The Book Of Yesterday | April 20
SERVILLANO AQUINO WAS BORN
April 20, 1877
Today is the 144th birthday of the general of the Filipino revolution against the Spaniards and the Americans during the Filipino-American War, and grandfather of former Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and ancestor of former President Benigno Aquino III, Servillano Aguilar Aquino. He was born on this day in 1877 in the town of Angeles, Pampanga province, to Don Braulio Aquino and Dona Petrona Hipolito Aguilar. After studying with a private tutor in Mexico, Pampanga, he moved to Manila to study at Colegio San Juan de Letran and the University of Santo Tomas. He married Guadalupe Quiambao and they had three children, Gonzalo, Benigno, and Amando, and had three more children with his sister-in-law.
He joined the Katipunan and fought under the leadership of General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac. He also joined General Emilio Aguinaldo's group and joined Aguinaldo's exile in Hong Kong. After returning to the Philippines, he served as a delegate to the Malolos Congress and represented the province of Samar in 1899. He joined the ranks of General Antonio Luna during the Filipino-American war. September 1902 when General Aquino was arrested and imprisoned in the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila. He was almost sentenced to death, only to be granted a presidential pardon by American President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904.
General Aquino died on February 3, 1959 at the age of 84 due to a heart attack.
NAZI GERMANY DICTATOR ADOLF HITLER WAS BORN
April 20, 1889
Today is the 132nd birthday of one of the most hated and controversial personalities in history, who was behind the Holocaust and World War II Adolf Hitler. He became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party or the Nazi, rose to power in 1933 as Chancellor or Prime Minister of the Republic of Germany and was Fuhrer or leader of the whole country from 1934 to 1945. On this day in 1889, born the fourth child of cousins Alois Hitler, a civil servant, and Klara Pozl. Three of his older siblings died early, and his younger brother even died of measles.
Adolf's young life did not go well, especially at the hands of his own father, but despite this, he became his mother's support during those times. At the age of 10 he became aware of the idea of nationalism, as a result of which he became a teacher who taught about being one of all German -speaking people as a nation.
Alois wants Adolf to follow in his footsteps as a customs servant, but he prefers to be an artist from his former dream of becoming a priest. His father died when he was only fourteen years old. Hitler left for Linz to continue his education, and entered the art academy in Vienna. He was twice rejected, and added to this failure was the sudden death of his mother in December 1907. Hitler became a wanderer in the streets and dormitories, along with other beggars and the unemployed there. To support himself, he sells his works. He also became interested in politics and in the streets of Austria his anti -Semitism first took shape.
In 1913, a year before he moved to Germany, he still received the remaining pension from his father. When World War I broke out, he joined the German army despite being an Austrian, and enlisted in the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment. In recognition of his unique courage in delivering the message in the midst of battle, he was promoted to corporal rank and awarded the Iron Cross medal. Above all, Hitler was known as an uncompromising soldier. But while fighting at Ypres in 1918, he fell victim to a poison gas attack and was temporarily blinded.
After the war, he was still able to serve in the army, but he was disillusioned with the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles on Germany, and here his anger against the Jews intensified for the alleged "backsliding" of the Jews. in their demand for armistice with the enemies of Germany. He joined a small German Workers Party in 1919, where he was known for his eloquence as he delivered the party’s message, disobeying the provisions of the treaty and hating communists and Jews. The number of party members swelled through him, and he eventually became its leader. His supporters increased, from businessmen to former soldiers who like Hitler also hated Jews. Hitler was inspired by the emerging political faction in Italy that were fascists led by Benito Mussolini, who successfully seized the government in 1922, so he wanted to do that in Germany.
He led a coup attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government, but he failed and was sentenced to prison for treason. While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf, which was a mixture of Hitler’s autobiography and political manifesto, and served as the bible of Nazi ideology. For Hitler, the German race was from the great Aryan race, and as a master race, the German race had the right to conquer and control all other races and if necessary exterminate the lower races. He also wanted to expand Germany’s territory from France to Russia as a lebensraum or living space, for a larger, more powerful Germany.
Upon his release he reformed the party again, and thought that the seizure of power should be done in a democratic way, but they still continued to use force against those who opposed them. The Nazi party already had seats in parliament or the Reichstag, and supported their ally General Erich Ludendorff as the presidential candidate but lost to General Paul von Hindenburg. Hitler also became a citizen of Germany in 1932, and then ran for the presidency against Hindenburg but was also defeated. However, the number of Nazi seats in parliament increased.
By his influence in parliament convinced Hitler to become Chancellor even though Hindenburg disliked him. Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, signaling his rise to power. He had already used his position to become a more powerful person in German politics, when he enacted the Enabling Act after the fire at the Reichstag building. He used fire to give him emergency powers and he made Germany a police state, just a step towards dictatorial rule in Germany. He was also able to kill all of his political enemies, including anyone who had the potential to challenge his authority on the ensuing Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.
