The Previous Methods Used To Determine The Age of Fossil are Acceptable?
**ARE THE PREVIOUS METHODS USED TO DETERMINE THE AGE OF A FOSSIL SUCH AS THE BONE OF DINOSAURS, SKULLS OF ANCIENT HUMAN BEINGS, TRACE OF SOME EXTINCT ANIMALS AND OTHERS ACCEPTABLE?**
There are various old and new methods used to measure the age of a fossil and the most popular of these is the so-called Radiocarbon dating method. They know this by measuring the number of decaying radioactive isotopes in Carbon-14 from their fossils.
The element Carbon is one of the essential elements for every organism.
Carbon-14 is formed in our atmosphere by the sun. All living things on the Earth map, plants, animals, or humans have C-14 in the body. The plant normally receives C-14 in the form of photosynthesis. Plant-eating animals will also have it, and for us to also have C-14 there are only two things that can be done, you eat a plant or you eat a plant-eating animal. In short, we get it because of the Food Chain. And when the animal or plant dies, it stops receiving C-14. They compare the number of C-14 in the body of the animal with the number of C-14 in the atmosphere.
However, this method of comparison is not accurate, the atmosphere indeed continues to gather Carbon-14 from the Sun but it also continues to decrease to decompose every 5,600 years. The organism that dies is just continuous in decay and reduction, it is a process of changing the isotopes into fossils (Carbon, to Radium to Radon to become Lead). Even if they find the entire fossil, the decay of the elements will continue. Scientists know that.
They say that the equilibrium of Carbon-14s in the atmosphere is still 30,000 years old, so that means that the Earth is less than 30,000 years old, which is contrary to what they say is billions of years old, is it? However, this is one of their mistakes.
The radiocarbon dating method has never been based on the age of fossils. It is a pseudoscience (false science) and unscientific method.
In 1975, a baby mammoth was found frozen where they carbon-dated part of it 40,000 years and its skin was carbon-dated 26,000 years, two different years in the same animal. And the wood next to the mammoth is Carbon dated 9-10,000 years old, very wrong. There are many records like this, examples of inaccuracy in carbon.
A shell from a living Snail was Carbon dated which turned out to be 27,000 dead. A living Mollusk shell was also Carbon dated to be 2,300 years old. It was just a dying Seal there is a date where he died 1,300 years ago, and a living Penguin that is said to be 8,000 years old. There are also materials from the layers next to the dinosaur that has been Carbon dated to be 34,000 years old, so does that mean dinosaurs still lived 34,000 years ago. This is contrary to what they say hundreds of millions of years ago they lived and disappeared? So it doesn't make sense, and also impossible.
Scientists sometimes measure the age of a fossil through layers of soil called Geological excavation or they base the age of the rock on the method of potassium-argon dating to determine its age or that of an extinct dinosaur. millions of years ago. Then they compare it with their imaginary geological time or column that they invented where everything is also not accurate.
An example of that is the trilobite fossil that is believed to have lived in the Cambrian period 600 million years ago .. but a paleontologist discovered a fossilized shoe print that rested on a trilobite fossil, it was stained on the ground. Now, how could a person step on a trilobite at a time when only pure water was said to exist?
When in those layers that are hundreds of millions of years old you see a tree standing, do you think logically that that tree was still standing a hundred million years ago? It can't live that long in another time and remain standing still. We are talking about hundreds of millions of years. No dry tree will stand that long or stay until now.
On the other hand, where a long artificial bridge was discovered in India that is man-made thousand of years ago, but in Radiometric dating results it turns out that this bridge is 1.7 million years old, so does it mean that there were intelligent people and a civilization a million years ago? An ordinary shaped wheel was found in the Donetsk mine but the age shows that it is 360-300 million years old, so there is a wheel, was it 300 million years ago? A type of screw was also found embedded in the hard rock which is 300 million years old, there is also an electric connector in the rock, which is 100,000 years old when it exists, and many others. Therefore, the old methods will never be accurate, and there is no basis for it.
Scientists often start with an observation based on a limited period to write their conclusions over the past thousands of years and on time to come, or they base conclusions on a limited space, to conclude. on the infinity of space, man always makes repeated mistakes based on his knowledge. It's just like the people or scientists back then who used the horizon as a basis to say that the Earth is flat.
This is true for old histories, such as the methods based on radioactivity named “Carbon 14”, potassium-argon, uranium-lead thorium, or all other such methods.
In short, the error in these old methods is to start with the principle that the present atomic movement has always been the same, and starting from there, to make calculations based on false information because nothing is invariable in the universe in time or space.
All life on Earth began only a few thousand years ago and not millions of years which is contrary to the explanation of experts. This proves that there are many mistakes in our science regarding our history.
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
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A Long Horror Story will coming up for an hour!, Get ready!
The Book Of Yesterday | July 16
ATOMIC BOMB SUCCESSFULLY TESTED IN NEW MEXICO
*July 16, 1945*
Just before the sun was shining in a small town in Alamogordo, New Mexico, in the United States, a thunderous explosion shook that quiet area. And it was not a mere explosion, but it was part of a test of the strength and power of a new and more destructive bomb.
The atomic bomb, the product of the top-secret Manhattan Project that aims to create a powerful nuclear weapon that they think will eventually end the war going on in Europe.
The Manhattan Project was built in 1942, and led by Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, in response to then -President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s possibility of German scientists making nuclear weapons. It is composed of scientists such as the Italian Enrico Fermi, who proposed that the reaction caused by uncontrolled nuclear fission could be used as a weapon, and the theoretical physicist Robert Oppenheimer, who is the scientific director of Project Y in Los Alamos, New Mexico. The German physicist Albert Einstein supported the theory of the existence of a catastrophic nuclear explosion through an uncontrolled chain reaction.
A total of US $ 1,889,604,000 or more than 94.8 billion pesos was spent on this project to create the atomic bomb, and on July 14, preparations began for the test of that bomb. After attaching the bomb to the top of a 100-foot steel tower, the team that would detonate the bomb moved away 10,000 yards or 9.1 kilometers away, and passed 5:40 a.m., using safety goggles, witnessed by Oppenheimer and several others. enjoy the very bright and thunderous explosion of the bomb, which created a 40,000 foot mushroom cloud. The explosion was so hot that the bombed -out tower melted, and the burnt desert sand became glass. It has a power equivalent to over 20,000 tons of aggregate stick of dynamite. The first atomic bomb was successful, and it was ready to be used to end the long years of war. But for scientists like Oppenheimer, that was also the moment of frightening truth about its damage to man and nature.
President Harry S. Truman liked the result of the detonation, and it was set to be used against Germany, but they surrendered in May 1945. They thought of using only one target - Japan.
THE DAMAGED 1990 LUZON EARTHQUAKE
*July 16, 1990*
An ordinary July 16, 1990, exactly 4:20 pm, our country was shaken by a very powerful force of nature, what is now called the 1990 Killer Earthquake. A very strong earthquake was recorded in the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija, with a magnitude of 7.8 according to the Richter magnitude scale.
This earthquake was the result of the strike-slip movement of the Philippine Fault and Digdig Fault under the Philippine Fault System that split from Sierra Madre to Metro Manila.
The damage caused by this 45-second quake was enormous, estimated at 20,000 sq. Km. km, from the Cordillera region, Ilokos region, central Luzon to Manila. Although the epicenter of the quake was in central Luzon, the Cordillera was the most affected and damaged, especially the city of Baguio in Benguet, where the entire city was isolated for more than two days because the Kennon Road, the main road to Baguio, was damaged, and limited to helicopters transport into the city. Many high -rise buildings in Baguio were destroyed by the earthquake, including the Hyatt Hotel where several occupants were buried alive in its ruins. The city of Dagupan in Pangasinan was also severely damaged, where several buildings were otherwise destroyed and sank underground, due to the softness of the soil on which the buildings were built, and even in the towns of La Union and the town of Cabanatuan in Nueva Ecija, where a large private high school building of the Christian College of the Philippines collapsed, and more than 250 students and teachers were mailed alive. In the midst of the tragedy, a 20-year-old student Robin Garcia showed heroism when he rescued eight people trapped in the destroyed building alone, but he also died in the aftershocks hit after the earthquake. Similar injuries were recorded in Manila and some parts of southern Luzon.
In all, as many as 1,621 people were killed in that quake, including student hero Robin Garcia, while the total amount of damage to property and industries amounted to US $ 369 million or more than 18.5 billion pesos. This was the strongest earthquake to shake the Philippines at the end of the 20th century.
NARCISCO CLAVERIA TAKES OFFICE AS GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES
*July 16, 1844*
On this day in 1844, the then Lieutenant-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua arrived in Manila to serve as the Spanish Governor-General of Las Yslas Philippines. He was the 71st Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines.
One of his achievements as Governor-General was his reform of the Philippine calendar, which for centuries has been a mistake in our calendar. He adopted the abolition decree on the 31st of December, 1844 so after the 30th of December it was New Year’s Day in the year 1845.
The most striking legacy of his administration was his decree enacted on November 21, 1849 mandating Filipinos to use the Spanish surnames in the Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos. This is the reason why Filipinos who do not have Spanish blood or have the same last name even though they are not related have Spanish surnames.
During his administration the first steamboats, or steam -powered ships, the Reina del Castilla, Magallanes and Elcano, first sailed our oceans. The steamboats were also used in Governor Claveria's campaign against Moro pirates in Sulu in February 1848. He held the title of Conde de Manila, and was honored by Queen Isabela II of Spain. He also implemented reforms under the leadership of the Governors in the country's provinces, and during his administration also emerged the country's daily periodicals, one of which was La Esperanza, published on the first day of December, 1846.
His term as Governor-General ended on December 26, 1849 before returning to Spain and becoming Senator in 1850. He died a year later on June 21, 1851.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narciso_Claver%C3%ADa_y_Zald%C3%BAa
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/the-first-atomic-bomb-test-is-successfully-explode https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/the-first-atomic-bomb-test-is-successfully-exploded
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | July 9
SOUTH SUDAN DECLARED THEIR KARINLAN FROM SUDAN
*July 9, 2011*
On this day in 2011, the new and 54th country on the African continent-the Republic of South Sudan-was born. The country was declared independent after decades of clashes between South Sudan's independence advocates and the Sudanese government, and its six -year autonomy. Salva Kiir was sworn in as the newborn country’s first President, and Riek Machar as its Deputy President.
The declaration of South Sudan’s sovereignty was the result of a referendum adopted in January of the same year. At the age of 10, South Sudan is considered the youngest sovereign country in the world, becoming the 194th member of the United Nations Organization on July 14, 2011.
After Sudan's liberation from Egyptian occupation in 1956, the country was engulfed in civil war until the Autonomous Region of southern Sudan was established in 1972 to 1983. Civil war erupted again that ended only with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005. It continued to be fought. of the independent region of Southern Sudan its sovereignty until 2011.
South Sudan currently has a population of over 12,770,000 people, and Juba is its capital and largest city. Since Salva Kiir took office as its President, many incidents of killings of journalists and indigenous people, and human rights abuses have been reported in the country, and the government is being blamed for them.
THE ATTACK OF ALLIES FORCES ON SICILY'S SILVER
*July 9, 1943*
While German forces were busy fighting the Soviets at Kursk, the Soviet Union’s allies the United States and Britain also began to move into Europe on this day in 1943. Under Operation Husky, amphibious and airborne were launched. invasion of up to 150,000 American and British soldiers led by veteran generals George S. Patton of America and Bernard Montgomery of Britain in the southern part of the island of Sicily in Italy. The bombing of their warships supported the landing of Allies forces in Sicily, with the exception of a few fights by German and Italian forces and they were easily captured within a few days. The defeat of the Axis forces in its campaign in northern Africa in May 1943 weakened the defense of Sicily.
This invasion posed a major threat to both dictators Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. The fascist government in Italy was gradually weakening and Mussolini was losing support and popularity in the eyes of the Italian people due to its successive defeats in the wars, and because Hitler had to help the defeated ally he was forced to send the his reserve troops stationed at Kursk to Italy. However, allied Germany and Italy were determined not to give up Sicily. In the mountains of Sicily, German and Italian forces fortified to block the more powerful American and British forces, but the Axis were also trapped in their own fortifications as they were quickly surrounded by the Americans and British in the far north of the island. On August 17, although the whole of Sicily was completely captured, Generals Patton and Montgomery failed to catch the Germans and Italians because they had already fled to the Italian mainland.
The Allies ’invasion of Sicily marked the beginning of the Allies’ campaign to overthrow Hitler’s Italian ally and Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime in Italy.
CATHERINE THE GREAT ACTED AS TSARINA MG RUSSIA
*July 9, 1762*
For the first time, there was a female ruler the third largest terrestrial empire in the world, in the person of a Prussian woman Grand Duchess Yekaterina Alekseyevna or known in history as Catherine the Great.
On this day in 1762, Yekaterina Alekseyevna was awarded the title of Imperatris of Russia, after she had led a successful coup against her own husband Czar Peter III, who was also deposed as Czar of Russia. It was July 17 of the same year when Peter III was murdered by Grigori Orlov's brother, who was allegedly Yekaterina's lover although there was no evidence that he himself had killed his ex-wife.
Russia’s expulsion of Peter III was a result of cutting off its war with Prussia and implementing programs that improved the lives of poor citizens and his deprivation of the privileges of certain aristocrats. Yekaterina, also concerned about her husband's actions, conspired with Russian military aristocrats to oust the Czar.
Son of a Prussian nobleman, the then Princess Sophie Anhalt-Zerbst was reconciled at the age of 15 to a Russian nobleman Karl Peter Ulrich, at the request of Peter The Great’s daughter Elizabeth. After studying the Russian language and being baptized into Russian Orthodox, Sophie changed her name to Grand Duchess Yekaterina Alekseyevna, and became Queen Consort of Karl Ulrich who became Peter III in January 1762. While married to Peter III, she was involved in intercession to another man, and it was rumored that his son Paul who would become Czar was his son to another man.
September 22, 1762 when she was crowned as Yekaterina II, the first woman to rule Russia. During her 34 years of rule Russia witnessed a resurgence of modernization as Peter the Great did, and as a result of Western influence in Russia Catherine the Great also embraced the philosophies of the Enlightenment, but implemented non fair policy towards the working classes in Russia, especially towards the serfs. His regime was also engulfed in rebellions, particularly the uprising of the Cossacks led by Purgachev, which was quickly suppressed by the Empress, and her scandalous life in the palace. Catherine II also took full control of the ports in the Black Sea as a result of the Russo-Turkish War and she also gained new territories from Poland, and saw in her regime the attempted conquest of Alaska, and also opened trade with Japan. She also founded the first women's-only academy in Europe, which was limited only to noble women, and because she was so obsessed with art, she also built one of the oldest art museums in the world, the Hermitage Museum, in St. Petersburg. In the last moments of his life, intense gossip was spread by his political enemies, when he was accused of bestiality or intercourse with an animal, particularly a horse, which was strongly denied.
She died at the age of 67 of a stroke on November 17, 1796, one of the oldest and greatest women to rule a monarchy in Europe.
ARTURO PINEDA ALCARAZ WINS IBM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AWARD
*July 9, 1985*
On this day in 1985, the Science and Technology Awards of IBM or International Business Machines were awarded to the so -called Father of Geothermal Energy Arturo Pineda Alcaraz. Apart from this, Alcaraz has twice won the prestigious Ramon Magsaysay Awards; first was in 1979 for the International Understanding category and in 1982 for the Government Services category, for his unique service through his talent as a volcanologist to make sense of the appreciation of our country’s mineral resources.
Alcaraz studied at the University of Wisconsin in the United States on the Master of Science in Geology course as a government scholar. He used his studies to conceptualize the availability of power supply source from underground fumes. From 1951 to 1974 when he was appointed Chief Volcanologist by the newly formed Commission on Volcanology, the agency under the National Research Council.
In Tiwi, Albay Alcaraz proved his long -standing theory about Geothermal energy, when he tried to light a bulb with a steam -powered generator from a dug one -inch -diameter hole 400 feet deep, and the this experiment. In 1967, due to this innovation by Alcaraz, the first geothermal power plant in the Philippines was opened in the town of Tiwi.
May 10, 2001 when Arturo Alcaraz passed away at the age of 84.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1227/today-in-philippine-history-july-9-1985-arturo-alcaraz-won-the-ibm-science-and-technology-award
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/8-things-you-didnt-know-about-catherine-the-great
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/world-war-ii/invasion-of-sicily
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2021/7/9/south-sudans-bloody-first-10-years
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | July 8
KIM IL-SUNG OF NORTH KOREA DIED
*July 8, 1994*
After nearly five decades of the regime of North Korea’s first Supremo Kim Il-sung, he passed away today in 1994 at the age of 82, due to a heart attack. The Korean Central News Agency, North Korea's state-controlled media, declared the demise of their "Dear Leader", the day after Kim Il-sung passed away, according to the tradition of mourning in Confucian belief. Pyongyang residents shed tears in the streets and on the bronze statue of Kim Il-sung when they confirmed the death of their leader. The KCNA also announced that his son Kim Jong-il will succeed him as leader of North Korea. With the exception of hundreds of thousands of North Korean residents no foreign media was invited for Kim Il-sung’s funeral ceremony. His preserved remains were laid to rest in his glass musoleum at Kumsusan Memorial Palace. A week of mourning was also declared for the bereaved leader, and each year North Korea commemorates the anniversary of the passing of Kim Il-sung, whom they also declared their country’s “lifelong President”.
Kim Seong-ju, or better known as Kim Il-sung, is regarded as the founder of the North Korean nation, which he has led since 1948.
He was born into a well-to-do family on April 15, 1912. His identity is shrouded in mystery because any information about his youthful life and his family comes only from the North Korean government’s version. Although a Korean, he settled with his family in Manchuria, China and there he became a member of movements against the Japanese regime in Korea, and became a member of the Communist party of Korea in 1935, where he changed his name. as “Kim Il-sung” which means Kim became Sun.
He led the Korean wars against the Japanese, until the Soviet government appointed him Secretary of the Communist Party and in 1948, in the division of the two Koreas Kim Il-sung became the Supreme of North Korea. He led the North Korean invasion of South Korea, which culminated in a three -year war, which only ended in an armistice in July 1953.
Kim Il-sung intensified industrialization in his country, while implementing the Juche principle or self-reliance. Any form of worship is banned in North Korea, except for the religious personality cult in which Kim Il-sung is almost considered a god. He became close to the communist countries, which over the years had also disappeared and North Korea’s economy had deteriorated drastically. Aside from the massive famine that North Korea experienced in 1994 that killed millions of people, the tumor on Kim's neck added to the problem. During the Kim's more than 70 -year rule in North Korea, their rule in North Korea has had a profound effect inside and outside their country.
THE MYSTERIOUS “ROSWELL INCIDENT” IN THE UNITED STATES
*July 8, 1947*
On this day in 1947, a big news was released by the Roswell Army Air Field in New Mexico in the United States that was the first to echo speculations and conspiracy theories about the existence of creatures outside our planet. According to isanv exposé released by Roswell Army Air Field, a mysterious “flying disc” was recovered by American soldiers on a ranch in the town of Roswell in New Mexico.
Although this statement was retracted saying a weather balloon was the mysterious object that crashed in Roswell, it no longer suppressed speculations that the American government was aware of the mysterious flying disc, which was forced to be hidden for a long time. weather. Aside from theories that it was a vehicle of a creature from another world, others also suspected that it was a spy vehicle sent by the Soviet Union, which at the time was high tensions between America.
Since then the interest of many people around the world, especially Americans, about the existence of creatures outside of our planet, and related stories, has become hot.
AMERICAN GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES DWIGHT FILLEY DAVIS, SR.
*July 8, 1929*
On this day in 1929, the American Governor-General of the Philippines Dwight Filley Davis, successor to former Governor Henry L. Stimson, arrived in Manila. President Herbert Hoover appointed him as the ninth Governor-General of the Philippines.
In his inaugural address in Malacañang, he said that his administration's priority is the vigorous implementation of the Jones Law of 1916, and that the United States wants the Filipino people to further improve relations between the two countries. During his administration, the renovation of the Malacañang Palace was greatly improved, replacing the wooden parts of the structure with concrete.
He also retired from the position on January 9, 1932 for personal and family reasons.
Tubong-St. Louis, Missouri in the United States Dwight F. Davis, Sr. on July 5, 1879. He was the founder of the international competition for the game of tennis Davis Cup. He is also a great tennis athlete. He completed a law course at Washington University Law School in Missouri, and served as Assistant Secretary and Secretary of War to President Calvin Coolidge, and became Governor-General of the Philippines under President Hoover. He was also a former member of the American Expeditionary Force that fought in France during World War I and earned an award for his service.
He died November 28, 1945 after six months of illness, and was laid to rest in Arlington North Cemetery.
REAL AUDIENCIA IMPLEMENTS PAPAL BULL DESIGNATING UST AS A UNIVERSITY
*July 8, 1648*
On this day in 1648, the Real Audiencia, the serving Supreme Court of Spain in the Philippines, executed a papal bull signed by Pope Innocent X. In this papal bull that took effect on November 20, 1645 was raised the former Colegio de Santo Tomas de Aquino, the first Catholic university in Asia to be given such recognition from the Pope.
Universidad de Santo Tomas is the only university in Asia to be awarded a degree from two powerful institutions; the Catholic church and the kingdom of Spain, as a Royal University in 1785, and Pontifical University in 1902. In 1870 it was once renamed "Universidad de Filipinas" In 1947 UST became the "Catholic University of the Philippines".
