Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt, or Old Egypt was an ancient civilization in eastern North Africa, located in the lower part of the Nile River where present-day Egypt was located. Civilization began in 3150 BC with the political integration of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and developed over the next 3 millennia. The history of Ancient Egypt consisted of stable kingdoms, divided into periods called Intermediate Periods. Egypt reached its peak during the New Kingdom, at the height of the Ramesside Period. After that Egypt gradually weakened. Egypt was successively occupied by foreign Canaanites, Libyans, Nubians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenid Persians and Macedonians in the Third Intermediate and Last Period of Egypt. With the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy Soter, one of his generals became the new ruler of Egypt. The Ptolemaic Kingdom he founded ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when it fell into the Roman Empire and became a province.

The civilization of old Egypt succeeded from being able to adapt to the conditions of the Nile valley. Controlled irrigation in the valley caused the growth of a variety of crops that accelerated the development of society and culture. Due to the resources that have been set aside, the authorities have promoted the development of minerals in the valley and surrounding deserts. It also developed an independent writing system, organizing infrastructure and farming projects, trading in the surrounding regions and a military that defeated foreign enemies and proclaimed Egyptian dominance. These activities were motivated and organized by a bureaucracy of elitist scribes, religious leaders, and rulers under the pharaoh who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people through a complex system of religious beliefs.

Many of the achievements of old Egypt included a system of mathematics, quarrying, surveying and construction methods that facilitated the construction of the great pyramid, temples, obelisks, porcelain and glass technology, a practical and effective system of medicine, new types of literature, methods of irrigation and farming production, and the first known peace treaty. Egypt left a great legacy. Extensively imitated their art and architecture and their antiques are on display all over the world. Destroyed monuments have been the inspiration of travelers and writers for centuries. Admiration for European and Egyptian antiquities led to in-depth civil studies and admiration for their legacy.

History

The Nile River is the only living thing in the region. The fertile land around the Nile gave people the opportunity to build an agricultural life and a sophisticated and centralized society that became the foundation of human history. Nomadic people began to live in the Nile valley at the end of the Pleistocene. In the latter part of the Paleolithic Period, the climate of North Africa gradually warmed up. As a result, the people living there were forced to move near the Nile river.