Bontoc is the capital of Mt. Province and the home of the Ibontocs (pronounced as I-fūn-tok by the locals).
Ibontocs during the 1800s-1900s
Ibontoc Man
The average height of an Ibontoc man is about 5'5".
Their body is fully muscled and strong.
In color, men are brown, however, there is a wide range of tone from light brown to dark brown.
Their hair is black and straight.
Ibontoc Woman
The average height of an Ibontoc woman is 4'10".
Ibontoc women are also generally strong.
Hair and skin color are also same as for men.
Ibontoc Family
Á-fong is the general term for Ibontoc homes. There are two type of á-fong. The first is the fay-ü and it is the home of the prosperous. The other is the kat-yú-fong, home of poor families and of the widows.
Ibontocs don't prize one sex over the other. For them, when a boy is born, it is good, and if a girl is born, it is equally good. Even in marriage, one is practically as important as the others.
Social Structure
Dap-ay is the seat of governance in every social aspect of the Ibontocs. The dap-ay is composed of the amam-a and dumap-ay. But it could also include those who passed away. The amam-a are the elders, and the dumap-ay refers to all families within the village. A village has multiple dap-ays.
The amam-a are responsible for keeping the village cyclically as it is. On the basis of wisdom derived from traditions, they discuss and decide about the matters of the community.
War and Head-hunting
En-fa-lok-nēt is the Ibontoc term for war. But the expression na-má-ka (take heads) is used replaceably with it.
For unknown generations, the Ibontocs have been fierce head-hunters. Almost nine out of ten Ibontoc men wear the breast tattoo which proclaims them as human head takers.
The continuation of this practice is believed to be due to the so called debt of life, where the group who losed a head is in duty to cancel the score by securing a head from the offenders.
Aesthetic Life
Tattoo
Tattoo is the great permanent decoration not only of the Ibontocs, but of all Igorots. All the members of an ato (men, women, children) may be tattooed whenever a head is taken by any person of the ato. It is claimed in Bontoc that it is prohibited to have a tattoo if not for this reason. However, the regulations of every pueblo is not necessarily the same.
In every village, there are one or more men who understand the art of tattooing and they are called bu-ma-fá- tēk.
There are three classifications of tattoos.
Chak-lag - Breast tattoo of a head-taker.
Pong-o - Tattoo on the arms of men and women
Fá-tēk - This includes all other tattoos of both sexes.
Any other tattoo, except of chak-lag, has no special meaning and is believed to be purely aesthetic.
Music
The Ibontoc has only few musical instruments and all are very simple. The most common is the gong or gang-sa, a flat metal drum. Gang-sa music consists of two things, music and crude harmony.
Dance
The Ibontocs dances in a circle. They don't dance without the gang-sa music. A man also seldom dances, unless he plays a gang-sa.
This is an example of an Ibontoc music and dance.
Each Igorot group also have different patterns and symbols on their woven bahag (loincloth) and tapis (wrap-around skirt). Each symbol has its own meaning.
Spirit Belief
The basis of Igorot religion is the belief in a spirit world. It is the belief in the anito or spirit of the dead. Anito is the general term, however, the spirit of a certain dead has a specific name. Examples are:
Pīn-tēng - Anito of a beheaded person.
Wul-wul - Anito of deaf and dumb.
Wong-wong - Anito of an insane person.
Fu-ta-tu - A bad anito
Lumawig, the Supreme Being
Lumawig is believed by the Ibontocs to be the supreme being. Throughout the Bontoc culture area, Lumawig is the only god of people. Tradition tells that Lumawig taught the Ibontocs these lessons, that they should not steal, they should not lie, and a man should only have one wife.
Ceremonies
Ceremonies connected with agriculture
Pochang - This ceremony is performed after Pachong, the period when the rice grains are put in the germinating bed.
Kē-ēng - This is a ceremony for the protection of the rice crop.
Tot-o-lod - This is a ceremony performed the day after Kē-ēng, also for the protection of the rice crop.
Loskod - This ceremony is held once a year, at the time of planting camote (sweet potato).
O-ki-ad - Also held once a year, during the time of planting black beans.
Ceremonies connected with climate
Fa-kîl - This is a ceremony for rain that occurs four times a year, on four consecutive days.
Kalob - It is a ceremony claimed to ease a storm.
Ceremonies connected with head taking
Ka-fo-kab - This ceremony is performed as soon as a successful group of head hunter returns home.
This is the second part of The Igorots series. You can read the first part here: https://read.cash/@Gwenie/the-igorots-introduction-0a0e2d75
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