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1854/today-in-philippine-history-july-8-1929-dwight-f-davis-became-the-9th-american-governor-general-of-the- philippines
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/roswell-ufo-aliens-what-happened
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il-sung
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | July 7
THE LARGEST BANZAI CHARGE OF JAPANESE SOLDIERS
*July 7, 1944*
Ever since the bloody "island-hopping" of American forces against Japanese forces in the Pacific began, the so-called "banzai charge" has become a dreaded and desperate tactic of the Japanese forces, in which a large battalion of Japanese will surprise attack. on enemy lines and attack them with bayonets on their rifles while shouting "Tenno Heika, Banzai!" o Long live the Emperor in Japanese.
And in the last days of the American campaign on the Pacific island of Saipan on this day in 1944, they faced what is considered the largest banzai charge in history, as part of the last Japanese offensive against the Americans on Saipan. At the behest of General Yoshitsugu Saito, more than 4,300 soldiers and even Japanese civilians, mostly armed with bamboo spears, attacked the line of the 105th Infantry Regiment of the American sailors at the same time just before sunrise. led by General Holland Smith.
The Americans strongly defended against the tsunami-like blast of the Japanese in their ranks, where many of them were stabbed with enemy bayonets. Nearly 500 Americans were killed in the Japanese tsunami-like aggression, but eventually the relentless onslaught of the Japanese banzai charge was also prevented. To make sure that all the Japanese were dead, they also shot the corpses they had scattered.
By the end of the American offensive on Saipan, more than 3,400 American sailors had been killed in nearly a month's campaign, while more than 29,000 Japanese soldiers, including the four generals who commanded Saipan, had otherwise been killed in the fighting committed suicide instead. to give up. The campaign also killed 29,000 Japanese civilians who also chose to commit suicide rather than surrender to the enemy. Several Japanese soldiers hid in the forests of Saipan even after the war ended in August 1945, including the only Japanese survivor in the ensuing banzai charge Captain Sakae Oba, nicknamed “The Fox” because of his elusiveness. It was the first day of December, 1945 when Captain Oba and his comrades surrendered to the Americans.
The banzai charge in Saipan in 1944 is considered to be the last terrestrial banzai charge.
THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN FRANCE AND RUSSIA ON TILSIT
*July 7, 1807*
On top of a barge on the river Neman, one of the historic peace treaties in Europe took place on this day in 1807. As a result of Napoléon Bonaparte’s victory in the battle of Friedland against the Russians in June 1807, Emperor Napoléon and Tsar Alexander I of Russia in the town of Tilsit (now Sovetsk in Kaliningrad, Russia) the treaty ended a two -year war between two powerful European Emperors, and as a result, Russia became an ally of France and also formed friendship. between two Emperors.
Under the Treaty of Tilsit, France promised Russia that they would join Russia's war with the Ottoman Empire, in return Russia promised that Russia would participate in Napoléon's Continental System, a massive blockade of Europe's trade with United Kingdom, Napoléon's rival, to facilitate the British surrender to Napoléon. Eventually, Russia agreed for France to occupy Russian territory on the Ionian island in Greece. Napoléon also suggested that he marry the sister of Tsar Alexander I, something the Tsar did not grant.
Two days passed before another enemy of France reconciled; the Prussia, as a result of their defeat in the last battles. In this treaty, Prussia agreed to relinquish a very large part of its territory, which resulted in the formation of new kingdoms which became Napoléon's client states; the Duchy of Warsaw, Kingdom of Westphalia and Free City of Danzig. Prussia also agreed to reduce its army to 43,000 soldiers and also paid damages to France. Napoléon also became an ally of this treaty with Prussia to fight his rivals Britain and Sweden.
The alliance of Russia and France lasted only five years under this agreement when Napoleon discovered that Russia was boating on two rivers, without Russia complying with the Continental System and secretly trading with the British. This was the reason for breaking the Treaty of the two countries and Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Prussia saw Napoléon's weakness when his conquest of Russia failed, so he also broke the treaty and joined the new alliance of nations against in France in 1813.
ESTABLISH THE KATIPUNAN
*July 7, 1892*
In a house on Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto Avenue) in Tondo, Manila, the place where its founding chief was born and raised, a secret revolutionary organization named Supreme Reverend was born on this day in 1892. -respected Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKKZLl.B). It was formed by Andres Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Jose Dizon, Valentin Diaz and Deodato Arellano, all members of the newly established La Liga Filipina, in a secret meeting late at night, just a day after hearing of the arrest of Spanish authorities founded La Liga Dr. Jose Rizal.
For Bonifacio, there was no room in Spain's deaf ears to demand reforms, with armed struggle the only option left for complete change in the country. There are only three purposes of this organization; political - complete independence of the Philippines from Spain, moral - teaching proper manners and renunciation of false fanaticism in the Catholic church, and psychological - help the oppressed and the poor.
Because Bonifacio was a member of the Masons, the Katipunan also accepted and used the ceremonies and symbolisms used in the Masons, except for the method of gathering new members. Deodato Arellano became the first President of the Katipunan, until Bonifacio occupied the position after Roman Basa's term in 1894.
The system of recruiting new members is simple, they are subjected to three stages of testing. It also has its own system of governance divided into three, and follows laws. Katipunan student member Emilio Jacinto wrote a collection of lessons that the Katipunan should follow, the Katipunan Cartel, and Bonifacio wrote the Ten Principles that Katipuneros should have. The Katipunan also published the periodical Ang Kalayaan, in January 1896, which contained the ideologies of the organization. By 1896, the Katipunan had more than 3,000 members; whether rich or poor, students or professionals, government or army officials, businessmen and workers and government employees.
As the number of organizations swelled, it became impossible for the Katipunan to keep it secret. By 1893 the friars and officials were already receiving reports of the mysterious disappearances of men every night, and other evidence that would point to the presence of the Katipunan, but they had no solid proof of their suspicions. Due to the betrayal of a Katipunero, the organization was formed on August 19, 1896. Katipunan activity spread at the beginning of the revolution, from Tarlac to Manila, Cavite and the Bicol region. The Katipunan was further divided into two factions, which caused the Katipunan leadership to become further fragmented.
Although the organization was disbanded with the formation of a new revolutionary government at the Tejeros convention in March 1897, the Katipunan remained active in remote Philippine provinces, leading uprisings against the Spaniards in the Ilocos region, Pangasinan to the Visayas. and Mindanao.
References:
http://malacanang.gov.ph/4304-the-founding-of-the-katipunan/
https://historyonthisday.com/events/napoleonic-wars/treaty-of-tilsit/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit
https://www.ww2wrecks.com/portfolio/the-last-samurai-sakae-oba-and-the-largest-banzai-charge-of-the-war-in-the-pacific-%E5%A4%A7 %E5%A0%B4-%E6%A0%84/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakae_%C5%8Cba
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | July 6
FRENCH CHEMIST LOUIS PASTEUR FIRST TESTS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINATION AGAINST RAVIES
*July 6, 1886*
A historic innovation not only in the field of science but in medicine was made by the French chemist Louis Pasteur on this day in 1886. Together with his medical counterpart Emile Roux, they first tested the effectiveness of the drug they developed against deadly rabies in a nine -year -old boy Joseph Meister, who was nearly mauled by a ferocious dog. With Roux's help, Pasteur was able to develop an anti-rabies drug using a weaker type of rabies virus extracted from a rabbit's spinal cord.
Pasteur continued to inject the drug into Meister for 11 days, even though he was not a licensed doctor and despite the possibility that the child's family would sue him if the child was harmed. After giving Meister 13 shots of the anti -rabies drug, the child’s condition improved and he was saved from certain death due to rabies.
Pasteur's experiment was a success, and in the months that followed he was flooded with dog bites from France to the United States, and eventually was able to create dosages of rabies vaccine. This method of treating rabies was quickly accepted and spread almost all over the world in 1890. To this day some medical agencies around the world still use the formula of the rabies vaccine developed by Pasteur, which should will be injected continuously for two to three weeks.
Rabies was not the only disease that Pasteur successfully fought, because in 1879, with the help of German biologist Robert Koch, they vaccinated against the deadly anthrax, which infects animals such as sheep, cattle and goats, and even to people.
Louis Pasteur is recognized in the field of chemistry and biology for his invented process of preserving wines and milk, and for his unique studies about the nature of bacteria, which laid the foundation for modern bacteriology.
NAPOLEON BONOPARTE'S VICTORY IN THE BATTLE AGAINST AUSTRIA IN WAGRAM
*July 6, 1809*
On this day in 1809, Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte achieved his victory in the battle against his mortal enemy the Austrian Empire near the town of Wagram in Austria. After a day -long offensive of more than 180,000 French soldiers against more than 155,000 Austrian soldiers led by Archduke Charles, brother of Emperor Francis II, Napoleon successfully defeated Austria, as he recovered from the defeat of the Austrians in the battle of the two towns in the Austrian Aspern and Essling on 22nd May.
Napoleon spent two months preparing the move so that he could recover from his first defeat to the Austrians since the outbreak of the Napoléonic Wars in 1805. It was 5 July when Napoleon began his army's rapid attack on the Austrians, but failed. the first waves of Napoléon's attack on Archduke Charles on the first day of the battle. Austrian soldiers next attacked the French ranks, and attempted to surround the enemy, but the attempt failed. Napoléon draws his strongest cards; the knights rushed into the line of the Austrian opponents, where it effectively broke the lines of the Austrians, and then he ordered that cannons be fired at them. Many of the Austrians were killed in the bloody rain of cannon bullets into their ranks. It was afternoon when the Austrians began to retreat from the battle, until French troops overtook him in another battle near Wagram. Bloody was the end of the battle at Wagram for both sides; 40,000 Austrian soldiers were killed while more than 35,000 Frenchmen were killed in the fighting. He admitted that he could no longer fight the French, so Archduke Charles was forced to sign an armistice with Napoléon.
After the defeat of the Austrians by the French at Austerlitz in December 1805, the Austrians were once again embarrassed by Napoléon and forced to sign a peace treaty with Napoléon in October 1809, with heavy sanctions imposed by Napoléon, such as reducing Austria in 1/6 of the total coverage of his empire. This treaty also ended the fifth alliance of nations against Napoléon. Napoléon's victory at Wagram was the last victory of his career as a great general, and can be considered the greatest of all Napoléonic battles.
THE FIRST COUP AGAINST PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO
*July 6, 1986*
Less than half a year into the first year of the term of the first woman President of our Republic, Corazon Aquino, her administration faced an attempted coup on this day in 1986, involving Filipino soldiers and civilians who remained loyal to the ousted President Ferdinand Marcos.
Nearly 500 soldiers and 5,000 Marcos loyalists attacked the Manila Hotel in Luneta, and occupied it for 37 hours. Former Vice President Marcos Arturo Tolentino arrived on the scene, and announced that former President Marcos had given him permission to occupy the position of President. He was even sworn in as the "President of the Philippines", in front of Marcos' loyalists and even appointed members of his cabinet, and he even declared that the said hotel would be Tolentino's temporary "center of government". Those who participated in the coup called for constitutional reform and stronger action against communism.
The coup also coincided with mass demonstrations by students in colleges and universities in Manila, the administration's slow action on agrarian reform for the converted rebels, and the slow pace of the Aquino administration's move for ceasefire between the military and the CPP-NPA rebels. Marcos' supporters barricaded the hotel and even filled the entire hotel with Marcos-Tolentino flags.
President Aquino did not take the coup seriously, calling it a sloppy gimmick and propaganda by Marcos' supporters, and assured the public that the military was in control of the situation. He also set a 24 -hour ultimatum for Marcos' supporters to leave the hotel and the coup soldiers surrender peacefully. The power and water supply to the hotel was cut off and roads around the hotel were blocked to ensure the surrender of the occupants there.
On July 8, Tolentino also resigned from his presidency, insisting that Marcos' supporters only pressured him, and said that he respected the people's will to install Corazon Aquino. The coup soldiers also surrendered, after brief negotiations. On condition of pardoning them, they were sworn in again by the Freedom Constitution and pushed-ups only 20 times.
Although the coup ended quietly, it did not cover the damage caused by the coup to the Manila Hotel, where the total value of damaged property and equipment inside the hotel reached more than 10 million pesos and lost revenue due to canceled bookings. , and also reported the assault of some loyalists on two people and the destruction of a news patrol jeep.
References:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/03/the-final-report-of-the-fact-finding-commission-iv-military-intervention-in-the-philippines-1986-1987/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000572.htm#:~:text=On%20July%206%2C%201885%2C%20Louis,rabid%20dog%202%20days%20before.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteu https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | July 5
THE BEGINNING OF THE BATTLE WITH THE KURSK
*July 5, 1943*
Five months after Adolf Hitler's bitter defeat in the city of Stalingrad, his tentacles once again moved within the Soviet Union in the hope that he would recover from the German army's defeat at Stalingrad.
Even before the planned invasion, Hitler waited a long time for the operation because he was still waiting for the arrival of modern and larger Panther and Tiger 1 tanks, so this gave the Soviets enough time to prepare for the offensive of the Germans. The Soviets dug long trenches with the help of civilians, and drastically increased factory production of new T-34-76 tanks and several pieces of howitzers and ammunition.
Under Operation Citadel launched on this day in 1943, more than 780,000 German soldiers and more than 2,900 war tanks simultaneously surrounded the north and south sides of the larger Soviet force base near the city of Kursk, consisting of over 1,900,000 soldiers and over 5,100 tanks and over 2,700 warplanes.
This battle witnessed the largest tank-on-tank clash of the two forces, when they faced off in the town of Prokhorovkha, a few kilometers away from Kursk, where Soviet tanks faced more powerful German tanks. Their respective artillery and aerial support supported the battle tanks clash, while Soviet artillery and warplanes prevented them from surrounding and confining inside the Kursk despite so much lost to the Soviet army. It was 12 July when the Soviets launched their counter-offensive in the northern part of Kursk, and were able to push away the two German armies attempting to encircle Kursk.
The invasion of the island of Sicily in Italy by American forces also added to the problem of the German army, forcing Hitler to bring his reserve troops there to the Kursk, causing the German offensive on the eastern Front to weaken sharply.
It was the first anniversary of the German invasion of Stalingrad when the Germans were finally defeated in their offensive against the Soviets at Kursk, and this time, the Germans retreated sharply almost out of the gates of the Soviet Union. This battle was important during World War II, because it ended Hitler's ambition to occupy the whole of Russia. But the Soviets' victory over the Kursk came at a great price; as many as 800,000 Soviet soldiers were killed compared to the more than 200,000 Germans killed in Operation Citadel and more tanks were lost to the Soviets compared to those lost to the Germans.
Since then Hitler has not recovered, with the amount of soldiers and machinery lost to the Wehrmacht, and only sees his own army in the east retreating back to Germany.
FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER NICÉPHOR NIÉPCE PASSES AWAY
*July 5, 1833*
French photography pioneer Joseph Nicéphor Niépce died on this day in 1833 at his home in the town of Saint-Loup de Varennes, at the age of 68 due to a stroke. The man who took the first photographic image in history died, a poor and financially destitute, which the municipal government of his town itself spent on his funeral.
Joseph Nicéphor Niépce was born in the town of Chalon-sur-Saône in eastern France on March 7, 1765. Niépce attended college and became a professor when he joined Napoléon Bonaparte's army during the revolution until his retirement in 1795, to continue his profession as an inventor and professor with his brother Claude.
Out of his annoyance with the inability to draw, he developed an interest in lithography, a form of drawing by printing an image on a polished stone. And with what can be considered an ancient camera obscura, which still uses sunlight and lenses to project the image on a canvas inside a box and then draw with a pencil, Niépce thought of a more effective method. printing the image from the camera obscura rather than manually drawing with a pencil.
About 1826 or 1827, using a photographic plate coated with chemicals by Niépce to serve as an image printer, he took what is considered the world's first photograph in just eight hours. One is your image of the window in his house in Saint-Loup de Varennes, using camera obscura. The plaque was believed to have disappeared, until the original image plaque was found in 1952. In 1829 Niépce formed a partnership with his fellow French photography pioneer Louis Daguerre, who would later invent the first real camera in the whole. world. The release of the world’s first photographic image taken by Niépce opened the door for the beginning of the field of photograph.
GENERAL DOUGLASMACARTHUR DECLARES THE LIBERATION OF THE PHILIPPINES FROM JAPANESE OCCUPATION
*July 5, 1945*
After nearly four years of occupation by Japanese forces in our country, a historic message was delivered to us on this day in 1945 by General Douglas MacArthur from his General Headquarters. He declared in his message on the radio that the campaign of the American forces in our country to drive out the Japanese was over, and that the combined American and Filipino forces had completely liberated the Philippines. General MacArthur also declared that the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese was one of his great victories in the battles he led in Asia-Pacific during World War II, and he also took pride in his statement on fulfilling the campaign goals of United States forces in our country; this included the complete destruction of the Japanese naval, land and air force, and the restoration of democracy throughout the Far East.
Although the war was over in the view of General MacArthur, it was not in the view of the Japanese who were still fighting while hiding in the forests of our country. On August 15, 1945, Japan declared its surrender to the war, and on September 2, the war in Asia-Pacific formally ended.
For nearly four years, more than 200,000 American and Filipino soldiers laid down their lives in the fight against the Japanese occupation, while more than one million Filipino civilians were killed in their occupation.
References:
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/macarthur-philippine-islands-liberated-1945
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-kursk
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 16
THE FIRST WOMAN TO COME TO SPACE
*June 16, 1963*
On this day in 1963, a woman was the first to reach space - the Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova. At the age of 26, Tereshkova orbited our planet 48 times in 78 hours, aboard the spacecraft Vostok 6. Vostok 6 was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and three days later, returned safely to our planet. Tereshkova after leaving her spacecraft from a height of 20,000 feet.
From Maslennikovo, Russia Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 9, 1937. Formerly a worker in a textile factory, and at the age of 22 she first tried parachuting. His interest in skydiving and parachuting brought him to the Vostok Space program of the Soviet Union. From the first man in space, the Soviet Union wanted to send a woman into space, as part of Russia's competition with America in the field of space exploration. Valentina Tereshkova One of the women chosen to be trained to become cosmonauts.
Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman to reach space, and it didn’t happen again until 1983, when America sent its first woman into space, Sally Ride.
BLACK AMERICAN BOY GEORGE JUNIUS STUNNET, JR. KILLED IN ELECTRIC CHAIR.
*June 16, 1944*
Exactly 77 years have passed since one of the biggest mistakes in the United States judiciary happened. At around 7:30 pm on this day in 1944, 14-year-old Black American George Junius Stinney, Jr., who was witnessed by several family members of the alleged murderer, was tearfully seated in an electric chair. and of George's own father. The young Black American man was electrocuted in a jail in Columbia, South Carolina in the United States. He was the youngest victim of the death penalty in the United States in the 20th century.
Accused George Stinney, Jr. of the murder case of two white American girls Betty June Binnicker and Mary Emma Thames. They were both reported missing after cycling just to pick flowers. Their bodies were found in the town of Alcolu, South Carolina, all of whom received severe blows to the head. The Black American family taught Stinney to kill children because they were found in their area.
The police arrested George and his brother John, but with the exception of his older brother, George was still detained. Since then he has not seen his family, even when the young man was indicted. The police accused him of arresting her that he raped and killed the two children, but the police provided no proof. Defense of the young man, he was forced to confess to the crime even though he did not do so because the police bribed him with food because of hunger. In a 10 -minute trial, the young man's case was heard before a white jury and judge, but he was not even given the opportunity to defend himself or be given a lawyer. He was sentenced to death in an electric chair after being declared guilty.
In 2004 when the case of George Stinney, Jr. was reopened, and on the 70th anniversary of his death, the young man was not guilty of such a crime and the “evidence” against the young man was declared false and the court was unfair to became a judgment on him.
THE FIRST FORMAL STATE OF THE NATION ADDRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES
*June 16, 1936*
Eight months after President Manuel Luis Quezon took office as President of the Commonwealth government, on this day in 1936 he was able to deliver his first formal State of the Nation Address (SONA), the first President of the Philippines to make such a speech.
In front of the representatives of various districts in the Philippines in the National Assembly, President Quezon reported on the overall situation of our country since he took office as President. At the formal opening of the National Assembly session, he detailed the events of his administration from the aspect of our country’s relationship with the United States, the Excise Tax on coconut oil and Gold Reserve funds, the influx of foreign immigrants in our country, the government’s action on the activity of bandit groups in Laguna and Tayabas, ensuring the social justice of the people, the previously passed laws of the legislature and above all the incurred government costs on its projects.
During the nine -year tenure of President Manuel Luis Quezon, he gave three SONAs to the National Assembly. First stipulated in Commonwealth Act no. 17 the giving of the President of the country report on the condition of our country every 16th June, and also moved twice, on 16th October and 4th May by virtue of Commonwealth Act no. 244.
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY OPENED
*June 16, 1911*
Today is the 110th birthday of De La Salle University, which first opened on this day in 1911. De La Salle University (DLSU) was founded by nine Christian brothers, at the request of the Archbishop of Manila Jeremiah James Harty. Archbishop Harty believed that the establishment of De La Salle was the available instrument to prevent the spread of Protestantism in the Philippines, and the De La Salle Brothers bought land in Manila on which to build the university, and on June 16, The university was inaugurated by nine La Salle Brothers Blimond Pierre Eilenbecker, Aloysius Gonzaga McGiverin, Augusto Correge, Ptolomee Louis Duffaux, Goslin Camillus Henri, D. Joseph, Celba John Lynam, Imar William Reale, and Martin, who only had 125 students. This is the first La Salle educational institution opened in the Philippines, named after its patron St. Jean-Baptiste De La Salle, patron saint of education.
The Christian La Salle Brothers aim to provide young people with a free and high-quality education, and to instill in students godly moral values. Aside from young people who are destitute but have potential, La Salle University has also been opened to children of wealthy families.
