Sprains and strains - when soft tissues are overstretched. Apply the RICE method
R- Rest - rest the injured par by sitting pr lying down
I - Ice - ice or cold pack applied to reduce swelling
C -Compress - cold compress in place
E -Elevate - raised position of the limb to minimise bruising and swelling, not too tight.
Fractures - can be open (when bone breaks the surface of the skin) or closed (skin is intact, bones underneath are displaced, there is danger of internal bleeding). Keep still, place padding around injury for extra support, arrange for the casualty to go to hospital (of course, call the ambulance if it is a broken leg). Always tie the knots of the support bandages on the uninjured side, treat for shock if necessary.
Shock - someone is in shock if blood pressure falls unexpectedly.
Causes: a reduction in the volume of fluid cisculating around the body (external or internal bleeding, loss of bodily fluids through diarrhoea, vomiting or burns), the blood supply being diverted from the surface of the body to the core (hearth, brain, internal organs).
Symptoms: rapid pulse, pale, cold clammy skin, weakned, giddiness, nausea, vomiting, thirst, rapid, shallow breathing. If oxygen supply to brain weakens, the casualty may yawn, gasp for air, become inconscious and in the end the hart will stop.
Treatment: treat the cause of shock immediately (example: external bleeding). Lay them down, keep head low, elevate legs (careful if there is a fracture), loosen tight clothing, straps or belts, call emergency services. Check and record breathing and pulse and level of response. Reassure the casualty.
Do not leave them unattended, do not let them to eat, drink or smoke. Don't move them unnecessarely.
Full First Aid manual here:
Strokes and seizures in children and adults
Fractures, sprains and strains
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