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Role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in cisplatin cardiotoxicity Entry Cisplatin, bladder, head and neck, solid organ such as lung, testis and ovary used in the treatment of tumors It is an effective chemotherapeutic.1 Major side effects effects include nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and myelosuppression. Although these side effects use and anticancer efficacy the most serious and dose-limiting Although nephrotoxicity2, in recent years during the use of cisplatin in studies and development of cardiotoxicity raised as an important problem has arrived. 3-5 As a primary treatment for cisplatin A major problem of acute cardiotoxicity as well as chemotherapy clinical signs that occur during toxic cardiac effects results appear years later. 6 20 from cisplatin treatment still detectable in circulation, even after years level of cisplatin; it's late considered responsible for the complication has been done. 7. Therefore also possibility of causing cardiotoxicity in the use of drugs with high prevent cardiotoxicity as early as possible. It is important to determine. Secondary to cisplatin chemotherapy observable cardiac pathologies failure, angina, acute myocardial infarction, thromboembolic events, hypertension, hypotension, myocarditis, pericarditis, It can be considered as congestive cardiomyopathy. As the cause of these pathologies; vascular endothelial damage, coronary vasospasm, oxidative and nitrosative stress in platelet functions. disruption, platelet apoptosis, platelet aggregation, fluid electrolyte imbalance, ventricular repolarization, mitochondrial abnormalities and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress is shown. 5 all this oxidative and nitrosative factors stress is a particular focus. 3 Currently on cisplatin against toxic effects an approved treatment that can be used protocol and a specific antidote not found8, still heavily anti-toxicity strategies is being investigated. In its pathogenesis, oxidative and nitrosative stress Considering the benefits of using antioxidants lays out. Therefore, in this study, with cisplatin of cardiotoxicity used for years in the clinic for the prevention of serious side effects even at high doses NAC 9, a powerful antioxidant effectiveness has been studied. Method Erciyes University Scientific by the Research Projects Commission supported (Project no: TTU-2015-6134) and Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Approved by the Board (dated 10/12/2014, decision no:14/168) this study is in Erciyes It was held at the University. During the study, 12 hours on a light/dark cycle, normal room rats kept at temperature (22±1ºC) and humidity, with standard pellet feed and tap water fed. To adapt to the environment for the purpose of; rats, at least before starting the study It was taken into the same experimental environment a week ago. The study included eight rats each. four groups were created: Control (KONT), cisplatin (CP), NAC-250 and CP+ NAC group. Cisplatin10 and Literature information and preliminary data on NAC11 doses study results (data not shown) decided in the light of The first application to the control group saline twice a day, four hours apart (SF) injection was given and two consecutive days It was continued with a single dose of SF. to the CP group at a dose of 10 mg/kg rat weight on the first day cisplatin (Cisplatin DBL®, 100 mg/ 100 mL) while the other injection Only SF application was made at the time. 250 mg/kg for three days in NAC-250 group rat weight NAC (Asist®, Bilim Pharmaceuticals 300 mg/ 3 mL, 10%) was applied. To the CP+NAC group on the first day of the study, first a single dose of 10 mg/kg rat weight dose of cisplatin; two agents cisplatin to minimize its interaction at the fourth hour of its application12 and 250 mg/kg rat weight for two more consecutive days dose of NAC was applied

Evaluation of radiological consultation profile between faculties of medicine and dentistry Entry: Consultation; follow-up of a patient and a physician's own branch of treatment or to get the opinion of physicians from different branches and treatment of the patient in line with these recommendations. Guiding the planning and monitoring 1 Today, both in the medical field and knowledge in dental practice With the accumulation of knowledge and the increase in specialization branches, physician of any branch primarily to issues within its own field. concentration, thus outside the field are adequately equipped causes it to fail. This lack of need medicine and dentists to eliminate accurately diagnose their patients when they hear and to make the most appropriate treatment planning may need consultation for between dentist and medical practitioner consultation; medical consultation and two types of dental consultation can happen. 