Over the years, the number of students at such a university expanded, studying courses such as two-year courses in commerce and business, and was able to expand their campus in 1921. But so did the university in Manila, La Salle was also a victim of war, when it was first used as a hideout for wounded American and Filipino soldiers, civilians and guerrillas, and when the Japanese occupied Manila it was made the army headquarters of La Salle. But at the height of the liberation of Manila in 1945, many of the De La Salle Brothers were killed by Japanese soldiers. La Salle's operations resumed after the war in July 1945, and on February 19, 1975 La Salle was formally turned into a university.
The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has certified De La Salle as a Center of Excellence in 14 of its courses and a Center of Development in five of its programs. It is one of two institutions awarded the highest-level accreditation by the Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities (PAASCU), and is also a member of various international university associations, including the ASEAN University Network.
DLSU currently has three campuses, located in Manila, Taguig and Biñan, Laguna. Si Br. Bernard S. Oca, FSC is the current Chancellor of DLSU, and Br. Raymundo B. Suplido is the current President of such university.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_University
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1936/06/16/manuel-l-quezon-second-state-of-the-nation-address-june-16-1936/
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/trivia-sona-date-changes-through-years
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stinney
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/first-woman-in-space
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 15
LISA DEL GIOCONDO, THE MODEL OF "MONA LISA", WAS BORN
*June 15, 1479*
If we stare at the very mysterious and beautiful smile of the woman in Leonardo da Vinci's provocative painting Mona Lisa, you will sometimes wonder who that woman is in da Vinci's work. In 2005, it was confirmed who he was; Lisa del Giocondo. She was the daughter of the wealthy Gherardini family in Florence and Tuscany in Italy.
Today is Lisa del Giocondo’s 542nd birthday, for which little is known about her life. Lisa's family life is said to have been difficult, forcing her to marry an old silk merchant Francesco di Bartolomeo di Zanobi del Giocondo, at the age of 15. They had five children, and lived as a middle-class family. Da Vinci met the woman, and at its fairness he asked the woman’s permission to be a model of his work.
His wife commissioned Da Vinci to paint his wife. For three years, from 1503 to 1506, Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa painting became one of his most famous works.
Lisa's husband first died in 1538, before Lisa finally died at the age of 63 on July 15, 1542.
PERFORMED THE FIRST HUMAN BLOOD TRANSFUSION OR BLOOD TRANSFUSION
*June 15, 1667*
Did you know that it has been exactly 357 years since the first human blood transfusion was successfully performed?
On this day in 1667, the personal physician of King Louis XIV of France Jean Baptiste-Denis performed this unique medicine on a 15-year-old patient who was bleeding profusely. Used on the teenager-a 12-ounce blood from sheep. This translation by doctor Denis to the young man was successful, so he did the same with other patients, but two of them died. He was even charged with killing his patient, but was also acquitted but was also banned from performing blood transfusions. Such work was banned throughout France and in other European countries until the turn of the 19th century.
Ever since the English scientist William Harvey studied the anatomy of blood flow in the human body it has been studied that the transfusion of blood into the human body, which was first tested, animal to animal. Until 1900, when German scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered different types of human blood, he was also the first to adopt a safer and more systematic method of transfusing blood. Landsteiner studied different bloods, and found that transfusion was not random, especially if the type of isanv patient did not match the donor, and this was probably the cause of death of Denis's patients.
KING JOHN OF ENGLAND SEALED THE MAGNA CARTA
*June 15, 1215*
On this day in 1215, in the presence of his barons at Runnymedes on the Thames, King John of England with his seal on his ring sealed one of the most important legal documents in the history of England, the Magna Carta. King John was compelled to seal the Magna Carta, as a result of the revolt of the barons against the king, and the king did nothing with the stronger forces and calls of the barons, that he guarantee the rights and privileges of the barons and of the Catholic church.
Following King John's defeats in Normandy which resulted in the financial collapse of the kingdom, he ordered that barons and nobles be taxed. Even the wealth of the Catholic church was tampered with by him to finance his lost wars. It was here that the Archbishop of Canterbury convinced the barons to revolt against the oppressive and abusive king.
The Magna Carta consists of a preamble and 63 articles, which contain the rights and privileges that the monarchy must respect and protect, and limit the absolute power of the king. One of these articles truly reflects the laws we now have the 39th article, which prohibits the unjust arrest or detention of a person as long as no case is filed against him or he is not informed of the accusation. filed with him.
Although the Magna Carta failed to be implemented, it paved the way for the emergence of democratic and just views on the rule of law, which would first emerge in the laws of England, and even during the Enlightenment for generations to come.
THE EXPLOSION OF THE VOLCANO
*June 15, 1991*
Exactly 30 years ago, what is considered to be the second strongest and most powerful volcanic eruption of the 20th century occurred. In the center of Zambales, after eight days of magma eruptions, with ground rumbling and thunder-like roar, the silvery volcanic ash of Volcano Pinatubo erupted, rising up to 35 kilometers from the ground. Witnessed the wild rise of volcanic materials in the fog, which dropped so much volcanic ash that killed many plants and forests around, and flooded households and rivers. Also because of this eruption, the top of the volcano collapsed and resulted in a 2.5 -kilometer -diameter caldera.
The scattered ash has spread throughout the world’s atmosphere reaching as far as the Indian Ocean and is prominent in satellite images. The eruption of Pinatubo exacerbated the upcoming typhoon Yunya, which flooded many towns in Zambales, Pampanga, Pangasinan, and Tarlac.
It is said that the excessive thickness of the ash spread in the mist mixed with sulfur dioxide cooled the earth's temperature by 0.5 degrees Celsius for two years, but it also caused extensive damage to the affected areas. Unfortunately, 840 people were recorded dead as a result of the eruption exacerbated by typhoon Yunya.
More than 10,000 residents throughout Zambales, including the indigenous Aeta living at the foot of Pinatubo, have lost their homes, and the total amount of property and crops damaged by the eruption of Pinatubo Volcano will amount to PhP 11,989,125,000.
For 400-600 years, Pinatubo Volcano slept, but even though it left a magnificent crater lake, experts feared that Pinatubo would wake up at any moment.
References:
https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanic_ash/pinatubo_1991.html#:~:text=Pyroclastic%20flows%2C%20lahars%20as%20well,of%20agriculture%2C%20forestry%20and%20land.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_eruption_of_Mount_Pinatubo
https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/magna-carta-sealed
https://www.britannica.com/story/the-strange-grisly-history-of-the-first-blood-transfusion#:~:text=On%20June%2015%2C%201667%2C%20the,The %20young%20man%20recovered%20quickly.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 12
THE PROCLAMATION OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE PHILIPPINES
*June 12, 1898*
Past 4:20 pm, in a lavish ceremony outside the house of General Emilio Aguinaldo in the town of Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit, Cavite), one of the historic scenes in our country took place. On this day, from the central window, General Aguinaldo faced the crowd, carrying the Filipino flag in white, red and blue with three yellow stars and the Sun with a face and eight rays, sewn by Marcela Agoncillo. in Hong Kong. Auditor de Guerra Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read his Acta dela Proclamacion dela Independencia del Pueblo Filipino, which declared the independence of our country from more than three centuries of Spanish occupation. This proclamation states the long history of the Spanish conquest of our country since Fernando Magallanes visited us, and acknowledges the heroism and martyrdom of Dr. Jose Rizal, of Gomburza and others who fought in the revolution against Spain. This proclamation also stated the oath to love and defend the country and the flag it represents until death.
After this, General Aguinaldo handed the flag to Rianzares Bautista and to the accompaniment of the Marcha Filipino Magdalo composed by Julian Felipe, Bautista waved the flag in front of the celebrating people. This ceremony was colorful, and 98 people signed the Acta, including the only American witness to your proclamation Colonel L.M. Johnson. This is the most important achievement of the dictatorial government of General Aguinaldo.
On the first day of August, when the delegates of every province throughout the country in Bacoor, Cavite adopted the proclamation of the independence of the Philippines in recognition of the revolutionary government, and on September 29, 1898 was ratified by the Malolos Congress. the proclamation. Since then, the colorful celebration of Philippine Independence Day on June 12, was not witnessed again, until 1962, when the first Philippine Independence Day celebration was held in Luneta under the leadership of President Diosdado Macapagal, and witnessed by senior veterans of the revolution, including the then 93 -year -old Emilio Aguinaldo.
ANNE FRANK WAS BORN
*June 12, 1929*
Today is the 92nd birthday of the Jewish maiden and famous diarist Annelise Marie Frank or better known to us by the name Anne Frank. He is the youngest of two children of the couple Otto and Edith Frank, and was born in the city of Frankfurt-am-Main in Germany.
Anneliese was four years old when her family fled to the Netherlands in 1933, when German anti -Semitic dictator Adolf Hitler rose to power. There he was able to study while there his father Otto continued his business.
The quiet life of the Franks and many other Jewish refugees from Germany was disturbed when Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands in 1940. During their conquest, oppressive Nazi laws against Jews were also enforced there, and as time went on the Franks were more at risk of being caught by the Nazis. Otto first thought of fleeing to America with his family, but the American border was closed to Germany because war broke out between the two in 1941. So in a secret annex in the upper part of the building where Otto worked, they hid. Anne Frank in June 1942, along with another Jewish family close to the Franks Augusta, Hermann and their son Peter van Pels, and another Jew Fritz Pfeffer. The Dutch who cared for the Frank family, Miep Guess, Viktor Kugler and Bep Voskuijl, helped in their hideout, who bought food for the Franks and provided information about what was happening outside. That same year Anne received from her mother for her 13th birthday a simple diary, which she gave her own design. Her diary for nearly two years of hiding her experiences with her family and the Van Pels family while hiding in the secret annex, and her unwavering positive outlook and hope in life despite everything she experiences. . This diary will be the book that many people around the world will read and one of a Jew’s first-hand accounts of the Holocaust. The Frank family rejoiced at the news of the arrival of the Allies in Normandy, France, in the hope that they too would be freed from Nazi oppression. But on August 4, 1944, the Gestapo raided the secret annex and arrested the Franks and Van Pels, and to this day it remains a mystery whether the Nazis were accused of hiding their hideouts.
The Frank and Van Pels family were taken to the Auschwitz death camp in Krakow, Poland where the Franks were forced to work and the Augusta and Herman van Pels were killed in gas chambers. Anne's mother was also killed in gas chambers, while Otto was left in Auschwitz while his two children, Anne and Margot, were taken from him to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northern Germany. It is said that the Frank brothers were last seen alive in such a camp between March and April 1945, before they eventually died of typhus.
The girl Anne died at the age of 15 while her sister Margot was 18. They were among more than 19,700 prisoners who died in the camp, weeks before the British liberated the camp on April 15, 1945.
`Exclusive`
Happy Russia Day
Россия — священная наша держава,
Россия — любимая наша страна
Славься, Отечество наше свободное..
Славься, страна! Мы гордимся тобой!
(Russia - the holy land
Russia - the beloved land
Glory to you, oh Motherland, our free land
Glory to you, my country, I am proud of you!)
In conjunction with our celebration of the country’s independence, our Russian brothers and sisters yesterday also celebrate their day of independence and independence as a sovereignty after more than 70 years of communism’s existence in Russia. It was 1991 when President Boris Yeltsin declared the birth of the new Russia, free from the long years of the communist regime.
Singhaba from the Baltic to the Pacific his rich history from the time of the Tsars to the birth of the new Russia, and his land spanned his greatness as a strong and lofty nation.
GuyFromNowhere joins in the celebration of Russia Day.
Happy Russia Day! 🇷🇺
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Frank
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/araw-ng-republikang-filipino-1899/#:~:text=On%20August%201%2C%201898%2C%20the,to%20legitimize%20the%20Revolutionary% 20Government. & Text = One%20of%20its%20first%20actions, Constitution%20on%20November%2029%2C%201898.
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1177/today-in-philippine-history-june-12-1898-aguinaldo-formally-proclaimed-the-philippine-independence-in-kawit-cavite
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 11
COMMISSED BY THE U.S. NAVY THE BATTLESHIP USS MISSOURI
*June 11, 1944*
A few months after launching at sea one of the Iowa-class warships of the United States navy the USS Missouri (BB-63), that warship was commissioned on this day in 1944 as one of the U.S. Navy fleets. . Captain William Callaghan first became commander of the USS Missouri, which monitored its successful sea trials on July 10 of the same year. His operation for the Pacific began in November 1944.
The USS Missouri joined American forces fighting at Iwo Jima and Okinawa as the U.S. Navy’s naval support to the Americans there in February and June 1945, and was one of the American warships that bombed mainland Japan. And on the starboard side of the USS Missouri witnessed the historic ceremony of Imperial Japan’s unconditional surrender to the war, which culminated in the six-year World War II on September 2, 1945.
The U.S. Navy still used the USS Missouri in American combat in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, and was first decommissioned as a reserve fleet by the U.S. Navy in 1955. But Missouri was returned to service in 1986, for American combat. in the Persian Gulf War in 1990, and in 1992 Missouri was permanently retired, and Missouri is currently on display at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
It measures 270 meters long, 11 meters high from the waterline to the deck, and 33 meters wide. Missouri is powered by eight Babcock and Wilcox boilers, with a power of up to 212,000 shaft horsepower capable of running up to 28,000 km at speeds ranging from 17 knots and with a maximum speed of 32 knots. Missouri-carried weapons are powerful, with two triple-barreled 16-inch Mark 7 naval guns, and anti-aircraft guns ranging from 5-inch to 20-mm, Tomahawk ballistic missile launch pads and anti-ship and submarine torpedoes. Its armor plating is also thick, ranging in thickness from 6-inch to 12-inch, depending on the location of each Missouri deck.
KING FELIPE II OF SPAIN RECOGNIZES THE RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES OF THE PRINCIPALIA IN THE PHILIPPINES
*June 11, 1594*
On this day in 1594, King Philip II of Spain implemented his royal decree on the Philippines, recognizing and protecting the privileges and rights of the country’s former indigenous nobles, such as datus and their families, and blood relatives. blue in their respective barangays before the arrival of the Spaniards. This royal decree covered only the nobles who had been loyal to the Spanish flag and had been baptized into Catholicism. According to this law, the sitting Governor-General of the Philippines was obliged to treat them justly, and even the natives to respect those nobles as they respected them even before they were subjected to the Spanish colony. Because of this law, the former native nobles were able to return to power, when they also became encomendero, and they joined the Spaniards in maintaining order in the encomiemda.
The implementation of this law gave birth to a new social class during the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, the Principals. When the mandatory change of surnames was implemented by decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria in 1849, those carrying native surnames and even the descendants of indigenous nobles were exempted from it. The Principals held a high status in Filipino society, sometimes holding government positions from cabeza de barangay to gobernadorcillio.
This law and the privilege enjoyed by the Principals remained until the end of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines in 1898.
EMILIO AGUINALDO APPROVES JULIAN FELIPE'S COMPOSITION FOR THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF THE PHILIPPINES
*June 11, 1898*
One day before the celebration of Philippine independence in Cavite, composer Julian Felipe played his composed melody of the march demanded of him by General Emilio Aguinaldo. On this day in 1898, General Aguinaldo liked and he immediately approved Felipe's melody for the march scheduled to be played the next day. Felipe's composition is titled "Marcha Filipino Magdalo", which is only one minute long.
According to Felipe, he adapted the melody of his composition from the melodies of the National Anthems of France and Spain, and from the Aida composed by the Italian Giuseppe Verdi. It was first played in celebration of the country’s proclamation of independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 while waving the national flag of our country, played by the marching band San Francisco de Malabon. It was originally composed without lyrics, only applied in 1899 using the poem "Filipinas" by Jose Palma.
Under the American Anti-Flag and Sedition Act of 1907, the public display of any symbolism of the Philippines, whether flag or national anthem, was prohibited. September 5, 1938, by virtue of Commonwealth Act no. 382 formally approved the use of Philip's melody as the melody of the Philippine National Anthem, but its lyrics, entitled Chosen Land, were written in English.
It was during the Japanese period when the lyrics of the National Anthem first had a salon in Tagalog, and in 1956 when the use of Tagalog in the lyrics of the National Anthem of the Philippines became formal, enacted by Republic Act no. 8491.
Reference:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 10
THE DANGEROUS END OF THE TOWN OF ORADOUR SUR-GLANE IN FRANCE
*June 10, 1944*
The news of the invasion of Allies forces in Normandy, France gave hope to the countries occupied by Germany, especially the country of France, that the day of their independence from the four-year Nazi fascist occupation would come. But the light of that freedom did not seem to be seen again by a small village in southern France on this day in 1944, because of a terrible tragedy that would end not only their livelihood but their small town in the hands of the occupiers.
Later that afternoon, a group of Waffen-SS led by Adolf Diekmann arrived in Oradour-sur-Glane, a small town in the province of Haute-Vienne in southern France, and ordered the lock-up. all exits in town. He also ordered all the residents to gather at the town plaza, including the six cyclists who had just passed by the area. After that, the men and the children and women were forcibly separated, where the men were imprisoned in the town barns and the children and women in the church.
Diekmann's staff sowed extreme cruelty throughout the town, especially among innocent civilians. Diekmann set fire to the barns after they shot the men in the foot, as well as the church with everyone inside, as they shot those who tried to flee. And after they had cleared all the valuables there, Diekmann ordered that all the households be burned and destroyed until nothing was left. They left blazing for several days and almost erased the whole town from the map.
It is said that 20 residents of the town fled when they saw Diekmann's staff approaching them, while only six men and one woman were left alive from the heinous crime committed against them by Diekmann.
In all, as many as 642 men, women and children were mercilessly killed by Diekmann’s staff, and because of the severity of the burning of their corpses, 27 of them were positively identified. What happened in Oradour-sur-Glane, according to Diekmann, was retribution by the Nazis for the widespread activity of the French guerrillas.
A few years later, President Charles de Gaulle of France decided not to move the destroyed town and turn it into a museum as a reminder of the horrific tragedy it suffered at the hands of the Nazis, while a new town was built in the western part of the area. . Unfortunately, none of those involved in that incident were held accountable by law, as Diekmann and nearly all of his crew were killed in the battle in Normandy among those who killed the town’s 642 residents.
This was the largest and worst crime committed by the Nazis on the land of France during their four -year occupation of the said country.
PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH WAS BORN
*June 10, 1921*
Today is the centenary birthday of the late husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was one of the children of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, and he was born in his parent’s villa on the island of Corfu, Greece. His family was forced to flee Greece when he was a baby because of the unrest there. He grew up in the United Kingdom, and he also studied in Germany and France.
At the age of 18, he joined the Royal Navy and was among the British fleets that fought against the Kriegsmarine in the Mediterranean and the Japanese in the Pacific.
He first met Princess Elizabeth when the girl was just 13 years old, and after the war, Philip asked for the girl's hand. Philip and Elizabeth married in November 1947, and relinquished his Greek and Danish titles after using the surname of his grandfather and grandmother Mountbatten. He was also appointed Duke of Edinburgh by King George VI, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron of Greenwich, and retired from service in the Royal Navy when he became Queen Elizabeth II's consort in 1952. He had six children with Queen Elizabeth II, Charles. , Prince of Wales; Anne, Princess Royal; Prince Andrew, Duke of York; and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.
As Queen Elizabeth II's consort, Prince Philip assisted in implementing radical changes in the British constitutional monarchy, including Britain's relinquishment of its former colonies in Africa and Asia. In addition to being chairman of the Duke of Edinburgh Award, an award giving body for outstanding young people in Britain, he has also been the leader of over 780 organizations and programs.
Although he relinquished his royal titles he still remained with his wife the Queen. At the age of 99, Prince Philip passed away just this 9th of April.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT OF MACEDONIA DIED
*June 10, 323 BCE*
One of the great warriors and military leaders who lived in history was Alexander the Great. But at the young age of 32, Alexander the Great died while in Babylon in the ruined palace of King Nebuchadnezzar II, as he prepared to fight for the conquest of Arabia. There are several versions written that can explain the cause of Alexander's death; first he was stricken with malaria and second he was poisoned by the alcohol he was drinking.
Since Alexander had no legitimate heir, he bequeathed to five of his generals the vast empire he had founded, spanning from Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia to India. Ptolemy went to Egypt, Selucius to Persia, Antigonus to Anatolia, Cassander to Macedonia and Lysimachus to Eastern Greece.
Alexander or Alexandros was the son of Macedonian King Philip II, and he was a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. When his own soldiers killed his father Alexander was crowned as King Alexander III at the age of 20, and followed in his father’s footsteps in the massive conquest eastward.
It can be said that Alexander was destined to be a conqueror, when according to the story he divided in the middle the legendary Gordian Knot, that whoever can fix its knots will rule the world. He successfully conquered all of Greece, and crossed his empire into Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia as far as India. He also led and won countless battles even at a young age. Besides the king of Macedonia, he also became king of Persia and also a city in Egypt bore his name, Alexandria. But not only did his regime end with conquest, because in his time Greek culture flourished and spread throughout the empire. The period of Alexander's regime is also called the Hellenistic period because of that cultural innovation.
However, Alexander was also involved in the assassination of some of his own generals, and his obsession with many women and men. Although there is no solid proof yet he allegedly had a romantic relationship with his general and his best friend Hephaestion. Despite the scandalous lifestyle, there is no denying that one of the great military leaders who lived was Alexander the Great, who was never defeated in the Wars he led, and he was an inspiration to many more warriors and generals who lived in subsequent generations.
PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUIZON SIGNS COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM ACT
*June 10, 1988*
On this day in 1988, former President Corazon Aquino signed Republic Act no. 6657, or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). This law formed the foundation for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, a government program under the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR). The purpose of this program is to promote and ensure the welfare of landless farmers, as well as to protect the social justice of those in the countryside.
Those considered to be given government own farmland and to be represented by the government’s agrarian action representative include fishermen, war veterans, retired staff, and graduates of agricultural studies.