When President Hindenburg died in August 1934, Hitler appointed himself supreme leader of Germany under the title Führer. As Fuhrer of Germany, Hitler wanted through him to restore the country’s former glory, saying that his Third Reich would last for a thousand years. He openly violated the Treaty of Versailles when he re-occupied the Rhineland and re-energized the army, and enforced oppressive laws against the Jews. He successfully revived the country’s dying economy, and intensified Nazi propaganda in almost every aspect of German life. The Nazis' oppression of the Jews intensified, especially when Kristallnacht took place in 1938.
It was in the middle of his reign when he planned the start of war in Europe as part of his fulfillment of his promises to Mein Kampf. After his treaty with the Soviet Union, Hitler invaded Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II, and within three years, Hitler had been a great and successful conqueror of almost all of Europe. After suffering the first defeat in Britain in May 1941, he focused his army on the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. He also wasted no time in establishing the "New Order", under the system of intimidation, and murder. to those he considered inferior races.
By 1942, the situation had gradually turned against him, and Germany was under attack on both sides. He even became the victim of an attempt on his life by some of his own generals. By 1945, his dream millennial Third Reich was collapsing and he could only find himself hiding under his bunker in Berlin, while being invaded by the Soviets. He already knew it was all over with him, but he was still stubborn not to surrender himself to opponents. After marrying Eva Braun and appointing her successor German Navy commander Karl Doenitz as President of Germany and Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels as Chancellor, Hitler committed suicide at the age of 56, with Eva Braun on the th April 30, 1945. A week later, Germany surrendered to the Allies.
THE BEGINNING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS
April 20, 1792
A few years after the end of the conflict between France and Austria as a result of the marriage of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette of Austria, the rivalry between the two countries resurfaced. The French revolution was in its third year, when a declaration of war was made by revolutionary France against the country of origin of Queen Marie Antoinette on this day in 1792. By urging the faction in the Legislative Assembly Girondins, the whole assembly was allowed to vote the declaration of war against the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And in front of the Legislative Assembly, King Louis XVI declared a state of war against Austria. This declaration marked the beginning of nearly a decade of war between France and the whole of Europe, the French Revolutionary Wars.
For the Girondins, the war of France would enable the French to unite as an independent nation, and through it they would be able to fight the liberal ideas of revolution. And in those days, the revolution faced a great threat from foreign monarchies in Europe, concerned with the intense political experiment going on in France, that the liberal ideas of the revolution would overthrow their imperial rule.
In 1791, Louis XVI attempted to flee France to seek help from Austria to restore his power, but failed. Even before the declaration of war, Marie Antoinette's brother, Emperor Leopold II of Austria, issued a manifesto. that there would be great chaos in case the revolutionaries hurt the royal family of France. Now, the king wanted to use this war in his favor, so that the throne could be returned to him in case the Austrians defeated the French.
France tasted its first defeat to Austria on the northern French border, and in the following months France only saw itself successively losing to the more powerful Austria. June 1792 when the kingdom of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire sided with Austria against France. France's position was further deteriorated in the war it had begun, owing to its internal problems and the absence of capable military leaders, and the army was composed only of zealous revolutionaries almost without military skills.
September 1792 when the coalition of Austria and Prussia was almost at hand in Paris, but soon France also got its first victory in the town of Valmy against Prussia, and victory against the Austrians at Jemappes in November. By 1793, Great Britain, Spain, and the Dutch Republic had joined the coalition against France, exacerbating the problem of the emerging rebellion of leftist and royalist groups within France. The worst of all counter-revolutionary rebellions took place in the Vendee region of western France, which had almost spread throughout the country. For lawyer and revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre, the use of force and intimidation was the key to rescuing the revolution from its enemies.
As the war intensified on the borders of France, thousands of French people suspected of being enemies of the revolution were beheaded by guillotine. From mid -1793 to 1794, the situation again favored the French, when the French recaptured Toulon, which had been held by the British for several months due to the wise leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, and it achieved France’s greatest victory over Austria and Prussia at the battle of Fleurus.
Although the Terror in France ended with the death of Robespierre, it still did not quell the rebellion in the Vendee, and once again the activity of the royalists in Paris returned, which was quickly suppressed until 1796. By now Bonaparte's leadership, gradually France was gradually recovering from its defeats, and was able to occupy the Netherlands. He successfully kicked Spain and Prussia in the war against France, and subsequently kicked Austria when Napoleon occupied Vienna.
As a result, France’s reputation with the public was sealed, especially in its successful campaign to Egypt. Britain and Austria formed a coalition again against France in 1798, and Russia and the Kingdom of Sicily joined the coalition. Napoleon seized power of the Directory in November 1799, and he successfully again overthrew the Second Coalition in the years 1801 to 1802, signaling the end of the French Revolutionary Wars.
This war lasted nearly a decade, once again lengthening Napoleon's coronation as Emperor.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars
Why History?
What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.
Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wwalkor ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.
They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.
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