Collaborative Work

Asia is the biggest continent in the world and is known as the home of many ancient civilization and the host of many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. With these, some intellectual revolutions occurred in China and India will be discuss as follows:

CHINA

• Known for acupuncture as their traditional medicine

• There are also the ones who discovered compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools

• And is famous for their knowledge in

  astronomy and for creating lunar calendar

INDIA

• Known for manufacturing of iron and

  in metallurgical works

• Famous in Ayurveda as their traditional medicine

• Susruta Samhita

• Spherical self-supporting earth

• Year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each

• Siddhanta Shiromani – the interest in astronomy was evident in this book.

• Indus Valley Civilization tried to

  standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and a designed ruler. (Mohenjodaro Ruler)

• Aryabhata

  - first one of the major

  Mathematician, astronomers from

  the classical age of Indian Mathematics and Indian Astronomy.

  - Introduced a number of

  trigonometric functions, tables and

  techniques as well as algorithms of

  algebra. Place value system

  - Approximation of pi

  - Trigonometry

  - Solar and Lunar Eclipsed were

  scientifically explained by

  Aryabhata. He explained moon and

  planet shine by reflected sunlight.

• Brahmagupta –Brahmasphutasiddhanta

  - Defined the properties of the

  number zero, both as placeholder

  and a decimal digit

  - Suggested that gravity is a force of

  attraction

Africa on the other hand is the world’s second largest continent after Asia and has contribution on the intellectual revolution as well. These are the following:

• Development of geometry

• Center of Alchemy

• Studied human anatomy and

  pharmacology

• Astronomy

• Mathematics

Important Thinkers in “The Scientific Revolution”

Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564)

- Spent years dissecting corpses and drawing detailed illustrations of the human body and contributed a lot to the study of human anatomy, but eventually got grossed out by all the dead bodies and just became the personal doctor to Charles V, king of the Holy Roman Empire.

Giordano Bruno (1548 – 1600)

- An Italian Monk who spread Copernicus’ beliefs about a heliocentric universe governed by science that results for his tragic death.

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)

- The “Father of Microbiology” who discovers bacteria.

William Harvey (1578 – 1657)

- Discovers how the heart works like a pump, sending blood throughout the body with valves and heartbeats

Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691)

- Known as the “father of Modern Chemistry” who discovers the Boyle’s Gas Law

Paracelsus (1493 – 1541)

- Big supporter of Hermetic Doctrine and also studies stuff like alchemy and other ways of getting closer to God through Science.

Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601)

- Was the one major Scientific Revolution physicist who believed in geocentric universe, rejecting Copernicus’ idea that the Earth revolved around the Sun.

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)

- Used Tycho Brahe’s data to develop the 3 Laws of Planetary Motion

1) Planets rotate in ellipses, not perfectly divine circles, around the sun

2) How fast the planets are moving depends on how far they are from the sun

3) Proved that the orbits of planet can be calculated mathematically

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543)

- The first guy to prove that the earth is not stationary in space and revolved around the sun or known as the Heliocentric.

Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)

- He became a supporter of the empirical method and inductive reasoning where people piece together truths from their own experience.

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642)

- Promoted experimental physics and observational astronomy by discovering more about inertia and discovering new moons and planetary laws with his mad telescope skills.

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650)

- Mathematician and Philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method, where he promoted the practice of deductive reasoning.

Isaac Newton (1642 – 1726)

- His vast discoveries in physics, mathematics and astronomy led to the view of the NewtonianUniverse, where the infinite universe could be described through mathematics that analyze matter in motion.

The scientific revolution, which emphasized systematic experimentation as the most valid research method transformed the views of society about nature. With the developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry, the society has now a wider view and perspective on how the world works and begins. The Scientific Revolution helps the society practiced abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine, and the development of an experimental scientific method.

Intellectual revolutions is a continuous process of development to achieve the needs of society. It changes the people’s worldview by discrediting old religious and classical presuppositions and showing how an increasingly complex system of natural rules and interactions governed the physical world. These involves critical-thinking, evaluation, and creating appropriate rules for equal opportunity. The intellectual revolutions are necessary as it creates new knowledge, utilization and understanding as well as solving various issues facing in the society.

There were 3 controversies arises during the intellectual revolutions and these are the following:

 Geocentrism is the belief that the Earth is fixed at the center of the Universe. Geocentrists accept that the earth is round. Before the 16th century most people believed in the theory of geocentrism. From Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky.

 Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Universe. Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center

 Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.