In 1990, President Aquino ordered the Land Bank of the Philippines to provide appropriate compensation for those who receive land covered by CARP. CARP was amended and strengthened during President Fidel Ramos, and it was also expanded as CARPER or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms.
During President Aquino's time, as many as 898,420 landless farmers were given land titles, but this is only 22.5% of the total number of those who will be given farmland. Although the goal of CARP is good, there are also many holes and it is not implemented properly, which to this day there are still many farmers who still rent farm land.
References:
https://www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-reform-history/
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1174/today-in-philippine-history-june-10-1988-corazon-aquino-signed-into-law-the-comprehensive-agrarian-reform-act
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program#:~:text=6657%2C%20otherwise%20known%20as%20the,of%20the%20%E2%80%9Ctenurial%E2%80%9D %20arrangement.
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/ancient-history/alexander-the-great
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 9
EMPEROR NERO OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS HUMAN
*June 9, 68 CE*
On this day in 68 CE,. at the age of 30 Emperor Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, or better known by the name Nero, ended his own life within his palace in Rome. He was the first Emperor of the Roman Empire to take his own life, and with his death ended the first dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire Julio-Claudian, who also ignited the short period of the Civil War just to control the throne left by Nero.
Emperor Nero killed himself after he likely sentenced him to death in absentia as an enemy of the state.
At the age of 17 Nero became Emperor of Rome, and saw in his regime as Emperor the turbulent political situation of the state, and successive rebellions and mutiny of his own army. But scandalous behaviors and immorality, extravagance and his seeming loss of sanity have become shoulder to shoulder with his name. He was so obsessed with circus performances and amphitheaters, that he built so many circuses and related buildings in Rome, and he was also obsessed with art, literature, music and so on. Although he was loved by ordinary people because of the financial reforms he implemented, scandals overshadowed his regime, and he was involved in the murder of his relatives, even one of his wives.
He is also said to have burned his own city, and he used that incident as an excuse to persecute and punish the Christians in his empire. In fact, he was the first Roman Emperor to torture the lives of the first Christians in the Roman Empire, where many of them are said to have been watched by Nero being fed to lions in amphitheaters.
Many celebrated his death, but it resulted in the Civil War that would determine the next successor to the throne as Emperor.
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHARGES GENERAL ARTRMJO RECARTE OF REBELLION AND INSURANCE CASE
*June 9, 1904*
On this day in 1904, the American government charged former General Artemio Ricarte with charges of rebellion and insurrection against the Americans, after he was caught for the second time from the failed rebellion he led in Rizal province.
And under the Brigandage Act, Ricarte was sentenced to life in the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila for 10 years.
The Americans captured General Ricarte in Manila in 1900, and he was among 30 Filipinos deported to Guam as punishment for refusing to swear allegiance to the United States. While Apolinario Mabini has returned to the Philippines after swearing allegiance to the American flag, Ricarte is adamant that he will not give in to the wishes of foreigners. He secretly fled Guam to Hong Kong, and from there he secretly smuggled into our country.
After his 10 -year sentence in Bilibid, he is once again cursed for allegiance to America, but the former so -called El Vibora seems to be stubborn. Instead, he left the Philippines again for Hong Kong, and this time, he went with his family to Japan. For almost 30 years he lived with some Filipinos there, until the Japanese needed him in the Philippines, to convince the Filipinos to cooperate with the Japanese. It was here that many Filipinos looked down on Ricarte and considered him a collaborator, but in fact, when he saw that the former general of the revolution no longer had public love, the Japanese stopped interfering with him and Ricarte lived a poor life.
Ricarte died in Ifugao on the last day of July, 1945.
FELICIANO JOCSON WAS BORN
*June 9, 1868*
Today is the 153rd birthday of Filipino revolutionary Feliciano Jocson. There are only a few records left about Jocson's life, apart from the fact that he was born into a poor family in the Quiapo district of Manila.
Although he dropped out of school due to poverty, he worked hard in every job he entered and was given the opportunity to become a scholar at the University of Santo Tomas in the pharmacy course. He graduated and set up his own pharmacy in 1895, which has been used as a secret venue for Katipunan meetings since he became a member.
November 1896 when he presented with engineer and revolutionary Jose Alejandrino to go to Hong Kong to search, buy and smuggle new weapons for the revolutionaries, but failed. April 1897 when he sided with Andres Bonifacio, but when the Supremo was killed, Jocson asked General Emilio Aguinaldo to establish a departmental government in Central Luzon. When the said government was formed he became part of it, of which Padre Pedro Dandan became the President, Anastacio Francisco the Vice President, and General Paciano Rizal, Teodoro Gonzales, became a member of the cabinet. He opposed the agreements in Biak-na-Bato, and led a failed offensive of the Katipunan revolution in Caloocan, in which he was nearly killed.
Jocson fled to Laguna, but was caught by General Pio del Pilar. There are some notes from Julio Nakpil and Artemio Ricarte that he and not General Aguinaldo originally designed our National Flag, but there are no documents to support the claims of the two. Jocson has not been seen since and is said to have been killed by fellow revolutionaries on May 4, 1898.
THE BEGINNING OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
*June 9, 1976*
On this day in 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos went to the People's Republic of China to establish diplomatic relations with Mao Tse Tung of the People's Republic of China, in a formal signing ceremony of the Joint Communique. Communist China was the first communist country visited by President Marcos, and the first of the communist countries in the world to have diplomatic relations with the Philippines, including East Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Cuba, and the Soviet Union. . Even before this, the Philippine government's relationship with the communist countries was strict due to our country's policies against communism.
In the first decades of our country's diplomatic relations with China, our relations with them in economic and military, political, infrastructural, scientific and technological and other aspects have been peaceful, strong and orderly, with which our country and China have signed more than 100 bilateral agreements. But the long history of Chinese-Filipino relations includes the almost immortal territorial disputes in the West Philippine Sea, which have been protested several times by the Philippine representatives at the United Nations in connection with the open seizure of our islands in our maritime territory. . The administration of President Rodrigo Duterte has seen the almost close relationship between China and the Philippines, which has often been the subject of criticism and protests due to the President's apparent softening of China's aggressive action on the territorial issue.
Ever since the Spaniards came to the Philippines, our ancestors have developed ties with the Chinese, dating back to the Song dynasty of China. The discovery of porcelain and other artifacts from the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties can be traced to the long history of Chinese -Filipino relations. During the time of the Spaniards there were many Chinese or as the Spaniards called Sangley, who lived in our country, and sometimes led uprisings against the Spaniards. From the traditions, language, food and even the race can be traced the Chinese culture that they brought to our country and has permeated our national consciousness.
With the arrival of Western influence in China, the Chinese also flocked to our country, and some of them worked with us to achieve independence from the Spaniards, Americans until the time of the Japanese.
References:
https://beijingpe.dfa.gov.ph/phl-china-relations
https://www.fsi.gov.ph/philippines-china-relations-beyond-the-territoral-disputes/#:~:text=Relations%20between%20the%20Philippines%20and,diplomatic%20relations%20in%20June% 201975.
https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/jocson-feliciano/
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1171/today-in-philippine-history-june-9-1904-artemio-ricarte-was-accused-of-conspiracy-rebellion-and-insurrection-against-the- americans
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | Jun 8
ICONIC PHOTO OF "NAPALIM GIRL" WAS TAKEN DURING THE VIETNAM WAR
*June 8, 1972*
One of the iconic and striking photographs of the Vietnam War is the photograph of a naked girl running alongside some Vietnamese civilians, photographed on this day in 1972.
American Vietnamese photojournalist Nick Ut took a photo of a group of fleeing South Vietnamese civilians on the road, along with a young woman crying as she ran closer to the photographer. South Vietnam planes attacked a Viet Cong communist camp in the communist -occupied town of Trang Bang, where the girl’s village lives nearby. According to Ut, the girl was screaming because of the intense burn she received from the napalm bomb dropped by the planes, and with the explosion of the napalm bombs the expelled scorching napalm spread and inflicted severe bodily injury.
When Ut published the photo he wanted it published in the New York Times of America, but it was rejected at first due to the issue of the nudity of the photo, but was later approved as well. After the photo was published in the New York Times, it became very popular and even won the Pulitzer Prize for Photography and was even selected as World Press Photo of the Year in 1973.
The woman in the photo was identified as Phan Thi Kim Phuc, a Vietnamese who currently lives as a naturalized citizen in Canada. According to him, he could almost die from the heat and pain of the napalm that covered his skin, and he was even used in the propaganda of the Vietnamese communists after the war. Phuc converted to Christianity after surviving his suicide attempt in 1982, and moved to Cuba to continue his studies there. There he met and married another Vietnamese, Bui Huy Toan, and decided to settle in Canada.
Aside from being a symbol of the violence caused by war, Phuc's photo also became an advocate of global peace and cooperation, saying in one of his speeches that even if we can't change what happened in the past, everyone must be able to unite and work together for a peaceful future.
LOUIS XVII OF FRANCE DIED
*June 8, 1795*
On this day in 1795, two years after being completely orphaned, the surviving son of the beheaded Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Louis Charles, Duke of Normandy - or King Louis XVII - died at the age of 10. views of the French royalists. The young king died inside his jail at Temple Prison in Paris, where his sister Marie Therese and her parents were also imprisoned. His early demise is said to have resulted in the tyranny and neglect of him by a revolutionary named Antoine Simon.
July 3, 1793 when the revolutionaries forcibly removed Louis Charles from his mother in prison, to take care of the child to Antoine Simon and teach him to be a "citizen of the revolution". Simon and his wife are said to have forced and abused the child to forget his nobility and the existence of God, which his mother once heard singing revolutionary songs while crying. Aside from the severe torture, the couple also starved and abandoned the child for a long time. But worst of all, the young king was also forced to sign a false testimony that would accuse his own mother of raping him. This was the testimony used against Marie Antoinette when she was indicted in a kangaroo trial, which Antoinette strongly protested.
Her parents, as well as her aunt Elizabeth, were beheaded in May 1794, while her sister was unaware of the abuse she was being subjected to. At his death, the revolutionaries succeeded in ending the last Bourbon family that once ruled over them.
His remains are buried in a cemetery in Paris, but left in the Basilica de Saint Denis, where the remains of his parents lie, is his preserved heart.
After the death of his brother Louis-Joseph in June 1789, Louis Charles was appointed Dauphin or heir to the throne of Louis XVI, but it was overthrown when the revolution broke out and the royal family was removed from power.
The lives of Louis XVI's two remaining children became miserable during the revolution. A few years later, when Napoleon Bonaparte was ousted in 1815, the monarchy was restored to France and his uncle Louis XVIII became king. And just like in the story of Princess Anastasia of Russia, many believed the young Louis was not yet dead, and as many as 100 impostors identified themselves as the missing Dauphin, but also dismissed their claims.
THE FESTIVAL OF THE SUPREME BEING INTRODUCED
*June 8, 1794*
On this day in 1794, the guillotine slaughter was temporarily halted to allow in Paris, France the inauguration of a fancy festival introducing a new kind of religion to replace Catholicism in France-the Cult of the Supreme Being. This lavish ceremony was held on the Champs de Mars in Paris, in the same place where the celebration of the first anniversary of the French Revolution was held.
Painter Jacques-Louis David organized the grand but unique ceremony of the new religion on the erected artificial mountain with a planted tree called the “Tree of Freedom”, and that morning, in front of thousands people, revolutionary and lawyer Maximilien Robespierre led the celebration to inaugurate the new religion, which became the state religion of the first Republic of France.
The Cult of the Supreme Being is a type of deistic religion, whose main doctrine is the belief in the immortality of the soul and recognition of the existence of a Almighty Being or God who is said to be guiding the revolution. While it rejects the God of the Abrahamic religion, it also rejects the atheism that radicals such as Jacques-René Hébert want to spread throughout the country, and believes it still needs a deemed god to serve as the guide of the state. For Robespierre, the belief in the existence of a godfather was necessary for more zealous service to the state and for achieving civic virtue. Such a religion has no church because for Robespierre, nature and the universe are the church and the home of the mighty being.
One of the radical changes that took place in France during the revolution was the abandonment of Christianity and its old -fashioned traditional influences. The law establishing the Cult of the Supreme Being was passed at the National Convention on May 7 of the same year, and regarded the inauguration of the new religion as the culmination of religious change in France and Robespierre’s growing power as leader of the revolution. Although many rejoiced at the existence of the new religion, his critics thought that Robespierre had lost his sanity and wanted to consider himself a god or equal to the Pope.
Such religion gradually lost its popularity with the fall of the Jacobins and the tragic death of Robespierre in July 1794. On April 8, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte finally abolished this religion and all the religious changes implemented in the French Revolution. , as part of France’s reconciliation with the Catholic church.
MARIANO PONCE WROTE TO EMILIO AGUINALDO ABOUT JAPANESE WANTING TO BE MEMBERS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARMY
*June 8, 1899*
On this day in 1899, two letters were sent to President Emilio Aguinaldo from Filipino writer and reformist Mariano Ponce based in Yokohama, Japan as the Philippines ’representative to Japan. Mariano Ponce's letters state that five Imperial Japanese military officers volunteered to serve in the Filipino army during the Filipino-American War. Ponce also told Aguinaldo in the said letter that they were ready to give their service to the First Republic. According to him, he carefully selected five Japanese to serve as volunteers in our army. These are Captain Tei Hara, Nishiuchi, Nakamori, Inatomi, and Miyai. Captain Hara was the leader of the five Japanese and according to historical records, he had previously fought in China during the first Sino-Japanese War in 1894, and served under the leadership of General Tomas Mascardo during the revolution. Of all five, Captain Hara was the most zealous Japanese volunteer who served our country during the war against America, who before dying in 1933 he told his brothers to wait for the independence of the Philippines, and let his grave.
Ever since the time of the Filipino revolution, the Philippines has seen Japan, then emerging as a powerful Asian nation, as their ally against western colonialism, although some Japanese refused to participate in the revolution against Spain. In the last years of the 20th century, Japan became a haven for the proponents of Pan-Asianism and the independence of Asian countries from the west, where some of the Chinese, Koreans and Filipinos who promoted the idea such as Sun Yat Sen, Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Ponce. President Aguinaldo also instructed Ponce to purchase additional weapons and ammunition from Japan, which did not reach our country due to a typhoon in Taiwan.
References:
https://thephilippinestoday.com/june-8/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being#:~:text=The%20Cult%20of%20the%20Supreme,rival%2C%20the%20Cult%20of%20Reason.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVII
https://allthatsinteresting.com/napalm-girl
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Thi_Kim_Phuc
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
Most striking Symbols of Historic Victory Day in Europe
Of all the European countries that fought Nazi fascism, the Soviet Union was the most affected and suffered the most in the war. This day is not enough to commemorate and honor the more than 27 million Soviet soldiers and civilians who perished as a result of the aggression of the Nazi fascists for Adolf Hitler's arrogant ambition to occupy the whole of Europe.
In today’s commemoration of the 76th anniversary of the end of the Great Patriotic War (the Russians call the four-year war against the Nazis), in our commemoration and tribute to the more than 20 million Soviets who sacrificed their lives in subjugation in the idea of fascism in Europe, also wish for a long period of peace and security of all nations not only in Europe but throughout the world, and may also maintain the spirit of cooperation, cooperation and unity in the forefront. of the greater trial of us caused by the pandemic.
Glory to the heroes and veterans of the Great Patriotic War!
Here are some of the **Most striking symbols of historic Victory Day in Europe.**
**THE RAISING OF THE FLAG ON THE REICHSTAG**
This is a staged photograph taken by Soviet photojournalist Yevgeny Khaldei on the roof of the destroyed Reichstag building in Berlin, Germany on May 2, 1945. This photograph features two Soviet soldiers raising the Soviet Union flag on pedestal of the Reichstag roof, which is only a depiction of the actual raising of the Victory Banner on the Reichstag. This photograph was published a few days after the war, and it was one of the most famous but controversial photographs of World War II.
**THE VICTORY BANNER**
It is a red rectangular flag with the communism brand of hammer and sickle, and written on it the name of the battalion unit of the 1st Belorussian Front that will raise this flag. Soviet soldiers of the 150th Rifle Corps Meliton Kantaria, Mikhail Yegorov and Alexei Berest were given the responsibility of hoisting the Victory Banner on the Reichstag, one of nine ready to be hoisted on the Reichstag, and they then hoisted it on top of the dome of Reichstag on the first day of May, 1945. This was not the first flag to be hoisted in such a building, but it was the only thing left of the Victory Banners to be placed inside the building. It was not included in the first Victory Parade in Moscow, Russia on June 24, 1945 because the flag-bearers who would serve as flag-bearers of the Victory Banner were wounded in the fighting. It was first featured in the first Victory Day parade in Moscow on May 9, 1965. The original copy of the Victory Banner is currently on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow.
**THE MEDAL ORDER OF VICTORY**
The Order of Victory medal is one of the rarest military orders in the world, and considered the highest military honor in the entire Soviet Union, given only to generals and Marshals of the Soviet Union, the highest military rank in Soviet Union. It is given only to those who have carried out successful strategic operations that have yielded favorable results in the battle for the Red Army. The design of the medallion, made of platinum metal, is detailed and meticulous, and the depiction of Red Square and other details in the center of the medallion are decorated with 16 carat diamonds, synthetic rubies, and gold. It can be awarded several times, but the medallion is returned to the state when its owners die. Such an order was approved in 1943, and it was first awarded in April 1944. As many as 17 people were granted such an order; 12 Soviet and five foreign generals; including Marshals Georgy Zhukov, Aleksandr Vasilyevsky, and Joseph Stalin, who were twice awarded, Ivan Konev, Dwight Eisenhower of America, Bernard Montgomery of the United Kingdom, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and King Michael I of Romania.
**THE MEDAL ORDER OF THE PATRIOTIC WAR**
It was a military medal awarded to all Soviet soldiers and guerrillas who had shown exceptional service for fighting against the Germans during the Great Patriotic War, what the Russians called their war against Nazi Germany. It is a metal star medal decorated with red and white enamel with a gold or silver star under it, with a crossed sword and rifle, and with the emblem of communism in the center, and also stamped with the words "Patriotic War" . It is awarded only once to any soldier, but the grade of such a medal can also be raised depending on his service in battle. An estimated 1.3 million people have been awarded such medals, and currently only thousands of surviving veterans have received the Order of Patriotic War medal.
**THE BLACK AND KAHEL RIBBON OF ST. GEORGE**
Even before the founding of the Soviet Union, the black and orange ribbon of St. Petersburg was used in imperial Russia. George, symbolizing fire and gunpowder, as the ribbon on the medal of the Order of St. George, the highest military honor in imperial Russia. But the use of such a ribbon by the communist regime in Russia was temporarily halted, until it was returned to become the ribbon of the "For Victory against Germany" medal, awarded to all soldiers and generals who took part in the victory against in Germany. Since then the symbolism of the Victory Day celebration has been attached to such a ribbon, as a tribute and solidarity to the celebration of Russia’s victory in the war against Germany in 1945.
**THE STATUE OF THE MOTHERLAND OF MAMAYEV KURGAN IN VOLGOGRAD**
A giant statue of a woman was erected on top of a hill in the city of Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad) in southern Russia in 1967. It is the statue called "The Motherland Calls", designed by Yevgeny Vuchetich, with a height of 85 meters. , and up to 8,000 tons were donated, and built to commemorate the victory of all the Soviet Union's wars against Germany. It is an allegorical depiction of the Motherland calling on her children to fight for her. The statue also holds a large metal sword coated with titanium, and is 33 meters long. From the top of the hill of Mamayev Kurgan is a panoramic view of the whole city and the vast river Volga. Such a statue stands on a two -meter high pedestal at the top of Mamayev Kurgan’s hill in Volgograd, where one of the bloody scenes of the battle of Stalingrad from 1942 to 1943 took place.
**THE SONG "VICTORY DAY"**
This song was composed by Russian songwriter Vladimir Kharitonov and composer David Tukhmanov, and it won a song writing competition for the song to be dedicated for the 30th anniversary of the Soviet Union’s victory over Nazi Germany. It was first sung by Russian singer Lev Leshchenko, and is one of the most popular songs offered for its victory in the fight against Nazi fascism. It has become a tradition to sing Victory Day in commemoration of such a celebration on the 9th of May.
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 27
THE BATTLE OF TSUSHIMA BETWEEN IMPERIAL RUSSIA AND JAPAN
*May 27, 1905*
On this day in 1905, as the war raged between Imperial Russia and Japan, the Japanese won the naval war in the Tsushima Strait in Japan.
In this battle, Japanese fleets led by Admiral Togo Haihachiro destroyed the Russian naval fleet led by Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky. In this battle, 30 warships of the Russian Baltic Fleet were sunk by Japan’s stronger fleet of 64 warships, while 10 Russian ships escaped the battle. The battle of Tsushima proved the naval strength of the emerging Asian empire, and the weakness of the Russian navy. Russia’s defeat at Tsushima became a painful and powerful blow to the leadership of Tsar Nicholas II, and it created a negative opinion of the Russian people on the imperial government, which a novice empire in Asia humiliated the third largest empire in the world.
This in turn resulted in Japan's dominance as a powerful Asian nation in the ocean, and it was the beginning of the expansion of Japan's influence in East Asia.
GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO'S PURCHASED WEAPONS ARRIVE IN THE PHILIPPINES FROM HONG KONG
*May 27, 1898*
On this day in 1898, an important cargo transported to the Philippines from Hong Kong arrived in Cavite. Hundreds of boxes containing up to 2000 Mauser rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition were unloaded at the port of Cavite, worth 117,000 Mexican pesos, part of the 400,000 Mexican pesos brought by General Emilio Aguinaldo after going to Hong Kong as part of the Biak-na-Bato Agreement. General Aguinaldo negotiated with the United States Consul General in Hong Kong Rounsevelle Wildman to purchase the weapons, which would arrive in the country via two shipments. The first shipment arrived in the country successfully but the second did not arrive, probably for the reason that Wildman was banned from interfering in what was happening in the Philippines because he did not have the authority to speak on behalf of America.