3 Dentists associate with a systemic disease or present in the anamnesis of patients in order to remove the uncertainties diagnosis prior to their treatment. which includes different examinations (eg: lab tests, advanced imaging examinations) various medical consultations 4 Today, worldwide with an increase in life expectancy together; acute or with chronic diseases and regular medication many individuals from the older age group who use They treat it.5 In the 1900s, Average life expectancy of 47 in America by the 2000s, it was 74. reach; dentists in the advanced age group medical services requested by their patients increases the number of consultations.6 In addition, medical practitioners the operation they will apply to their patients, radiotherapy-chemotherapy, bone marrow after treatments such as transplantation prevention of possible complications dental patients before treatment on behalf ofrequest deregistration can. Again focal infection odontogenous foci in patients with suspected dentists for the purpose of determining dental clinics requested by their dentists. may need consultation. Correct diagnosis of a disease at least as important as the treatment to be performed is a phase. At this stage, nowadays with the help of emerging technology radiological evaluations, one of the most important steps in the diagnostic phase. 7 Both medicine and dentistry radiology unit in faculties of medicine especially those involved in the diagnosis are sections. In this context, dentistry intraoral in radiology units of faculties (periapical radiography, occlusal radiography, bite-wing radiograph) and extraoral (panoramic radiographs, hand-wristcephalometric projections, temporomandibular joint radiographs) In addition to imaging techniques, dental volumetric tomography (DVT) and advanced ultrasound (USG) using various imaging methods detailed investigations of pathologies is done. Restoration of dental and oral health periodic acquisition and maintenance dental radiographs for exams is extremely important. achieve on purpose X-rays of teeth and environment to diagnose localized pathologies in tissues helping; cyst from a simple dental caries, oral malignancy, metabolic and systemic changes that occur with disease at many stages until guide physicians. With the developing technology, the 2000s At the beginning of the years, especially DVT's dental with its place in the practice of medicine Many pathologies in the maxillofacial region easily diagnosed by dentists. started to be placed. 8 DVT's medical Compared to computed tomography more radiation dose reaching the patient low, voxel sizes are smaller spatial resolution and better image quality provided. Fast scanning time and cost and Advantages such as small footprint This advanced imaging method; from oral implantology associated with the temporo-mandibular joint many aspects of dentistry, from pathologies to while providing detailed information in different disciplines; nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, airway, cervical vertebrae like temporal bone It also allows the examination of anatomical structures. 8 Despite the many advantages it provides soft tissue imaging insufficiency or failure of some DVT devices. Field of view (FOV) for visualization of a wide range of pathologies where insufficient, more detailed performing radiological examinations patients, faculty of medicine, radiology 9,10 Medicine from dentistry in literature consultation to the branches of the faculty reviewing studies examining the distribution of cases, often cardiology, internal diseases, oncology, immunology, cardiovascular surgery, chest diseases-allergy, women diseases and childbirth, ear-nose-throat diseases, orthopedics and traumatology, directed to departments such as dermatology, Most of these departments in the department for which consultation is requested. as a cardiology unit 2,4-6 Medical consultation One of the branches directed to Although it is a radiology unit, this unit radiological by dentists. cases referred for consultation A study on the distribution of not found. planned retrospectively our aim in our study; dentist faculty of medicine faculty of radiology for radiological consultation patients referred to the medical faculty while investigating the reasons for referral; medicine from faculty of dentistry to faculty of dentistry keeping a record of the consultations between faculties of medicine and dentistry radiological consultation profile is to determine.

