of a material to conduct heat through itself. Materials with high thermal conductivity will conduct more heat than the ones with low conductivity. **Thermal Stress** is a stress experienced by a body due to either thermal expansion or contraction.  *MAGNETIC PROPERTIES* Magnetic properties of a material are those which determine the ability of a material for particular magnetic application. **Hysteresis** is a rising temperature at which given material ceases to be ferromagnetic, or falling temperature at which it becomes magnetic. **Coercive Force** is defined as magnetizing force which is essential to neutralize completely magnetism in an electromagnet after value of magnetizing force become zero. **Permeability** is a property of magnetic material which indicates how easily magnetic flux is build up in material  *ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES* Electrical properties are their ability to conduct electrical current. Some of electrical properties of a material are the following: **Electrical Resistivity** is a property of material which resists flow of electric current through material. It is give-and-take of conductivity. Resistivity values are reported in micro ohm centimeters units. As mentioned above resistivity values are simple give and take of conductivity. **Electrical Conductivity** is a property of a material which allow flow of electric current through material. It is a parameter which indicates how easily an electric current can flow through material. **Dielectric Property** is a property of a material which indicates ability of material to withstand at high voltages. Usually, it is specified for insulating material to represent their operating voltage. **Temperature Coefficient of Resistance** of material indicates change in resistance of material with change in temperature. **Thermoelectricity** is an effect that forms basis of operation of thermocouples and some temperature based transducers. This can be used to generate electricity, to measure temperature and to measure change in temperature of objects.  *CHEMICAL PROPERTIES* Chemical properties related to changes in chemical composition of material because it interacts with other substances. Chemical properties of materials are needed because most of materials, when they come in contact with other substances can react to form new materials. It is deterioration of materials by chemical reaction with its environment. This chemical properties includes the following: ADVANTAGES OF ADVANCED MATERIALS * It brings a lot of opportunities* * It adds value to your company* * It develops knowledge your global competitor does not have* * It develops experience in working with advanced materials to lead your customers* * It adds value to your products – improved tool life* MATERIAL PROCESSING Material processing is the series of steps that converts a starting material into useful form with controlled structural features and properties. It involves a complex series of chemical, thermal, and physical processes that prepare a starting material, create a shape, retain that shape, and refine the structure and shape. The goal of materials processing is to develop the structural features (e.g., crystal structure, microstructure, size, and shape) needed for the product to perform well in its intended application. Material processing is central to the field of materials science and engineering, and is a vital step in manufacturing. The conversion of the starting material to the final product occurs in three steps: **1. Preparation of the starting material** The primary purpose of material preparation is to convert it into an appropriate size and shape. This typically involves size reduction, debarking, chipping and screening. **2. Processing operation** It is a method, system or other treatment designed to change the physical form or chemical content of solid waste and includes all aspects of its management. **3. Post-processing operation** It involves complex procedures up to material handling storage and distribution. CONCLUSION Advanced materials are a relatively new field in the sciences that needs further research in order to fully understand. It serves as a future that could hold the humanity but also a way to our destruction; basically, it holds the future of mankind. With more research, advanced materials can be more comfortable and portable to access at the same time for the progress of humanity. REFERENCES:  Chuvildeev, V.N. Structure and Properties of Advanced Material. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/sciece/artic;es/abs/pii/  Curlee, R.T. Advanced Materials: Information and Analysis needs. Retrieved from https://ww.sciencedirect.com/science/aticles/abs/pii/0301420791900 160  Gordon, J. Morgan Advanced Materials strategy and profitability on track. Retrieved from https://ukinvestormagazine.co.uk/morgan-advanced-materials-strategy-and-profitability-on-track/  Hashmi, S. Material Science and Materials Engineering. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/material-processing  Properties of Advance Materials. Physical and Thermal Properties of Advanced Materials. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/physics/thermal-and-physical-properties-of-materials  Properties of Advance Materials. Types of Properties of Material. Retrieved from https://madhauniversity.edu.i/types-of-properties-of-engg-materials.html  Smith, C. Materials and Society. 500 Fifth St. Volume I

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@Yayaya13 13 October 2020

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