June of the same year when 2,000 new Mausers and 200,000 bullets purchased for 80,000 Mexican pesos arrived in the country, and Teodora Sandiko became the broker of such shipments. These new weapons increased the fighting force of the Filipino revolutionary against Spain. These new weapons were first used in the battle of Alapan, Imus, Cavite the next day, and became the standard weapon of the army of the First Republic of the Philippines.
SUBMERGED NAZI GERMAN BATTLESHIP BISMARCK
*May 27,1941*
The proud Kriegsmarine or Nazi Germany's navy Bismarck, was sunk on this day in 1941 after it was aided by United Kingdom bombers and planes.
Although Bismarck sank the British warship HMS Hood, the giant Kriegsmarine was left weak, and with the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, the Bismarck sailed to Brest, France to repair the ship's wreckage. But when British intelligence spotted Bismarck in the north Atlantic, they took the opportunity to ambush Bismarck.
On the night of 26 May, British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sent bombers to attack Bismarck before it could even land. Bismarck's anti-aircraft defenses were too weak to repel attacking planes as enemy torpedoes pierced them. The attack continued on the barely able to resist Bismarck the next morning, when three British battleships chased the dying ship and began firing at it. HMS Dorshetshire's torpedo rained down on Bismarck and HMS Rodney put an end to the suffering of Bismarck's crew. But to prevent the British from taking victory in sinking the Bismarck, its crews deliberately destroyed the ship, and at 10:40 a.m., the Bismarck capsized more than 560 km from Brest, France. Of the more than 2,200 crew of the ship, 114 people and a cat were left alive and taken prisoner by the British. With the sinking of Bismarck Nazi Germany lost what they considered honor and symbol of their power in the ocean.
American oceanographer Robert D. Ballard discovered the wreckage of Bismarck in June 1989, at a depth of 4,791 km and 650 km west of Brest, France. Bismarck landed horizontally at the foot of an extinct underwater volcano.
Named after the former Chancellor of Imperial Germany Otto von Bismarck, the ship Bismarck was launched in the port of Hamburg, Germany on Valentine’s Day in 1939, and in 1940 he was commissioned as the Kriegsmarine warship. Bismarck carried out only one operation, when it was sent to the Atlantic to counter the British naval blockade of Germany.
TSAR PETER THE GREAT FOUNDED THE CITY OF ST. PETERSBURG RUSSIA
*May 27, 1703*
Today is the 318th birthday of one of the most luxurious and largest cities in Europe, St. Petersburg in Russia. This city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703, after he occupied the Ingrian lands from the kingdom of Sweden. Peter the Great took the name of the city from his own patron saint St. Peter, and it has been the name of this great city for over two centuries. Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg between the mouth of the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga.
More than 40,000 workers and slaves were commissioned to build buildings in the new city, designed by Dutch and German engineers invited by Peter the Great. He also invited to the new city important engineers, scientists, architects, shipbuilders, investors and businessmen to assist him in beautifying and modernizing the city so that it would be on par with the luxury and popularity of other cities in Europe. And because Peter the Great was also amazed at the splendor of France’s Versailles palace, he also wanted to have a Palace as grand as his own as in Versailles, so he built the Peterhof Palace as the official home of the Tsar of Russia.
In 1712 he formally moved the capital of his empire from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Petersburg, and it became the fourth largest city in Europe at that time, crowded with palaces, universities, churches, museums and it was also one of the most important ports in Russia, and it was also dubbed as “the window to Europe ". In 1732, the Winter Palace opened, becoming the official center of Imperial Russia's power and the official home of the Tsar. On the other hand, the conservative Russian aristocrats did not like the modernization implemented by Peter the Great, but it did not stop the city from flourishing.
It was 1914 when Petrograd changed its name to the city during World War I, and it was here that widespread anti -government actions erupted, until Tsar Nicholas II was ousted from power in 1917, and the Bolsheviks seized power of the provisional government in November of the same year. In 1924 Petrograd was named Leningrad after Vladimir Lenin when Russia became a communist country. One of the greatest tragedies in human history occurred in this city during World War II, when Leningrad was subjected to a nearly three -year siege from September 1941 to January 1944, in which more than a million people died in the Nazi siege of the city. and several important buildings were destroyed. It became one of the hero cities in the Soviet Union after the war. The name St. was restored. Petersburg after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
So far one is St. Petersburg among the largest cities in Russia, with a total area of 1,432 sq. M. km. It also houses the Hermitage Museum, one of the largest museums in the world, and the headquarters of the Russian Navy.
Referrences:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg#:~:text=Founded%20by%20Tsar%20Peter%20the,the%20Russian%20Revolution%20of%201917.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_battle_of_the_battleship_Bismarck
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/the-battle-of-tsushima-strait
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 26
NICHOLAS II IS CROWNED AS TSAR OR EMPEROR OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA
*May 26, 1896*
At the age of 28, the eldest son of Tsar Alexander III Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, as Nicholas II, was crowned in a pompous and grand ceremony in the city of Moscow, Russia. Two years after he was appointed successor to his late father, the lavish coronation ceremony of Nicholas II as Tsar or Emperor of Imperial Russia, and of his German wife Alix of Hesse as Tsarina, was held on this day in 1896.
Crowds thronged the coronation ceremony of Nicholas II, from nobles and important guests, to the common people, while masses dedicated to the coronation of the new Tsar and Tsarina of the world's third largest empire. . A full day was set aside as a celebration of the coronation of Nicholas II, but a tragedy at such a celebration, in which a stampede took place Khodynka field in Moscow, seems to have been a bad omen for his bloody regime. More than 1,400 people were killed in the stampede, but the new Tsar is said to have simply ignored the tragedy and continued the festivities. Although the imperial government was able to provide assistance and assistance to the families of the victims, criticism of the new leadership's negligence and indifference to the tragedy became the first slap in the face to the leadership of Tsar Nicholas II.
For more than 20 years, Nicholas II will rule an empire that has collapsed and is deeply mired in social, economic crises in the face of more than 126 million people under his rule, almost all of whom have fallen into misery as the nobles in their sweats. In his efforts to maintain the autocratic tradition of leadership in Russia he ignored and blocked demands for government reform, and became cruel to those who opposed the government, causing him to be nicknamed “The Bloody Nicholas”. Eventually his regime and the lives of him and his imperial Romanov family would end in tragedy.
ARCHITECT JUAN NAKPIL WAS BORN
May 26, 1899
Today is the 122nd birthday of one of our National Artists in the field of Architecture and dubbed the "Dean of Filipino Architect" Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil or Juan Nakpil. He was one of six children of revolutionary and composer Julio Nakpil and Andres Bonifacio's ex -wife Gregoria de Jesus, and was born in the Quiapo district, Manila.
He attended the University of California and the University of Kansas, where he took a mechanical engineering course. He also took an Architecture course at the Harvard School of Architecture, and became a scholar at the Fontainebleau School of Fine Arts in France on the recommendation of his Harvard professor.
After returning to the Philippines, Andres Luna de San Pedro, the son of the famous painter Juan Luna, became his architectural partner and in 1930 Nakpil opened his own architectural firm. He designed the San Carlos Seminary buildings, Geronimo delos Reyes building, Iglesia ni Cristo Riverside Locale (now F. Manalo, San Juan), Magsaysay Building, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater, Captain Pepe Building, Manila Jockey Club, Rufino Building, and Philippine Village Hotel. But what stands out in his works is the building at the University of the Philippines opposite the statue of the oblation and the library building of that university, and he also designed the historic home of the Rizal family in Calamba, Laguna.
Three of his children also entered the field of architecture. June 12, 1973 when he was awarded the Order of National Artist for the field of Architecture, the first Filipino architect to receive such an award. He was also honored as “Architect of the Year” in 1939, 1940, and 1946, and “Most Outstanding Professional in Architecture” in 1951 by the Philippine Association of Board Examiners. Nakpil was also awarded the gold medal of merit by the Institute of Architects in 1950, the Presidential Medal of Merit awarded by President Ramon Magsaysay in 1955, and the Rizal Pro Patria Award in 1972.
Juan Nakpil passed away in the city of Manila on May 7, 1986 at the age of 86.
PHILIPPINE DIPLOMAT FELIPE AGONCILLO WAS BORN
*May 26, 1859*
Today is the 162nd birthday of lawyer and first Filipino diplomat Felipe Encarnacion Agoncillo or simply Felipe Agoncillo. He was born in 1859 in the town of Taal, Batangas and the son of Ramon Agoncillo and Gregoria Encarnacion.
At an early age, Felipe was shown to have intelligence, so he graduated with honors from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, and from the University of Santo Tomas where he graduated summa cum laude in law.
He managed his family's property after being orphaned, and became a local judge. She married another child of a wealthy family in Batangas, Marcela Mariño, who will be known in our history as the mother of our National Flag.
The friars included his philanthropy, especially in offering free legal services, who considered him a pilibuster and recommended deportation, but even before that happened he fled to Yokohama, Japan before sailing to Hong Kong where he met other Filipinos who fled there during the revolution, including General Emilio Aguinaldo. Doña Marcela also went to Hong Kong, where she and her eldest daughter Lorenza sewed the national silk flag. He also sided with the revolutionary government and offered his services to General Aguinaldo, where he became head of the Central Revolutionary Committee. He and Sixto Lopez were later appointed Philippine ambassadors to the United States to introduce them to their independence and the newly established Republic. They were ignored several times in America, as well as in the Treaty of Paris when Agoncillo asked for a Filipino delegate to the talks between Spain and America.
Agoncillo once again returned to the United States to protest the ratification by the American Congress of the Treaty of Paris, and again insisted on recognizing Philippine sovereignty, but once again his efforts came to naught as the war between the United States broke out. and the Philippines. He was also forced to sell his assets due to the amount of money he spent on his trips abroad. He also met with International Red Cross President Gustave Moynier to request the recognition of the Filipino Red Cross and the application of the First Geneva Convention to the Filipino-American war. The Agoncillo family lost their wealth after the war and moved to Manila. He returned to law practice and he even passed the bar examination in 1905, where his passing rate closed at 100%.
He entered politics when he was elected as the representative of the province of Batangas in the Philippine Assembly. He also served as Secretary of the Interior during the tenure of Governor General Leonard Wood in 1923, and he also fought for the acceptance of Filipinos into government services. He also introduced Emilio Aguinaldo to his niece Maria Agoncillo, who would become Aguinaldo's second wife in 1930.
Felipe Agoncillo died at the age of 82 on September 29, 1941.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Agoncillo
https://bahaynakpil.org/juanfnakpil/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Nakpil
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_Nicholas_II_and_Alexandra_Feodorovna
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 25
A POLICEMAN KILLED BLACK AMERICAN GEORGE FLOYD
*May 25, 2020*
Exactly one year has passed since a police officer in the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States killed 46-year-old Black American George Floyd while arresting him from a convenience store in that city. Responding police officer David Chauvin arrested Floyd after a convenience store employee called him because Floyd refused to return the cigarette he had bought that he paid for with a fake 20-dollar bill. When Chauvin's comrades handcuffed Floyd, he struggled while riding in a police car, and this is where the picture of the brutality of the American police took place. The Black American was thrown on the road and Chauvin even hit Floyd's neck with his knee. Several times Floyd begged to be released because he could not breathe due to the police hitting him on the knee. His fellow policemen even helped him control the struggling Floyd, while another policeman blocked civilians who wanted to appease him. While this was happening they were secretly filmed on video, which quickly spread to various social media platforms.
Floyd was taken away by police when he was found unconscious, but on arrival at the hospital he was declared dead.
Such an incident sparked public outrage, especially of Black Americans in America, against the brutality perpetrated by the police in the midst of the pandemic. It also revived actions against the oppression and discrimination experienced by Black Americans at the hands of white Americans, which has spread to various cities in America.
After Chauvin and his colleagues were removed from service, Floyd's bereaved family filed a complaint against Chauvin and his colleagues involved in Floyd's murder. The media has been paying close attention to the trial of his case since March 29, where video footage of police brutality to his victim was shown. He was convicted on murder and manslaughter charges, and is expected to serve his sentence in June inside the jail.
Floyd’s death re-ignited actions against oppression among Black Americans and other races in America, which eventually had a new terminology, the Black Lives Matter or BLM. This reflects the long history of discrimination against Black Americans even before the United States was born. Even outside the country, actions intensified to support what Black Americans were fighting for.
AMERICAN TEACHER JOHN T. SCOPES SUED FOR TEACHING ABOUT HUMAN EVOLUTION
*May 25, 1925*
A teacher in the United States was indicted simply for teaching about human evolution, on this day in 1925. John T. Scopes of Tennessee, was indicted by a state court in the United States for violating the Butler Act, which prohibits in teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in schools throughout Tennessee. The media and the press focused on the surge of the case against such an American teacher, called the Scopes Trial that began on the 10th of the same year, which became the national debate about the theory of evolution.
Attorney Clarence Darrow served as Scopes' defense attorney, while William Jennings Bryan served as defendant's prosecutor.
Darrow gave a long speech, asserting that the Butler Act violates the American Constitution and violates religious freedom. He also asserted that the theory of evolution does not deviate from Bible teachings. Scopes 'defense and prosecutor argued hotly, but serving judge John Raulston ignored Scopes' lawyer's arguments about the theory of evolution and whether the law was constitutional, and the judge even declared that the testimonies of evolutionary experts will not be accepted as evidence in favor of Scopes.
On July 20, the discussion became heated and the trial was held in front of the public. Darrow even challenged Bryan to explain in his own words the biblical interpretation of the creation of the world and of humans, but Bryan equaled the challenge, saying that Darrow only wanted to discredit the Bible in the face of trial. Scopes later admitted in court that he had taught about evolution at a high school in Dayton, Tennessee, based on a book he had read about evolution. On July 21, the trial ended and Scopes was convicted, and he was paid USD 100 or $ 1,460 in the current amount or more than PhP 70,170 in our currency. Scopes 'verdict was appealed to the Supreme Court, but it insisted that the Butler Act was in accordance with the Constitution, but Scopes' verdict was reversed because the judge set the verdict for him instead of the jury.
The trial had a profound effect on Scopes' life. Fellow teachers insulted and ridiculed, even in public because of what he taught. He even experienced severe depression because of the humiliations he received, but it did not stop his studies and his career. Eventually the media’s attention to him also stopped, but he still tried to distance himself from the public eye. On May 18, 1967 the Tennessee legislature permanently repealed the controversial Butler Act.
Scopes passed away at the age of 70 on October 21, 1970. Who would have thought that the long history of conflict between religion and science, especially on a critical issue such as evolution versus creation, would reach court. To this day the issue of the origin of mankind and all life on earth is still a hot topic of discussion.
IGOR SIKORSKY WAS BORN
*May 25, 1889*
Today is the 132nd birthday of a genius behind the innovative helicopter aircraft-Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky. He was born on this day in 1889 in the city of Kiev, Ukraine which was formerly part of Imperial Russia, and the youngest child of professor Ivan Sikorsky and doctor Maria Sikorskaya.
Igor is said to have acquired his interest in making helicopters when he saw flying machine sketches by the Italian painter Leonardo da Vinci, and as a child he had already made a model of such a flying machine. Became a cadet at a maritime school in St. Petersburg, Russia, before moving to Paris, France to study engineering and returning to Ukraine to study mechanical engineering.
His attention to aviation was revived when he heard of the successful flight of the Wright Brothers in America in 1903 and the flight of the first zeppelin or airship in Germany in 1908. His interest in aviation flourished when airplanes were first used. in the fighting during World War I, but was forced to flee Russia to France when the Bolshevik communists occupied the country. Sikorsky offered his service in the French air force, but when the war ended he later moved to the United States. There he founded the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation in 1923 and was one of the first to establish the first trans-Atlantic air travel, including the so-called flying boat. But the most important thing he has accomplished in his aviation career is that he developed a modern aircraft that can now rise vertically using complex systems of elbows. His experimentation was successful, and after being granted a patent in March 1935 he improved its design several times, and on May 24, 1940, his invention, the first Sikorsky R-4, was put into massive production. -first helicopter in history.
Igor Sikorsky died in Connecticut, United States on October 26, 1972 at the age of 83.
GOVERNOR GENERAL RAMON BLANCO ORDERS EXPORTATION OF SOME PROMINENT PEOPLE OF BULACAN
*May 25, 1895*
On this day in 1895, an order was enacted by Governor-General Ramon Blanco y Ereñas deporting nine prominent people of Malolos, Bulacan to the island of Mindanao and Palawan. This was ordered by Governor-General Blanco because of their membership in Freemasonry, which was strictly forbidden by the colonial government under the influence of the Catholic church as well.
The parish priest of Malolos complained to the Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda about the presence of Masons in the town, which according to the said friar causes lack of discipline, respect for the friars and obedience to the parish. The deportation of these nine prominent citizens was in line with Archbishop Nozaleda's urging to Governor Blanco, to end the scandal perpetrated by the Masons and the evil they are spreading among the people.
Most of the nine deported to Mindanao were relatives and friends of Filipino journalist and propagandist Marcelo H. Del Pilar, who will be remembered for fleeing the Philippines for openly mocking the friars. The following prominent people of Bulacan who were sentenced to be deported to Mindanao and Palawan are:
DON MANUEL CRISOSTOMO,
DON CEFERINO ALDABA,
DON JUAN ALDABA,
DON SATURNINO BUENDIA,
DON ANASTACTO DE LEON,
DON JUSTO TEODORO,
DON VALENTJN ALDABA,
DON VICENTE GATMAITAN, at
DON LUIS H. DEL PILAR.
All of them will still be under the surveillance of the authorities from Manila until Governor Blanco sets the end of their exile.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1146/today-in-philippine-history-may-25-1895-blanco-ordered-the-exile-of-9-prominent-citizens-of-malolos
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Scopes
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56270334.amp
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 24
GENERAL JOSE IGNACIO PAUA PASSED AWAY
*May 24, 1926*
On this day in 1926, the former general of the revolutionary government and the only Chinese to fight for the independence of our country, General Jose Ignacio Paua, passed away in the city of Manila at the age of 54. After his service in the revolutionary government and in the first Republic of the Philippines by President Emilio Aguinaldo he married a Filipina and lived with his family in the province of Albay.
General Jose Paua is not mentioned much in our history, but the magnitude of his contribution to our country, especially during the revolution against Spain.
Jose Paua, named Lau Hingpua, was born in Quanzhou town, Fujian province, China, on April 29, 1872. In 1890, at the age of 18, Hingpua landed in Manila for an adventure, and he worked in a blacksmith in Quiapo, Manila which was once a community of Chinese migrants.
He was also baptized into Christianity and was named Jose Ignacio Paua.
He later gave his service to the Filipino revolution although a Chinese. He repaired native cannons or lantaka, and helped create ammunition for the revolutionaries. He served for General Emilio Aguinaldo. He was first seen in the battle of Imus, Cavite in September 1896, and in the battle of Binakayan-Dalahican in November of the same year.
He caught the attention of General Aguinaldo especially with his martial arts skills, and he became an adjutant of the Chinese. But on the other hand, General Paua took part in the arrest of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio on April 26, 1897 in Indang, Cavite. He is said to have cut Andrew's neck to the death of the Supreme. He was also one of the signatories to the Biak-na-Bato Constitution in 1897, the proclamation of Philippine independence in June 1898, and was also a delegate to the Malolos Congress.
When the Philippine war broke out against the United States, General Paua was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, until he was captured by the Americans on March 27, 1900. He was also released almost three months later. When he lived in Albay with his family, he even served as mayor of Manito town.
A monument was erected in the town in recognition of the unique Chinese who fought in the Filipino revolution and the Filipino-American war.
IGNACIO VILLAMOR ELECTED AS FIRST PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
*May 24, 1915*
Fourteen years after the founding of the University of the Philippines (UP), it also had a Filipino President on this day in 1915. The Board of Regents of UP elected the 52-year-old native-Bangued, Abra that Ignacio Villamor as President of UP. It was June 7 of the same year when he occupied the post, and he presided over such university for three years.
After his tenure at UP he became head of the Board of Census in 1918, and served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court until his retirement. Ignacio Villamor died on May 23, 1933.
Ignacio Villamor was born into a simple peasant family in the town of Bangued, Abra on the first day of February, 1863. He attended a seminary in the city of Vigan, Ilocos Sur and wanted to settle down, but eventually gave up. to study at Colegio San Juan de Letran in Manila and graduated with a Bachelor and Master of Arts. He returned to Vigan and founded a university there which he called Colegio de San Antonio de Padua. He returned to Manila to study Law at the University of Santo Tomas, and also studied philosophy. He first entered politics when he was elected mayor of Bangued town, Abra and when the Malolos Congress opened in September 1898 he was elected as the representative of his province. He was accompanied by Enrique Mendiola who founded the Liceo de Manila in 1900, where he served as secretary and professor there until 1901. He also served as Prosecutor in Pangasinan and was a court judge in Cavite, Laguna and Tayabas (Quezon province). He also served as executive secretary to the Philippine Commission, while becoming the first Filipino President of UP.
He is the father of the heroic general of the Philippine Air Force Jesus Villamor, who is one of his five children to Mariquita Flores.
Villamor became an active member of the following; Academy of Political and Social Science, National Geographical Society, Philippine Academy, Philippine Geographical Society and Bar Association of Manila. He has also published books on criminal science and general literature.