Evaluation of platelet indices in patients with nephrotic syndrome Entry Nephrotic syndrome (NS) proteinuria, with hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema a common glomerular is a disease. Complement in nephrotic syndrome activation, circulating permeability presence of factors, anti-inflammatory benefit from treatments, NS important role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of It shows you playing. 1 Platelet activation of markers in NS variety that can be used to show demonstrated in studies. thrombocytosis, It is a common finding in NS. in 2 NS platelets are hyperagreable shown. 3 Indicating inflammation platelet markers, activation of NS and guide in predicting the prognosis it could be. Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet count (PCT), platelet count (PLT), and platelet large-cell ratio (P-LCR) indicates platelet activation and complete automatically reported in the blood count. 4 MPV platelet volume, PDW circulating shape differences in platelets, PCT is a platelet count in unit blood volume (marker showing total platelet volume) and corresponds to hematocrit in erythrocytes)5 and P-LCR is normal for large platelets. shows the ratio of platelets to platelets. Large platelets are more reactive and dyslipidemia to vaso-occlusive events in patients with contributes. 6 In this study, thrombocyte indexes as a marker in NS determine whether to use intended. Methods From January 2017 to January 2018 to the Pediatric Nephrology Outpatient Clinic in our center. All patients followed up with the diagnosis of NS presenting were included in the study (N=39). Study Compliant with the Principles of the Declaration of Helsinki It was performed as a clinic in our center. by the Research Ethics Committee approved. Studying patients with infections was excluded. Hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), Red sphere distribution width (RDW), White blood cells (WBC), PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, PLCR, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, albumin,cholesterol, triglyceride, urinary findings in relapses and remissions of the disease obtained from the records. Working group steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) and steroid-sensitive resistant NS (SRNS) into two groups. Left. Patients in both groups relapsed laboratory before treatment values ​​are compatible with both age and gender. with the healthy control group as well as with each other. were compared (N=30). In the SSNS group values ​​before and after steroid therapy compared to steroid therapy effect on platelet indices researched. Platelet indices hematological on analyzer (Sysmax, XN-1000, SA-01, Japan) using flow cytometric methods. measured. Blood samples taken from patients analyzed within hours. Platelets methodological evaluation of the indexes reference values ​​as a result of problems difficulties arise in determining can come out. 7 With a healthy control group this difficulty by comparing the patient group has been eliminated. Nephrotic syndrome diagnosis hypoalbuminemia (albumin<2.5 g/dl), nephrotic level proteinuria (40 mg/m2/h), was placed in the presence of hyperlipidemia and edema. Remission in nephrotic syndrome, urine <4 Proteinuria below mg/m2/hr or spot urinary protein/creatinine ratio <0.2 defined as being. SSNS, 4-8 weeks daily (2mg/kg/g) prednisolone patient in remission after treatment group, while the SRNS group steroid therapy at the same dose at the same time group of patients who did not go into remission after was defined as. Renal biopsy 1-10 age, without hypertension, normal kidney function and complement good response to steroid therapy minimal change disease It was not made considering the pre-diagnosis. SRNS kidney for all patients biopsy was performed. Statistical analysis Normality of continuous measurements controls were tested with the Shapiro Wilk test. Control and individuals with nephrotic syndrome for differences in continuous measurements Student's t test was used. control, steroid resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic pertaining to continuous measurements in individuals with the syndrome Variance analysis to detect differences used. Homogeneity of variances controls were tested with the Levene test and differences between groups in homogeneous Heterogeneous with One Way ANOVA test Tested with the Welch test. Dual For comparisons, the Bonferronni test and Games-Howell tests were used. Descriptive mean and standard as statistics deviation values ​​are given. Categorical If the dependency between the variables is Tested with the Pearson Chi-Square test. Number and percentage as descriptive statistics values ​​are given. As statistical significance p<0.05 was taken.

Evaluation of potent antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Entry In the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) targeted; life expectancy of patients prolongation and long-term illness especially the complications Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HSC) is protection. Among other targets prevention of mother-to-child transmission, HBV reactivation and HBV-related extrahepatic events are prevented. The most in treatment important endpoint is HBV DNA suppression. providing and long-term 1 probability of reaching these goals. The time of initiation of treatment is important. This the stage of the disease to determine the time and patient age is taken into account. in the advanced HBV first target in patients with cirrhosis suppression of the second target is the development of HCC. is to prevent. Final choice of treatment one of the guides 2019 European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), strong and resistance barrier as the first choice Entecavir (ETV), Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF) or Tenofovir alafenamide long-term application of (TAF) treatments 2 ETV since 2006, TDF in our country since 2008. are potent antivirals. In this study, in our outpatient with regular