THE FIRST MESSAGE WAS SENT USING THE TELEGRAPH
*May 24, 1844*
"". It was taken from the Bible verse Numbers 23:23, and these words became the first message sent using a new invention of communication-the telegraph. This message was sent on this day in 1844, for an experiment to test the validity of this new invention, in front of the public. Its very inventor Samuel Finley B. Morse delivered this message from Washington DC, to Baltimore, Maryland. That message was suggested by the son of a friend of Morse, and this Morse experiment was successful. This gave birth to the new era of fast message delivery using the telegraph.
In sending a message using the telegraph electrical impulses are thrown as signals to the other side, where each organized sequence, which is a combination of short and long impulses has corresponding letters and numbers. Morse also designed a system of alphabet and number mah equivalent series of impulses called Morse Code. It requires a wire, a telegraph key or a button to send a signal, batteries and poles from the transmitter to the recipient.
A few years after Morse's invention was patented, he was commissioned by the Western Union Telegraphy Company to develop and distribute the telegraph throughout the United States. Telegraph posts were erected and telegraph wires were laid, and by 1861 telegraphic wires had spread throughout the United States and by 1866 these wires had also crossed across the Atlantic. The telegraph was quickly received and enjoyed, as fast as sending a message using it even to distant places. Its value was first seen in the military during the Crimean War in 1853 and in the American Civil War in 1861, and was later used as communication on ships, conveying important messages and even in wars. A series of modern communication inventions have also emerged, such as the telephone, fax machine and wireless communication that are still based on the same principles used in the development of the telegraph.
QUEEN VICTORIA WAS BORN OF THE UNITED STATES
*May 24, 1819*
Today is the 202nd birthday of one of Europe’s great monarchs and one of the longest reigning monarchs in the United Kingdom and dubbed “The Grandmother of Europe” Queen Victoria of the Hanover dynasty. She was born as Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent at Keningston Palace, city of London, United Kingdom on this day in 1819, and the only child of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saarfeld. Alexandrina was named after Tsar Alexander I of Russia who was his godfather. And as one of the grandchildren of King George III Alexandrina was the fifth of the successors to the throne, and when George III died his son George IV succeeded him in 1830 and was succeeded by William IV who was also George's son. III in 1837.
Alexandrina was raised in a strict family tradition, and became proficient in many languages such as French, German, Italian, and Latin. When William IV died without a son to inherit, the crown went to Alexandrina as he was the next to the throne, and at the age of 18 he was crowned Queen Victoria in June 1837. Although ruling as a constitutional monarch, Queen Victoria still exerted her influence in parliament on administrative and policy aspects of government. His regime has been referred to in British history as the "Victorian Age" because Queen Victoria's time saw radical industrialization and modernization throughout the country in political, scientific, and military aspects which in turn resulted in population inflation, systemic change. of monarchical government, economic prosperity and above all, the drastic expansion of its colonies.
In 1876 the parliament granted her the title of Empress of India. She married her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and had nine children, and with the exception of Edward, her children married monarchs throughout Europe, which is why she is called "The Grandmother of Europe". and the disease hemophilia spread to her grandchildren and great-grandchildren, including Tsarina Alexandra of Russia, Victoria's granddaughter to Princess Alice, Duchess of Hesse.
When Victoria was widowed it barely appeared in public for many years so parliamentary power returned to Britain, before the Queen reappeared and was able to return to office. Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 on January 22, 1901 in the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom, the last monarch of the Hanover dynasty. He ruled the whole of the United Kingdom and its colonies for 73 years and seven months, the longest he ruled in Britain, before he was succeeded by his granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Edward succeeded to the throne in January 1901.
DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED BY GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO
*May 24, 1898*
Four days after General Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, he today established the dictatorial government, of which he became its President. And as President of the dictatorial government he temporarily took over the authority and power as a dictator. In his proclamation, Aguinaldo called for the widespread support of the Filipinos for the revolution under the new flag of our country in order to oust the occupiers of our country. He promised in his proclamation a constitutional convention to elect the President and cabinet members, because he believed that Filipinos would be able to lead themselves.
Upon his return to the country and the establishment of the dictatorial government he led the recapture of the areas in Cavite that had fallen into Spanish hands. One of these successful campaigns of Aguinaldo was the battle in Alapan, Imus, Cavite, where on May 28, 1898 the national flag of our country was first waved. The most important achievement of the dictatorial government of General Aguinaldo was the proclamation of Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1666/today-in-philippine-history-may-20-1898-aguinaldo-returned-to-restart-his-insurrection
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines#:~:text=The%20Dictatorial%20Government%20of%20the%20Philippines%20(Tagalog%3A%20Purusan%20Diktatoryal%20ng,in%20Hong%20Kong %2C%20and%20formally
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/inventions/telegraph
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1696/today-in-philippine-history-may-24-1915-ignacio-villamor-was-elected-president-of-the-university-of-the-philippines
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/02/10/906952/gen-jose-paua-chinese-philippine-revolution/amp/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Paua
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 23
THE BEGINNING OF THE BATTLE IN THE CITY OF MARAWI
*May 23, 2017*
Today is four years since clashes erupted between our military forces and the militant group Maute, supported by the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), in the city of Marawi, capital of Lanao del Sur. At around 2 p.m., Maute terrorists attacked military bases and occupied several buildings there by force, including the municipality, Mindanao State University, a hospital and the city jail, and then set fire to the churches and schools run by a congregation of Christians in the city. There were also reports from the military that the Maute had foreign members who were possibly members of ISIS, and that Maute intended to take the entire city as ISIS territory in Lanao del Sur. Military forces, along with Special Action Forces units of the PNP, Philippine Marines, and the Philippine Air Force, flocked to defend the city from terrorist occupation. Civilians living in the city were also evacuated, but a few were left in their homes, who were otherwise surrounded by the enemy were abducted, and worse, killed by the Maute.
During the five -month offensive in Marawi, air strikes by our air force pulverized every building possibly where Maute was located, and our soldiers and terrorists exchanged gunfire on every street and building. Some units of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) also helped in some way on the side of our soldiers, and also extended military assistance in the fight to the United States, China, Russia and Australia.
On the day the fighting began in Marawi, President Rodrigo Duterte suddenly returned home from his visit to Russia when he learned of the unrest there, and he declared martial law throughout the city and throughout Mindanao. Fighting continued between the two camps, while civilians continued to be trapped in the middle of the gunfire. On October 16, the military reportedly killed Abu Sayyaf commander and so-called emir of Maute Isnilon Hapilon, and brothers Abdullah and Omar Maute, who were the instigators of the unrest in Marawi. The next day, President Duterte declared the city free from the Mautes, but several other small clashes ensued.
As many as 168 soldiers who fought in Marawi were killed, while 972 Maute militants were killed, including Hapilon and the Maute brothers, and unfortunately 87 civilians were killed in the middle of the fighting. While the victory in Marawi was celebrated, the entire city was left devastated and thousands of families were left homeless, and to this day the reconstruction of the city continues and the survivors of the five-month conflict in Marawi continue to rise.
SCHUTZSTAFFEL LEADER HEINRICH HIMMLER COMMITS SUICIDE
*May 23, 1945*
The dreaded Schutzstaffel (SS) chief Heinrich Luitpold Himmler, one of the pioneers of Nazi Germany’s bloody policy against Jews and other races, was one of the top Nazi party officials to flee from justice. , when he committed suicide at the age of 44 the same day Admiral Karl Doenitz’s government was dissolved in Flensburg, Germany. British soldiers in Lüneberg, northern Germany caught Himmler, who was trying to flee with other refugees using a fake name. His identity was verified using his own papers. When Himmler was in British custody he admitted his identity, and while he was under interrogation he bit a cyanide pill hidden inside his mouth. Himmler died 15 minutes later, and was buried in an unspecified grave.
Heinrich Himmler was the son of a civil servant in Bavaria, Germany who was born on October 7, 1900 and in 1917 Himmler became an army reservist but did not join the battle. He was one of the first members of the Nazi party, as he studied agronomy, and became a member of the Storm Troopers (SA) and the Schutzstaffel (SS). He was among the Nazi coups against the Bavarian government in November 1923. In 1929 he became chief of the SS, and became one of Hitler's close allies.
He also led the police, secret state police or the Gestapo, and promoted cult-like ideologies in the SS. Himmler later, along with another high -ranking SS officer Reinhard Heydrich, led the systematic liquidation of Jews, prisoners of war, and other races, at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942. He also became leader of military branch of the SS, the Waffen-SS, which included the German army in its campaigns, and oversaw the established German concentration camps and extermination centers in areas occupied by Nazi Germany.
Millions of Jews, prisoners of war and other races died of his bloody policies. When the war ended and Germany was defeated, Himmler was assigned to command German troops in northern Germany, but he secretly negotiated with the Americans to surrender. Hitler angered this so he ordered the removal of Himmler from all its positions in government, which President Doenitz implemented. Forsaken and rejected by the former sex because of his infidelity, Himmler was forced to flee Germany and his sins, but he eventually ended his life at his own hands.
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE NAZI GOVERNMENT IN FLENSBURG GERMANY
*May 23, 1945*
On this day in 1945, a few days after the end of the war in Europe, the last Nazi government established in the town of Flensburg, Germany, finally came to an end. British forces arrived in Flensburg in northern Germany and arrested members of the Nazi government in the town, including President -elect Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz, and several members of the government's cabinet, including Albert Speer. Minister of Industry and Production.
After signing the document of Germany's surrender to the war, on behalf of President Doenitz's government, they still held a position in the government of General Alfred Jodl, who was appointed head of the Armed Forces High Command after the capture of Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel. General Jodl was also captured along with President Doenitz but the designated commander of the navy or Kriegsmarine, Admiral Hans Georg Friedburg and Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim of the Luftwaffe or air force, committed suicide before they were captured by the British. With the capture of President Doenitz the Nazi government in Germany finally came to an end, and it was formally ended by Allies forces on 5 June of the same year. Arrested members of the Nazi government in Flensburg were considered prisoners of war.
Former Grand Admiral Doenitz, Speer and General Jodl were among senior Nazi party officials indicted in the Nuremberg Trials in November 1945 for their war crimes, for which Doenitz and Speer were sentenced to long years in prison, but hanged. Generals Jodl and Keitel, and nine other Nazis.
Before Adolf Hitler's suicide he appointed Grand Admiral Doenitz as President of Germany, and Joseph Goebbels as Prime Minister, but when Goebbels also committed suicide, Doenitz was left in charge of the government almost without power. He moved to Flensburg the capital of his government, which still had control over small areas in Europe still held by the Germans.
Even though the war ended on May 9, the Western Allies still allowed Doenitz's government to remain in power until May 23, even though it no longer had direct control over the administration and the military, and revoked the any diplomatic relations of countries with Germany.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flensburg_Government
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 22
THE GREAT CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE
*May 22, 1960*
While we are all awakened by the arrival of a very powerful earthquake called "The Big One", it was experienced in southern America today in 1960, and it is arguably the strongest earthquake on record in all of history. This is called the "Great Chilean Earthquake" or the Valdivia Earthquake, which occurred in the country of Chile. Exactly 3:11 pm, local time, the epicenter of the quake was recorded 570 kilometers south of Santiago, the capital of Chile. The measured magnitude of the earthquake will be 9.5, the highest recorded in history.
The quake's magnitude was raised to Intensity XIII, most affected and most devastating to the town of Valdivia, a few kilometers away from the epicenter. The very strong earthquake lasted for 10 minutes. Many ancient buildings dating back to Inca and Spanish times were destroyed, and hundreds of buildings and homes were pulverized. The quake also severely damaged water and power supply lines across the country, lasting several months. Communications across the country were also cut off so successive volcanic eruptions and aftershocks were not recorded. It also created large tsunamis, and also felt its force as far as Hawaii, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Alaska in America as far as the Philippines. Such an earthquake is a type of megathrust, triggered by the collision of the Nazca Plate and South American Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench, and these types of earthquakes are very strong capable of creating as much as magnitude 8 to 9 earthquakes.
The Great Chilean Earthquake was just one of a series of earthquakes recorded in the region from May 21 to June 8, 1960. About 5,700 people in the affected countries in southern America died due to the very strong earthquake. this, and more than 22,000 people lost their homes.
EMPEROR CONSTANTINE THE GREAT OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE DIED
*May 22, 337 CE*
On this day in 337 CE, Roman Emperor Flavius Valerius Constantinus or Constantine I or Constantine the Great died at the age of 65, after more than three decades of rule. In the city of Nicomedia (now Izmit, Turkey) Constantine died while preparing for his campaign against the Persians. At his death the Roman Empire disintegrated again which he tried to reunite, when his sons quarreled for the throne.
Flavius Valerius Constantinus was a Roman general born in present -day Serbia about 272 CE, the son of a Greek named Helena and Roman general Flavius Constantinus. He succeeded in suppressing a Civil war before being crowned Emperor of Rome in 306 CE. He re -strengthened the military force, which was then defeated by the growing barbarian forces in the northern part of the empire. He also implemented economic, and governmental, reforms, in which he separated military power from administration. Because of his military reorganization he was able to protect the empire from barbarian invaders. But most of all, Constantine the Great became popular with Christian historians because he was the first Roman Emperor to baptize Christianity. His mother Helena was also baptized, who is said to have found the very cross on which Jesus was crucified.
He also enacted the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, which protected Christians from persecution, and he also ordered the building of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, on the very site where Jesus was crucified. the Romans. He opened the First Council of Nicaea, the first council setting the current doctrines of the Catholic Church in 325. He also moved the capital of the Roman Empire, from Rome to the city of Byzantium, which later bore his name Constantinople. .
Constantine the Great was proclaimed a saint in the Eastern Orthodox, Anglican and Lutheran churches.
COMPOSITOR JULIO NAKPIL WAS BORN
*May 22, 1867*
Today is the 154th birthday of Filipino composer and revolutionary Julio Garcia Nakpil, who was born on this day in the Quiapo district of Manila. He was one of 12 children of a well-to-do family, and after two years of schooling educated himself in his home, where soya learned to play the piano.
Julio joined the Katipunan revolutionary movement, and became a close supporter of Supremo Andres Bonifacio. And as a composer, Julio accepted the task assigned to him by Bonifacio to compose songs that would inspire the revolutionaries to inflame the feelings of nationalism. One of these will serve as the anthem of the revolution, which is titled "Noble Dalits of the Tagalogs". It is said to be the first national anthem of the Philippines, but later on the change of Bonifacio's revolutionary government the composition of Julian Felipe was chosen.
Aside from being a composer, Nakpil was also appointed as the leader of the Katipunan in the northern part of Manila, and he also hid and took care of the weapons collected by the Katipunan.
When the Supremo of the Katipunan was assassinated in May 1897 he met and cared for Andres Bonifacio's widow Gregoria de Jesus. He later married her in 1898, and was blessed with six children. He was also a critic of President Emilio Aguinaldo, and once received death threats because of it. The Nakpil couple lived together until Oryang passed away in 1943.
Some of his compositions are as follows: Cefiro, Ilang-Ilang, Recuerdos de Capiz Pahimakas, Pasig Pantayanin, Biyak-na-Bato, Luz Poetica de la Aurora, and Exposicion Regional Filipina. He also won awards and medals at the Hanoi Exposition in 1902, St. Louis International Exposition in 1904 and Civic Assembly of Women in 1954.
Julio Nakpil devoted himself to creating music and writing his memoirs about the Filipino revolution. He died at the age of 93 on November 2, 1960. In 1963 the Bonifacio Centennial Committee honored Nakpil for his service to the revolution, and his grandchildren also published his memoirs. His home, Bahay Nakpil, in Quiapo, Manila, is now a museum.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1142/today-in-philippine-history-may-22-1867-julio-nakpil-was-born-in-quiapo-manila
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 21
EMILIO AGUINALDO GIVES HIS HISTORIC HOME AS A DONATION TO THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
*May 21, 1963*
While at the Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, then 94 -year -old former Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo signed a document today stating that he gave the Philippine government his historic home in the town. of Kawit, Cavite as a donation. Former President Aguinaldo signed the document on the condition that he continue to live in his mansion for the rest of his life. Aguinaldo did this so that even if he was lost, he could preserve and preserve the home that witnessed our country's independence from Spanish occupation. Therefore, on the day he signs the deed, the Filipino government automatically owns such a historic home. Emilio Aguinaldo died at the same hospital on February 6, 1964 at the age of 94.
The Aguinaldo family mansion was built of wood, stone and thatched roof in 1845, and here was born Emilio Aguinaldo, the seventh of eight children of Carlos and Trinidad Famy Aguinaldo on March 22, 1869. In the window of the home it waved the Philippine flag for the second time and declared the country's independence from Spanish occupation on June 12, 1898. From 1849 it was renovated several times, and Emilio himself enlarged and beautified his home. mila 1919 to 1921. June 18, 1964 when Emilio Aguinaldo's home in Kawit, Cavite was declared a National Shrine by virtue of Republic Act no. 4039 signed by President Diosdado Macapagal.
The Aguinaldo Shrine is currently a historical museum, where the remains of the first President of the Republic of the Philippines also lie.
LAPIANG MALAYA MASSACRE
*May 21, 1967*
54 years ago, there was a bloody encounter between the Philippine Constabulary (now the Philippine National Police) and the 'Lapiang Malaya' group.
Lapiang Malaya is a group founded by Bicolano Valentin de los Santos in the 40s. Its members grew into the 50s to 60s who were mostly poor farmers from southern Luzon. Its leader de los Santos is believed to be able to communicate with Bathala even the souls of some Filipino heroes such as José Rizal. The group promotes ‘true justice, equality, and freedom’. In fact, de los Santos and Restituto Fresto even ran as president and vice president in the 1957 presidential election but failed from Carlos Garcia and Diosdado Macapagal. They also ran for the Senate election in 1957 but also failed to win.
May 20, 1967. More than 300 members of the Lapiang Malaya gathered. They aim to overthrow the Marcos regime because of the issue of poverty, landlessness of the peasants, and exploitation of Western countries in the Philippines. They marched to Malacañan carrying only amulets, bolos, and spears. Before reaching the Palace, they were stopped by the Philippine Constabulary on Taft Avenue, Pasay. Believing that they would not be hit by guns because of their amulets, they opposed the police which resulted in the death of 33 rallyists. The rest were imprisoned and charged with sedition.
On the other hand, instead of being imprisoned, the leader of the group, de los Santos, was taken to the National Center for Mental Health. It is said that de los Santos was beaten and died at the hospital.
`Exclusive`
MISS UNIVERSE 1994 WAS HELD IN THE PHILIPPINES
*May 21, 1994*
For the second time, the coronation of Miss Universe, one of the oldest international beauty pageants in the world, was held in the Philippines on May 21, 1994.
Dayanara Torres of Puerto Rico handed over the title to Miss Universe 1994 Sushmita Sen of India. Here are the other winners in such a competition.
*1st Runner -up - Colombia, Carolina Gomes*
*2nd Runner -up - Venezuela, Minorca Market*
*Top 6 - Philippines, Charlene Gonzales*
*Slovak Republic, Silvia Lakatosova*
*United States, Lu Parker*
Miss Universe was first held in the country during Miss Universe 1974 which was held at the Folk Arts Theater in Manila in July 1974. 1973 Miss Universe Margie Moran of the Philippines handed over the title to Amparo Muñoz of Spain.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1455/today-in-philippine-history-may-21-1963-aguinaldo-donated-his-historic-house-at-kawit-cavite-to-the-government
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguinaldo_Shrine
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 20
GENERAL MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE OF FRANCE DIED
*May 20, 1834*
On this day in 1834, the so-called "Hero of the Two Worlds" and one of the national heroes of the two nations of the United States and France-Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La, passed away at the age of 76. Fayette, or simply Marquis de Lafayette, or Lafayette as he is called in America. He passed away at his home in Paris, France and he orphaned his four children and several grandchildren. He was laid to rest with military honors at Picpus Cemetery in Paris, while his memory was honored in the United States, which even offered a month of mourning for him.
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, was born into a luxurious family of French nobles and military officers on September 6, 1757. At the age of 13, he followed in the footsteps of his father, a general in the military. . After early marriage to another royal Adrienne Françoise de Noailles at the age of 17, she saw an opportunity to show her fighting prowess in the United States, where she sided with the Americans against the British at the age of 19 during the American Revolution. , at the same age that Lafayette became major-general. While fighting there Lafayette also became aware of the liberal ideas the Americans were fighting for, and when the Americans and French defeated the British in 1781 he brought home to France what he had learned with a warm welcome from the people. French as a hero.
When the Estates-General opened in 1789 he was elected deputy in the Second Estate, but later joined the struggles of the Third Estate and became one of the deputies of the newly formed National Assembly. After the first outbreak of the French Revolution in July 1789 General de Lafayette was appointed Chief general of the National Guard, the army of revolutionary France, and became the personal guardian of the Royal family of France.
Carrying liberals and great ideas from America, he was one of the writers of the Declaration of Human Rights and proclaimed it before the National Assembly in August 1789. General de Lafayette also intervened with the French people who rushed to Palace of Versailles in October 1789 to repatriate King Louis XVI to Paris.
In the early years of the French Revolution General de Lafayette wanted changes in government while maintaining the monarchy under one constitution, but radical revolutionaries Georges Danton and Maximilien Robespierre demanded the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. It was here that Lafayette began to sour in the public eye, and he was even blamed for the attempted escape of Louis XVI and his family to France in June 1791. He led the violent expulsion of the French on the Champ de Mars in Paris, petitioning the establishment of the republic, reason for him to be corrupted in the eyes of the public and considered a traitor. He was no longer able to prevent the radicalization of the revolution he supported so he retired as Commander-in-Chief of the army while France was fighting Austria in April 1792. The revolutionary government ordered the arrest of royalists such as General de Lafayette, but he fled. with his family, in the desire to leave for America. He was arrested in Austria and imprisoned until 1797, when Napoleon released him after occupying Austria. Napoleon offered him a position in his government, but he refused as he avoided politics. He again served in the French monarchical government when it was restored from 1814.
He spent the rest of his time going to America at the invitation of President James Monroe, and when another revolution broke out in France again in July 1830 he supported it against the autocratic rule of King Louis-Philippe, until Lafayette died in 1834.
THE PHILIPPINE NAVY ESTABLISHED
*May 20, 1898*
Today is the 123rd anniversary of the Philippine Navy, or the Philippine Navy, the branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in guarding and defending the oceans covered by our Republic.
The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato states that there was the establishment of the official navy of the revolutionary government, although it was not carried out after the dissolution of the said Republic in December 1897. Upon the return of General Emilio Aguinaldo to our country on this in 1898, he announced the establishment of the navy of the revolutionary government.
When it was built the Revolutionary Navy force consisted only of eight steamboats captured from the Spaniards, and each steamboats was armed with a 9-cm gun. The Revolutionary Navy was augmented by five larger gunboats, from donations by wealthy families in Batangas and Bulacan. One of these is the former tobacco steamboat Compania de Filipinas which was renamed Filipinas, which became the first official flagship of the navy. General Aguinaldo organized the navy as part of the revolutionary army on June 23, 1898. Captain Vicente Catalan became the first chief of our navy, serving until 1901.
Our navy gradually disappeared with the defeat of the Philippines in the war against America. With the entry of the American colonial government the Bureau of Coast Guard and Transportation was established to guard the oceans covered by the Philippines from pirates. The Philippine Nautical School, formerly known as Escuela Nautica de Manila, was established, the first naval school in our country.
As part of the strengthening of the Philippine armed forces during the Commonwealth the navy was revived, but our naval force had no solid force other than the five motor boats of the Offshore Patrol, and during the Japanese occupation the Offshore Patrol or OSP of courage to drive the Japanese into our oceans. They were nicknamed the Mosquito Fleet because of the intensity of their bravery despite the small fleet. The remaining OSP soldiers became guerrillas, until it was revived after the war in 1945. The OSP was re -energized under President Manuel Roxas, who was replaced by the Philippine Naval Patrol and later became the Philippine Navy in January 1951 under President Elpidip Quirino. Since then, the number of soldiers in the Philippine Navy has increased, and the number of warships in our country has also begun. There are currently 65,000 active members of the Philippine Navy, including 12,500 members of the Philippine Marine Corps. We also have 81 combat ships, 18 auxiliary vessels, 25 naval aircraft and eight unmanned armed vehicles. The Philippine Coast Guard also cooperates with the Philippine Navy in the protection of Philippine maritime territory. BRP Gregorio del Pilar is the current flagship of the Philippine Navy.
THE RETURN OF GENERAL EMILIO AGUINALDO TO THE PHILIPPINES FROM HONG KONG
May 20, 1898
After nearly five months in Hong Kong as an exile, General Emilio Aguinaldo returned to our country on this day in 1898, along with other revolutionaries with him, to resume the rebellion against the Spaniards. And this time, he included in the continuation of the revolutions the new friend he considered - the Americans.
He arrived in Cavite after being transported to Manila from Hong Kong, aboard the USS McCullough. One of his first orders on his return to our country as the leader of the Philippine revolutionary army was to continue the uprising in the provinces of Bulacan and Zambales. He sent General Luciano San Miguel to lead the revolution in the provinces of Manila, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Morong, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija against the Spaniards.
General Aguinaldo proclaimed the reorganization of the revolutionary government the next day in Cavite province, and again called for the unity of the provinces against the Spaniards for independence.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1666/today-in-philippine-history-may-20-1898-aguinaldo-returned-to-restart-his-insurrection
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy#:~:text=BRP%20Gregorio%20del%20Pilar%20(PS,flagship%20of%20the%20Philippine%20Navy.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 19
KING HENRY VIII'S SECOND WIFE ANNE BOLEYN BEATEN
*May 19, 1536*
On this day in 1536, in front of the public at the Tower of London in England, the life of the 36-year-old former queen of England and second wife of King Henry VIII Anne Boleyn ended with the stroke of a sword. That morning, in front of a crowd, Anne faced her death as a nobleman, and before carrying out her execution, she announced her acceptance of her fate, and then she calmly took off her elegant attire before kneeling on the behind his executioner and using a sword instead of an ax, beheaded Anne. Anne was buried in an unmarked grave inside the chapel in the Tower of London.
Anne Boleyn was born into a noble family in about 1501, and was originally scheduled to marry a nobleman who did not proceed because the father of the man to marry Anne was opposed. He met King Henry VIII who was then flirting with him even though the king was married to Catherine of Aragon. Anne did not want to be the king's lover, so Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine even though they had a child, Mary, because he could not afford to give her a son. The Pope's opposition to Henry VIII's wishes was a major factor in England's eventual escape from Roman control, and in the formation of the Anglican Church. Henry VIII did divorce Catherine and after marrying Anne Boleyn in January 1533 Anne became the new queen of England in June of the same year.
Henry VIII expected Anne to give him a son, but they had a daughter, Elizabeth. And as Henry VIII had done to Catherine, the king sought a reason to divorce Anne. While Henry VIII was in a relationship with other women he investigated Anne and he accused the queen of infidelity, incest, and conspiracy against her. Anne was arraigned in court on May 15 to face the king’s allegations against her, and one of those who testified against her was her ex-fiance. After she was stripped of her Royal title and her marriage to Henry VIII was annulled Anne was convicted and sentenced to death. Her brother George was earlier killed on charges of incest and infidelity on May 17 of the same year.
When his daughter Elizabeth became queen of England he declared his queen mother a martyr and a hero of the English Reformation. Anne Boleyn was instrumental in the establishment of the Anglican Church and the separation of the English church in Rome, and one of the influential queens of England. Henry VIII married one of his lovers, Jane Seymour, 11 days after Anne's death.
HO CHI MINH WAS BORN
*May 19, 1890*
Today is the 131st birthday of the father of communism in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh. His birthday is considered a national holiday in the largest socialist country in Southeast Asia.
Born on this day in 1890 as Nguyễn Sinh Cung in a barrio in Nam Đàn town, Nghệ An province in the Annam Protectorate which was then part of French Indochina. He is one of the children of the couple Nguyễn Sinh Sắc, and Hoàng Thi Loan.
He had the opportunity to go to France as a ship worker and other jobs. While in France he joined a group of socialists under the alias Nguyen Ai Quoc, and led the organization of his Vietnamese compatriots to petition the Treaty of Versailles to voice Vietnam's grievances at the hands of the French, but they were ignored at the gathering. He joined the French communist fence after the Russian revolution led by Vladimir Lenin. December 1924 when he formed a revolutionary group of Vietnamese youth, but they fled to Canton, China because of their criticism of the French colonial government, and from Canton fled to the Soviet Union, and moved mila Belgium, Paris, France to Thailand. Ho Chi Minh’s remnant followers in Hong Kong decided to form their own communist party, and in 1930, Ho Chi Minh formally founded the party his followers aspired to, the Indochinese Communist Party.
While German control of France in 1940, the Vietnamese communists under Ho Chi Minh took advantage of this opportunity to liberate Vietnam from French occupation. But in 1941 the Japanese occupied Vietnam and Ho launched an armed group called the Viet Minh to oppose the Japanese occupation, as well as the French left in Vietnam. And in a desire to mimic Lenin's occupation of power, Ho also made his own revolution and August in 1945 when Ho occupied the city of Hanoi.
On September 2, 1945, in conjunction with the surrender of the Japanese to the war, Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi declared the independence of Vietnam from the Japanese and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and he became its first President. During his 24 years as President, the Viet Minh tried to expel the French from Vietnam. But Ho's problem of total control of Vietnam did not end with the French, when war broke out between North Vietnam and anti-communist South Vietnam.
President Ho Chi Minh died on September 2, 1969 at the age of 79, a few years before the communists took complete control of all of Vietnam in 1975.
MAURA LAW BEGINS TO BE IMPLEMENTED
*May 19, 1894*
On this day in 1893, a Royal decree authored by Antonio Maura y Montañer, Minister of the Colonies - the Ley de Maura de 1893, or the Maura Law - was implemented in the Philippines. This law provided for clearer administration of local governments in our country under Spanish occupation. This is the ancestor of our current Local Government Code.
According to the law, the Philippine archipelago will be divided into different towns and provinces, from Luzon to Mindanao, with the Governor-General in charge of the central government and in conjunction with the Council of Administration, Board of Authorities and the Directorate of Civil Administration. Each province will be headed by governors and the provincial council will be headed by him, the mayors will be headed by the towns and cities and the municipal council will be headed by him, and each town will be divided into different barangays or barrios. led by teniente del barrio and cabeza de barangay. The Ley de Maura also changed the name of each council in the barrio, municipality and provinces.
The purpose of such a law is to better govern and administer local governments that are no longer within the reach of the central government, and to better extend to the people the public services of the colonial government, such as health, education, agriculture, industry. and commerce and infrastructures. It also includes better tax collection and spending on tax revenue.
The Maura Law was one of the unique reforms implemented in the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1139/today-in-philippine-history-may-19-1893-the-maura-law-was-promulgated
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ho-Chi-Minh/The-Geneva-Accords-and-the-Second-Indochina-War
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 18
GENERALISSIMO ALEXANDER SUVOROV OF RUSSIA DIED
*May 18, 1800*
On this day in 1800, one of the great generals of the Russian nation and one of the great military leaders of his time Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov passed away. Generalissimo Suvorov died at the age of 70, and despite his very high rank, he was buried with the honor of a field marshal, inside the Church of Anunciation in the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg. Petersburg, Russia.
Born in the city of Moscow on November 24, 1729, Alexander Suvorov was of Russian nobility. At an early age he studied military history and military tactics and at the age of 17 he enlisted in the army. He was promoted to the rank of colonel during the Seven Years War in recognition of his outstanding military service, and was among those won against Poland. His rank further rose as General and became General of the Army during the two series of Russian wars against Turkey in 1768-1774 and 1787-1792, and led successful battles against the Ottoman Empire. As a result, he was made Conde of Russia and the Holy Roman Empire, and led the suppression of a rebellion in Poland in 1794.
General and Conde Suvorov were one of the supporters of Empress Catherine the Great, but because she did not agree with her son Paul, the new real Tsar Paul removed General Suvorov from office after the Empress' death in 1796. But when faced Russia in the war against France during the French Revolutionary Wars, allied countries Austria, Britain and Prussia reinstated General Suvorov in the military, and even raised his rank as field marshal. He led with the Austrians in expelling the French from Italy, and even made him Prince of Italy.
He led the campaign of the Russians and Austrians against the French in Switzerland, but this time they were surrounded by French troops, so he decided to repel the Russians from the Alps. He was able to escape the French without nearly losing his troops. As a result, he became the fourth Russian general to be promoted to the rank of Generalissimo.
Even in the Soviet military the memory of Generalissimo Suvorov is revered, for which a Soviet-era medal was named after him, the Order of Suvorov, and a prestigious military academy in Russia was also named after him.
General Alexander Suvorov is known in history as one of the great generals in Europe, who participated in seven major wars, led over 60 battles and never lost one of them.
TSAR NICHOLAS II WAS BORN OF RUSSIA
*May 18, 1868*
On this day in 1868, the last Tsar or Emperor of Imperial Russia under the Romanov dynasty - Tsar Nicholas II was born. He was born as Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov in the imperial palace in St. Petersburg. Petersburg, capital of Imperial Russia, and son of Tsar Alexander III and Tsarina Maria Feodorovna. Although a Russian, the blood of foreign nobles in Europe lay in his blood; he was a cousin of the future king of Britain George V, his mother and maternal parents were Danish, and he was also a cousin of Haakon IV of Norway, King Christian IX of Denmark and King Constantine I of Greece.
As the eldest of Tsar Alexander III's six children he was expected to inherit the throne as Tsar, but he was aware of his inability to rule the third largest empire in the world. Also, he was not close to his father, but the young man Nikolai Alexandrovich could be considered a mama's boy.
When his father died the crown automatically fell to him on the first day of November, 1894. He was crowned as Tsar Nicholas II, and his German wife, Alix of Hesse of Germany, as Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna, on the th May 26, 1896. At his coronation the stampede that took place in the celebration of his coronation in Moscow, in which more than 1,200 people died, seemed to be a vision for his bloody regime. Because his father, the Tsar, did not teach him how to rule, Nicholas II had almost no idea how to rule, and he also had the trait of being easily persuaded and weak in decision-making. But in time, more than 100 million Russians will see that he is just as autocratic as his father, and as cruel as those who criticize the government.
Nicholas II was at a time when the gap between the nobility and the poor was huge, and poverty was widespread among the people. He challenged, and would eventually embarrass him in the eyes of Europe, the emerging powerful nation of Japan, after defeating Russia in its war against Japan in 1905. That same year also saw the first wave of revolution against his leadership. , which later also subsided with his establishment of the State Duma or the parliament. But he still remained autocratic and controlled parliament in his hand. His leadership was also troubled by the hemophilia of his youngest son Tsesarevich Alexei, who through a mysterious physician Grigori Rasputin cured him and became part of the Court in the palace. This in turn further dragged down his reputation, due to the scandals involving it.
Adding to the test of his leadership as Tsar was Russia's entry into World War I against his cousin Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. Unprepared, lacking modern military equipment and collapsing the country’s economy in the face of massive war, and Russia’s successive defeats in battle, even though it was personally led by Nicholas II. Tsarina Alexandra and Rasputin further weakened the administration of the empire because of its flawed decisions. Although Rasputin was assassinated by the nobility in December 1916, it did not prevent the Russian people's view of the empire from diluting. Actions against the Tsar spread, with even the armies already participating in the call for the removal of Tsar Nicholas II. Eventually, God's mandate assigned to Nicholas II to be ruler of Russia was revoked by the people in March 1917, signaling the end of more than three centuries of the Russian Empire. The provisional government took over Russia until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin in November 1917.
The last Romanov family to rule Russia lived in the custody of new rulers, as the Civil War raged between the supporters of the Tsar and the Bolsheviks, and the Russian nobles fled their country. The Romanov family was not accepted in Britain despite the consent of cousin King George V because of the bad opinion of the British on the family. Later, at the hands of the Bolsheviks, the then 50-year-old Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei and their four servants were murdered, under of the mansion in Yekaterinburg, Russia on July 17, 1918.
Nicholas II and his family were ordained as saints and passion bearers of the Russian Orthodox church.
SAINT JOHN PAUL II WAS BORN
*May 18, 1920*
Today is the 101st birthday of the first Polish man to become head of the Catholic Church and saint Pope John Paul II. He was born on this day in 1920 as Karol Józef Wojtyła, in the town of Wadowice, Poland, and the youngest of three children of Karl Wojtyla and Emilia Kaczorowska.
Young Karol witnessed death at an early age, when his mother died when he was only eight years old.
After attending a school in Wadowice, where he became an athlete and made many Jewish friends, he and his father moved to the city of Krakow in 1938. There Karl Josef studied philology at the Jagiellonian University, and there he became proficient in more than 15 languages and developed into acting. The Nazis invaded Poland in 1939, so Karl Josef was required to enter military service. In 1941, when his father and another brother passed away, he was completely orphaned. This gave him a reason to enter the priesthood.
While at the seminary in Krakow, he witnessed the Nazi torture of Jews, including the clergy, that even he had to hide in the Archbishop's house during the guerrilla uprising there, until Krakow was liberated in January. 1945. He finished seminary in 1946, when he was also ordained a priest. He also entered a doctorate in Rome, Italy before again earning his Second doctorate degree at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.
The then young priest Karol Josef admired his Mass in a communist country that renounced any religion, so he was promoted to the rank of auxiliary bishop of Krakow and in 1963 he was appointed Archbishop of Krakow. He was later promoted to Cardinal in Krakow, and he was one of the staunch critics of communist ideology in Poland, and of the propagation of life care.
When Pope John Paul I passed away early in October 1978 a papal conclave was held to elect a new head of the Catholic Church. Later, Cardinal Wojtyla was elected as the new Pope, the first non-Italian Pope and first Slavic to sit as Pope, and chose the name of his predecessor as his name.
Pope John Paul II is known for his efforts to unite the Catholic Church with other religions, and has visited many parts of the world, including the Philippines. Aside from the spiritual campaign, Pope John Paul II also joined the peaceful political campaign against dictatorship and communism.
For the first time he also led the Catholic church's apology for the wrongs it had committed against Jews, Muslims and Galileo Galilei. Pope John Paul II also joined the campaign for human rights, and condemned violent violations of such rights, especially the use of force. However, he was also criticized for his standpoints on issues of abortion, sexuality, and related issues and on the centralization of clerical leadership.
After a gradual decline in his health, Pope John Paul II passed away at the age of 85 on April 2, 2005, due to his heart disease. A beatification ceremony was held on the first day of May, 2011 presided over by Pope Benedict XVI and ordained as a saint by Pope Francis on April 27, 2014.
References:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-Paul-II/Actions-as-cardinal
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov#:~:text=Suvorov%20led%20the%20strategic%20withdrawal,of%20illness%20in%20Saint%20Petersburg
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Roghts Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 17
PASCUAL POBLETE WAS BORN
*May 17, 1851*
On this day in 1857, the Filipino writer who first translated the novels of Dr. was born. Jose Rizal in Tagalog Pascual Hicaro Poblete. He is from the family of Francisco Hicaro and Maria Poblete in Naic town, Cavite.
A graduate of the Bachiller en Artes course at the Liceo de Manila, he served as a writer and contributor to Marcelo H. Del Pilar's Diarong Tagalog, and he also collaborated with Del Pilar in publishing the pamphlet Revista Popular. He also served in the Spanish army under Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera to quell the revolution in the province of Nueva Vizcaya, but later turned his back on Spain because of his hatred of colonial rule. But upon his renunciation of Spain he was imprisoned in October 1897 as an incommunicado and exiled as a political prisoner. This did not prevent him from publishing the newspaper El Progreso de Madrid, and with the help of his Spanish friends Poblete was freed.
But when he returned to our country, he was imprisoned, this time, by the Americans at Fort Santiago. Upon his release he was able to contribute to the newspapers Taliba, La Vanguardia and El Mercantil. He also gave an article in the official periodical of labor unions in the Philippines El Grito del Pueblo. He also helped establish the Aglipayan Church and laboe group Union Obrero Democratica, and was one of the organizers of the Partido Nacionalista.
More than being a journalist, Poblete also published in 1909 his own Filipino translation of Jose Rizal's novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and was one of Rizal's idols. He was also one of the campaigners for the construction of the Rizal monument in Luneta. Later, Poblete became subversive to the Americans because of his sarcastic displays of nationalism, which were then banned under the Sedition Act and Poblete was imprisoned again.
Poblete had 12 children; five to his first wife Leonicia Rieta, and seven to his second wife Rafaela Alemany.
Pascual Poblete, the Father of the Filipino Newspaper, died in Manila on February 5, 1921 due to a heart attack.
THE BEGINNING OF THE "SEVEN YEARS WAR" IN EUROPE
*May 17, 1756*
Just for control of the land in North America, the heated confrontation between the two powerful kingdoms in Europe ended in a seven -year war. On this day in 1756, a declaration of war was declared by King George II of Great Britain against its mortal enemy the nation of France which was then ruled by King Louis XV. In fact, this war was also only part of the war between Britain and France within north America for total control over it.
At that time, France held most of North America currently occupied by Canada, while Britain held 13 colonies of the would -be United States. But in this case, the European countries that otherwise have an interest in America are already participating in this war and are also fighting for domination in Europe. In particular, the kingdom of Prussia, which through the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle expanded the territory of Prussia, but its king Frederick the Great wanted to expand his territory further.
Eventually, the war also spread to most of Europe because of the alliance of nations and kingdoms against the other camp; Russia allied with France and Austria against Britain and its allies Prussia and the state of Saxony. Spain sided with France because they were held by the Bourbon dynasty, against Britain to protect its interests and colony in America, and Sweden also sided with France against Britain and Prussia. As a result, the Spanish and British colonies in Asia and America, such as the British colony in India and the Spanish colony in the Philippines and Cuba, were also involved in this war. An estimated 300,000 British joined the war against more than a million French during the seven-year war, and in this battle for domination across Europe, hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers on each side were killed.
Eventually, Britain won the battle and left France defeated and economically bankrupt, and eventually even lost its territories in North America. The Treaty of Paris was sealed on February 15, 1763 with the British victory. Britain even doubled its territory in America, and in exchange for the British leaving Cuba and the Philippines Spain would relinquish its colony of Florida. Frederick the Great's territory of Prussia was also greatly expanded when Austria ceded its territories of Silesia and Glatz.
MYSTERIOUS ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM DISCOVERED IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
May 17, 1902
Ancient civilizations have left their traces in modern times leaving a mystery to experts and historians with no answer until now. One of these is a strange object that emerged from the Mediterranean sea on this day in 1902 - the Antikythera Mechanism. It is a mysterious mechanical device said to date back to the first century BCE, first discovered by fishermen under the wreckage of an ancient Greek ship on the island of Antikythera, Aegean sea in Greece in 1901.
Greek archaeologist Valerois Stais in 1902 identified the mysterious artifact as a mechanical gear, which was divided into four pieces and the largest piece of such a mechanism was up to 13 centimeters. Experts have not long been able to determine the use of such an artifact, until after several studies various explanations have been proposed as to what kind of mechanism such an artifact is.
Aside from a mechanical clock, another more plausible explanation for the use of such an ancient mechanism is that it is an ancient type of analogue computer, which based its mechanism on the motion of the Sun and the Moon, and is also said to be used to calculate motion. of the five classical planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Experts also believe that it was designed by scientists in ancient Greece, particularly in the city of Corinth, whose mechanism was based on consultation with mathematicians and astronomers of the time such as Archimedes. The mysterious mechanism is also believed to have been created during the Hellenistic period, between the late second century and early first century BCE. X-ray analyzes of the mechanism also show that it has more than 30 gear wheels, which also amazes experts, as they have never seen such a complex mechanism in ancient times. It has also been noted that in ancient writings of the ancient Romans and Greeks the existence of such technology at that time.
What exactly is the Antikythera mechanism still remains a big puzzle to learners about it, although some hypotheses they have proposed on the real use of such a mechanism.
NONEL "THE WONDERFUL WIZARD OF OZ" FIRST PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES
*May 17, 1900*
Exactly 121 years ago, at the George M. Hill Company in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, the first edition of the novel by American writer Lyman Frank Baum was first published reaching 10,000 copies of his novel that will impress many children throughout world - The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Baum’s writings were published on paper, but he and his sister Mary Louise Baum Brewster manually book bound each copy of the novel, and his sister was the first to receive a copy of the novel as a thank you.
Baum wrote the novel, dedicated to his dear wife Maud Gage Baum. Baum's novel hit the market so quickly that he even published 15,000 copies in October of the same year, until 250,000 copies of the novel were no longer enough for consumers. In the months that followed, the popularity of the novel increased, and the content of the novel wanted to be made public through drama so that it could be better known to many. Baum's novel was first staged in June 1902. Since then the rise of The Wizard of Oz to children has been unstoppable, with Baum in 1938 selling a million copies, and three million pieces of the novel in 1956.
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz revolves around the story of a Kansas-American girl named Dorothy Gale and her journey to a magical world called the Land of Oz, after a tornado blew away their home. In that land the characters Tin Woodman, Scarecrow and Cowardly Lion met and befriended, whom Dorothy helped find their new qualities none of them had. This was the beginning of their quest to reach their desires, from danger to the evil witch, monsters to mysterious lands, until the four found out that the wizard who promised them help was just another man who had previously been stranded in Land of Oz before Dorothy. However, he still tried to give the four what they wanted, and their journey continued before they met the demands of Tin Woodman, Scarecrow and Cowardly Lion and Dorothy and her pet dog returned to Kansas.
The Wizard of Oz is packed with colorful illustrations based on the chapters in the story, to further attract the attention of readers especially children. The children liked his novel so much that they even asked Baum to make more sequels of the novel. Although Baum received a lot of praise and recognition for his work, he also received criticism from other readers, especially in the religious sector because they said it promoted witchcraft stories, and it did not have a good lesson. to be given to children. Some, however, defended the novel, saying that if there was no value in teaching children through novels of love, fellowship and unselfishness then the moral standard taught by children’s books should be changed.
Until subsequent generations, The Wizard of Oz continued to rise and spread around the world, having been translated into many languages, and also featured several times in movies. The Wizard of Oz is undeniably one of the most popular novels of the 20th century.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antikythera-mechanism
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/france/seven-years-war
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1663/today-in-philippine-history-may-17-1857-pascual-poblete-was-born-in-naic-cavite
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 16
JOAN OF ARC OF FRANCE IS ELECTED SAINT BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
*May 16, 1920*
Exactly 101 years ago, when the young French warrior who rescued the kingdom from England during the Hundred Years War - Jeanne d'Arc, or better known as Joan of Arc, was ordained as a saint. Under the leadership of Pope Benedict XV, the ceremony of canonization, or consecration of a deceased Catholic as a saint, was performed on 19-year-old Joan of Arc, attended by as many as 60,000 Catholics and 160 descendants of the French female saint. . The appointment of Joan of Arc was also celebrated in Britain, which said her canonization would be a symbol of peace and unity between France and Britain that had once been mortal rival nations from the Hundred Years War to subsequent generations.
Jeanne d'Arc was the daughter of a peasant family in Domremy, northern France. Although he was not educated, he was fed with his mother's catechism and Catholic teachings. He was born at a time when his country and England were at war, and faced the threat of English conquest of France. One day, at the age of 16, Michael the Archangel, Santa Katerina and Margaret allegedly appeared to Jeanne d'Arc to inform the girl that God had chosen her to fight the English and drive them out of their kingdom. He approached the then prince -heir of France, Charles de Valois, to convey God's message to him, including helping Charles to sit on the throne of France.
Jeanne d'Arc won several battles against the English, of which even Charles was already envious of the maiden's popularity. But the Battle of Orleans in March 1429 made the maiden warrior famous. Charles de Valois was crowned king of France with the help of Jeanne d'Arc, but the maiden who had given way to his coronation was ruined by his enemies, when Jeanne was captured in a battle at Compiégne in 1430. Accused by the English in a trial Jeanne was charged with 70 counts, including heresy, witchcraft and heresy. Because of accusations of heresy and witchcraft, Charles VII did not even stand up to save the life of the man who brought him to the crown. Eventually, Jeanne d'Arc was convicted of such crimes and in Rouen, France she was burned alive on a stake at the age of 19 on May 30, 1431. As a sign of Charles VII's remorse for ignoring judgment of Jeanne d'Arc he cleared in a trial its name. Centuries later, the beatification of Joan of Arc took place in 1909 under the leadership of Pope Pius X.
Joan of Arc is considered the patron saint and national hero of France, and is also considered the patron saint of women soldiers. Every 30th of May is his feast day.
SANTIAGO DE VERA APPOINTED NEW GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES
*May 16, 1584*
On this day in 1584, Don Santiago de Vera was appointed as the new Spanish Governor-General of Las Islas Filipinas, succeeding his uncle Governor-General Diego Ronquillio. He became the sixth Governor-General of our country after he deported his uncle back to Spain on charges of corruption and misuse of funds.
Prior to this, Governor-General de Vera was the chief justice of the Real Audiencia or the Supreme Court of Spain in the Philippines, after the Audiencia was established during the time of Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillio de Peñalosa.
During his time he built many stone buildings within Intramuros, including the church of San Agustin, and erected bastions around Intramuros, to protect the corners of Intramuros from the invasion of mha pirata, including the first bastion in Intramuros Nuestra Señora de Guia, at the current location of the Baluarte de San Diego. He also dug ditches or the water around Intramuros, and planned the construction design on the present Fuerza de Santiago or Fort Santiago. He did not succeed in the construction of such a fort because he died in May 1590. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas who succeeded him continued the construction of the Fuerza de Santiago.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Vera
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/middle-ages/saint-joan-of-arc
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 15
KING SEJONG WAS BORN OF THE JOSEON DYNASTY OF KOREA
*May 15, 1397*
Today is the 624th birthday of what is considered one of the great kings who ruled Korea during the Joseon dynasty and the father of the Korean national alphabet Hangeul King Sejong. He was born as Yi Do on this day in 1397, and the third child of King Taejong and Queen Wongyeon. He was appointed king to succeed his father after Prince Yangnyeong was stripped of his royal title.
Yi Do was crowned as Sejong at the age of 21 in 1418 as the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty. As king of Joseon, he intensified the philosophy of Confucianism and enforced decrees throughout the kingdom based on the philosophy of Confucius. But King Sejong’s most important legacy to his regime was to create a simple alphabet system that would replace their traditional Chinese alphabet that was more complex. King Sejong saw the problem of using Chinese characters in their language because the spellings of the Chinese character did not suit them. In 1441 he enacted the official use of Hunminjeong-eum or simple Hangeul, which consists of 14 consonants and 10 vowels, and has 27 complex letters. It became the official alphabet of the entire kingdom, to this day in North and South Korea. Due to the use of Hangeul the proportion of literacy throughout the kingdom increased and Korean literature flourished further during the reign of King Sejong. The period of King Sejong is also considered the Golden Age of Korea, because under his regime the study of astronomy, meteorology and other branches of science flourished, and agriculture and commerce also developed in the kingdom.
From his coronation in 1418, his royal father, Taejong, became his co-ruler until he became independent in 1422. Simultaneously with King Sejong's glorious rule, his health declined and he gradually became blind. It was 1442 when his heir prince and son to Queen Soheon Munjong ruled the kingdom on behalf of his father, until King Sejong died at the age of 52 on April 8, 1450.
King Sejong is considered one of the great ruling kings of Korea. From its monument in the city of Seoul, to movies and shows, to their money, Koreans cherish the memory of their king, and in 2007 a special autonomous city in South Korea was named after him.
JOSE NEPOMUCENO WAS BORN
*May 15, 1893*
Today is the 128th birthday of the considered Pillar and Father of Filipino Film Jose Zialcita Nepomuceno, or simply Jose Nepomuceno. He was born on this day in 1893 in the city of Manila.
At the age of 20 he became proficient in photography and in Manila also blossomed his career as a film director and producer. She founded her own film production Jose Nepomuceno Productions in 1917 and in 1919 she released the first Filipino film, a silent film titled Dalagang Bukid, in which Atang dela Rama became the first female actress in the silver lining. in our country, which will be the National Artist for Film. Nepomuceno also made the first sound film in our country, released in 1932 entitled Golden Dagger. Aside from being a director and film producer, Nepomuceno is also a newsreel film producer and correspondent who has produced newsreels with Italian, English and Spanish subtitles. Some of his newsreels for British Pathé and Paramount News are the funeral of the wife of then House Speaker Sergio Osmeña, Sr., Pancho Villa's boxing match and the earthquake in Japan in 1923. But one of his best works in the film is the first filming of the novel Noli Me Tangere by Dr. Jose Rizal, released in 1930.
His career continued as a film producer and director until he died at the age of 66 on the first day of December, 1959.
ESTABLISHED FAST FOOD COMPANY MACDONALD'S CORPORATION
*May 15, 1940*
McDonald's-the most popular fast food chain that has been recognized and grown by many and has become part of every family reunion around the world, whose meals have delighted the stomachs of millions. tao. For 82 years McDonald's and the food it serves have been part of history, culture and society around the world. It has made children, adults smile at the services it provides with love, and has become part of the global consciousness.
Exactly 82 years ago, who would have thought the largest and most extensive fast food company in the world had just started with a small hamburger stall built by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald on a street in San Bernardino, state of California in the United States. And the original mascot of this business was not the clown that became its trademark, but a chef on top of the hamburger, which it mainly sells, named Speedie. The new and official McDonald’s mascot we know today just emerged in 1962, a clown named Ronald McDonald, with the aim of introducing children to McDonald’s products. This mascot was accepted in 1965 as the official mascot of McDonald’s.
It was 1952 when a businessman named Ray Kroc was given management of McDonald's after it bought its franchise. He also founded McDonald's Corporation on April 15, 1955. From California, McDonalds branches expanded westward into America, with its main branch in Oad Brook, Illinois. For many years, McDonalds has not only become famous in America but has spread to more than 100 countries around the world, including the Philippines, which first opened its branch in Mindanao in 1992.
McDonalds serves more than 69 million people in more than 37,000 branches worldwide. McDonald's Corporation is currently headquartered in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, and its revenue will reach 21.06 billion dollars recorded in 2019. McDonald's is the largest fast food chain company in the world, serving us a variety of products. assorted hamburgers, sundaes, coke floats, spaghetti, cola drinks, as well as breakfast foods.
No matter how many times faced with scandals and criticism from various sectors including religious groups, it cannot be denied that there have been economic and social effects. as well as lifestyle the service McDonald’s shares with its customers and employees.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1129/today-in-philippine-history-may-15-1893-jose-nepomuceno-was-born-in-manila
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 14
THE 1935 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES RATED
*May 14, 1935*
By a vote of 1,213,016 in favor of ratification against 44,963 in favor, ratification of the approved Constitution of 1935 was won today in 1935 by a constitutional plebiscite. After approving the final draft of such a Constitution in the United States in March In 1935, a plebiscite was set to vote on the drafting of the Constitution.
The Constitution of 1935 became the Constitution of the Commonwealth government, which took effect at its inauguration on November 15, 1935 and also became the Constitution of the first five Presidents of the Third Republic of the Philippines. The creation, approval and ratification of such a Constitution is set out in accordance with the Philippine Independence Act of 1934, or better known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
The main content of such a Constitution is to define the total territory of the Philippines based on the agreements reached in the Treaty of Paris in December 1898, in Washington DC in November 1900 and between the United States and Britain in January 1930. The country's government is also based on the principle. of the separation of powers and the formation of three independent branches of government. As in the United States Constitution, the term of the President is four years, which he can extend to a second term by election, and a unicameral legislature will be applied to the legislature, in the person of the National Assembly, and appointed by the President. of the country will serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the judiciary branch.
The 1935 Constitution also stated that the United States would only grant our independence on July 4, 1946. Even after the end of the American occupation of the country, this Constitution remained until it was replaced by a new and self-made Constitution. in January 1973.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL
*May 14, 1948*
Today is the 73rd birthday of the nation of Israel, when David Ben-Gurion, who became the first Prime Minister of such a country, declared in the city of Tel-Aviv the establishment of such a Jewish state. This was the first time the Jews were reunited as an independent nation after the reign of King David of Israel more than 3,000 years ago. With Ben-Gurion’s declaration, early in the morning of that day, the establishment of the nation of Israel also ended several years of British occupation of all of Palestine and Jordan and it was greatly celebrated by the Jews in the newly established nation. While this was happening, gunfire erupted in southern Israel, when the Egyptian air force attacked the nation of Israel, and Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians were also expected to invade that country in protest of Israel's independence.
The partitioning of Palestine and the establishment of a new nation in the region were voted on at the UN General Assembly, of which the Philippines was one of the voters. Many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, also recognized the birth of the new nation. To this day, years of conflict in the region are still shrouded in instability and unrest, with many soldiers and civilians in both camps dying.
The concept of the establishment of the new nation of Israel was a concept of the Zionist movements in Europe, led by Austrian Jew Theodor Herlz, who published a manifesto called The Jewish State, calling for the establishment of a Jewish nation in native town of their ancestors. For Herlz and other Zionists this was the only solution to the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe. At that time, the Ottoman Empire still occupied the region of Palestine, so the demands of the Zionists were not met. But by virtue of the Balfour Declaration, the League of Nations had already established in 1922 the establishment of a Jewish nation in the region, and many Jews had already flocked to Palestine in the 1930s despite Arab protests. And to favor the Arabs in the region, the British limited the entry of Jews into Palestine, which the Jews also relented.
After the tragedy of the Holocaust, many of the Jewish war survivors returned to Palestine, even though many of them entered illegally. They occupied parts of Palestine that were also occupied by the Arabs, and the result was clearly chaos. The UN stepped in to settle the dispute, but the conflict between Israel and its neighbors continued in the years that followed.
KING HENRY IV OF FRANCE DIED IN MURDER
*May 14, 1610*
On this day in 1610, the considered defender of the Huguenot Protestants and one of the advocates of freedom of worship in France was assassinated by a Catholic - King Henry IV. The 56-year-old king of France has been murdered after being stabbed by a fanatical Catholic François Ravaillac while the king's chariot was parked on a street in the city of Paris. Ravaillac also stabs the king's companion, a nobleman, but he survives. But Henry IV was declared dead after he was taken to his palace. Authorities arrested the man who stabbed the king, tortured him and charged him in court. After admitting that he was the only one who planned to assassinate the king he was convicted and punished with horses for splitting his body.
King Henry IV was the first king of the Bourbon dynasty of France, and he was nicknamed "The Good King Henry" for his passage of the Edict of Nantes, which gave freedom to French Protestants or Huguenots, as freedom to worship and granting them basic civil rights. In his time also peace was restored in the kingdom after long years of war between Catholics and Protestants in France, which had almost spread throughout the country. Although born a Catholic, Henry of Navarre grew up in the powder of his mother who was a Huguenot and became aware of the separate sect of Christianity in France. He married Margaret de Valois, daughter of King Henry III of France, and another Henry became king of Navarre. When the massacre of the Huguenots took place throughout Paris in August 1572 the protestant Henry survived when he renounced his sect. When Henry III was assassinated, the protestant Henry occupied the vacant position and was crowned as Henry IV. But before that could happen he re-converted to Catholicism to secure control of the war-torn kingdom, and at that moment the tension between Catholics and Huguenots in France subsided. He also divorced his first wife Margaret de Valois and married Marie de Medici, sister of the former Queen of France Catherine de Medici who plotted to assassinate the Huguenots. His sincere acceptance of Catholicism in France he proved in his statement “Paris is well worth a Mass”, while he also enforced free worship in his kingdom. Henry IV also led the exploration and colonization of lands in North America.
However, many Catholics doubted his allegiance to such a religion, especially when France went to war with Catholic Spain and helped the Dutch uprising against the Spaniards. He was also tried several times by Catholics who criticized the edict implemented by the king.
After Henry IV was assassinated he was succeeded by his son Louis XIII, who was a conservative Catholic and reinstated the kingdom’s oppressive policies against Huguenot Protestants.
LOUIS XIV WAS APPOINTED AS THE NEW KING OF FRANCE
*May 14, 1643*
In the history of France, King Louis XIV can be considered one of the great kings who ruled that country. On this day in 1643 the then four-year-old Louis Dieudonné du Bourbon was appointed successor to the throne left by his father Louis XIII, after he had died at the age of 41. And because the new king of France ruled on his behalf throughout the kingdom his mother Queen Anne of Austria. Cardinal Jules Mazarin was also elected as its Prime Minister who will guide the leadership of the kingdom. When Cardinal Mazarin died and Louis XIV grew up he ruled directly when he was crowned king of France in September 1661. He learned from Cardinal Mazarin the political aspects of ruling the kingdom, he learned from his mother the everything needs to be learned in becoming a king, from receiving diplomatic relations in France to hunting, dancing and other palace ceremonies.
During the long reign of Louis XIV as king of France he further intensified the centralization of the kingdom and tried to end feudalism in the country. He also strengthened the army which became one of the most powerful armies in all of Europe. And just like his father, Louis XIV became an oppressive king over the Protestants, and campaigned for the re-establishment of the Catholic church in his kingdom. He wanted to restore the principle of “one king, one Law, one faith” throughout the kingdom. He repealed the Edict of Nantes enacted by his grandfather Henry IV, and the Rights eventually removed the Protestants from the kingdom, but this in turn had a negative impact on the country's economy as wealthy Huguenot businessmen left the country. And to distance himself from its citizens he moved the center of his power from Paris to his pompous and elegant Palace of Versailles in May 1682, which he built in 1661. The Palace of Versailles customized by Louis XIV became most brilliant legacy of the king, and also became the official home of nobles in France, and one of the most magnificent palaces in all of Europe. Versailles also became a reflection of the pomp of the nobility in the face of the kingdom’s sliding financial problems, due to its expenditures on participating in wars outside France, against Spain, in the Holy Roman Empire and so on. This did not deter him from building a reputation as a king, and he even considered himself the Sun King. For him, he and France were one, and France and its subjects revolved around him, to which he even uttered the words “L’état c’est moi” or I am the State. Louis XIV also became a patron of art and art flourished in France during his time.
For 72 years, sj Louis XIV was considered the longest and longest reigning king of France, and although war, financial crisis and his personal scandals engulfed his regime, he no doubt laid the foundation of magnificence and greatness. of France, something that the kings who followed him had never done before among the people who came.
He died on the first day of September 1715 at the age of 76, and was succeeded to the throne by his five -year -old grandson Louis XV.
FACEBOOK CEO MARK ZUCKERBERG WAS BORN
*May 14, 1984*
Today is the 36th birthday of one of the founders of the largest social networking site on the planet and its current Chief Executive Officer Mark Elliot Zuckerberg. He was born on this day in 1984 in White Plains, New York state in the United States and his ancestors were Polish, Austrian and German. He was one of five children of Karen Kempner and Edward Zuckerberg. Zuckerberg was a smart and efficient student in his youth, and he also excelled in speaking French, Hebrew, Mandarin, Latin and Greek. He also found an interest in mathematics and computers.
After attending a prestigious high school, he entered Harvard University in America, where Facebook was born, which he originally developed with his friends in psychology and computer science courses. Founded in February 2004, Facebook is the ancestor of the former website also developed by Zuckerberg, Facemash, whose sole purpose was to judge the facial expressions of female students at the university, but was later shut down for violating the university's policy. school. And unlike Facemash, Facebook succeeded and over the years it spread like wildfire all the way outside of Harvard University and all over America over the year 2006. Facebook was originally just for Harvard, Zuckerberg has expanded. its operation to serve as an instrument in disseminating information and other things. Zuckerberg became a billionaire in 2007 because of his social networking site at the age of 23, and he is currently the fifth richest person in the world, with a total net worth of 103 billion dollars. Currently with the exception of China, North Korea, Russia, Iran Facebook is spread almost all over the world, with 2.7 billion subscribers worldwide, and 76 million of them are from the Philippines. Zuckerberg has also developed and expanded Facebook's methods of signing up, logging in and ensuring privacy for the safety of its users, but Facebook accounts, including the Facebook account itself, are still not safe for hackers. Zuckerberg was touched. In 2012, Facebook became a public company, earning a staggering 86 million dollars in 2020. Facebook also saw its importance in spreading political ideology, especially when it was first used in the campaign of presidential candidates. of America in 2009, was eventually used to propagate various ideologies and beliefs.
Aside from being the co-founder and CEO of Facebook, Zuckerberg is also a philanthroper, providing financial assistance to various sectors, including providing financial assistance in conjunction with this pandemic.
Currently, he is not only the father of Facebook, but also a father to his two children with his Chinese wife Priscilla Chan.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV
https://www.unofficialroyalty.com/assassination-of-king-henri-iv-of-france-1610/
https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/state-of-israel-proclaimed
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1128/today-in-philippine-history-may-14-1935-the-constitution-of-the-philippines-was-ratified
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
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