follow-up, good drug compliance In patients who started ETV or TDF treatment, virological, serological and biochemically long term evaluation of its effectiveness intended. Method Study A retrospective clinical The study was conducted between 2007 and 2015. Infection in a tertiary hospital Diseases and Clinical Microbiology was done in the clinic. Erciyes for work From the Ethics Committee of the University of Medicine (No. 96681246) has been approved. In the study, those diagnosed with CHB, 111 who had not received prior oral antiviral therapy patients were included (54 in the TDF group, ETV 57 in the group). Inclusion criteria for the study; 18 age and above, under 70 years of age, for longer than six months HBsAg positivity at the beginning of treatment HBV DNA 104 copies/ml, liver Histology Ishak stage two and above histology with an activity index (HAI) of below or above, TDF or ETV for more than a month used patients were included. of patients After starting ETV/TDF therapy follow-up times were recorded. Exclusion Criteria in the Study; Autoimmunity, metabolic liver disease, decompensated cirrhotic patients, pregnancy, chronic kidney failure, heart failure and COPD Patients with such conditions were excluded. Treatment response in patients in its evaluation; For viral suppression HBV DNA negative, biochemical In response, ALT reduction was also checked. In addition, changes in hepatitis serologies was also recorded. HBV DNA levels “Cobas TaqManTM 48” (Roche Laboratories, Germany) was measured with the Real-Time PCR system. HBV DNA negative value <100 copies/ml was accepted as ALT level biochemical determined by the method. The lower limit is 40 IU/L determined. As a serological indicator, HBsAg, antiHBs, HBeAg, antiHBe positive/negative changes are saved. in laboratory follow-up ratings 6. 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72. was done at monthly follow-ups. Oral antiviral drug changes was recorded. Patients undergoing medication changes not working after change removed. Before starting treatment, patients liver biopsy materials Ishak score 4 Patients' baseline Histological Activity Index (HAI) and fibrosis (stage) scores were recorded. The diagnosis of cirrhotic patients is clinical, biochemical (Transaminases, albumin level, PT, hypersplenism) and histological According to the stage (Ishak stage 4 and above) determined. Statistical analysis SPSS for data evaluation statistical package program for windows 20.0 used. Regarding the measurable variable data mean ± standard deviation and percentage presented with. Categorical data Chi-square test was used for comparison. Comparison of non-categorical data Mann Whitney U test was used for p<0.05 values ​​that are statistically significant accepted. Results The patients included in the study demographic characteristics are listed in Table 1. Accordingly, age, gender, IFN use history, ALT level, histology statistical difference between evaluations not seen. Initial HBV DNA of patients level (p=0.02), HBeAg positivity rate TDF group (p=0.05), treatment follow-up was higher. duration was higher in the ETV group. (p=0.04). 99 of the patients included in the study (89%) liver biopsy was performed and 12 (11%) hemangioma and coagulation biopsy for reasons such as determined that it could not be done. Virological response Patients in both groups HBV DNA levels during follow-up Table It was shown in 2. Initial HBV DNA value Although higher in the TDF group, HBV DNA suppression at 6 and 12 months In ETV group compared to TDF group statistically significantly more found to be excessive (p=0.001; p=0.03).

Co-existence of Parkinson's disease and knee synovial chondromatosis Entry Synovial chondromatosis (SC), seen in synovial joints and to secondary proliferation that breaks off cartilagenous nodules that can cause It is a rare arthropathy characterized by the formation of Synovial chondromatosis is mostly knee, hip, large, such as elbows, shoulders, and ankles seen in the joints. 1 Definitive etiology unknown and a kind of synovial thought to be metaplasia. Chondromas enlarge in the synovium and then falling and forming free bodies some of the chondromas called osteochondroma. form calcified nodules. Typical The appearance is mostly mono-articular. Each how much joint like bursa and tenosynovium Although exclusions have been reported, often occurs within the joint.2 Parkinson's disease (PD), mainly affecting people later in life It is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. PH prevalence in industrialized countries generally between 0.3% and 60% of the entire population about 1% of people over age It is estimated that 3 PH symptoms: tremor, stiffness, movement slowing, postural instability, and gait is the difficulty. More disease symptoms As it becomes more evident, the patient is more likely to walk. experience difficulties and therefore patients tend to fall. they tend. 4 In this case, we have two factors affecting walking. PH, which is a separate problem, and a rare We presented the SK association. Case Presentation Sixty-six-year-old male patient with PH increased left during the rehabilitation program He applied to the outpatient clinic with the complaint of knee pain. The patient has been present for the past few months. The mechanical pain has been so bad for the past few days. had intensified. The patient's pain is also at rest unable to relax and have difficulty walking was causing. Left knee on physical examination range of motion flexion 110 degrees, extension is the last 10 seconds of the range of motion. was severely limited and range of motion was Left knee was painful throughout. suprapatellar There was minimal swelling in the area. redness, heat There was no increase, but there was crepitation. patient short He was walking antalgic with broad strides. of PH bradymimia with cardinal signs, there was bradykinesia, slowed movements but there was no rigidity. proprioceptive no obvious pathology was not found. rasagiline for PH, pramipexole, He was using levodopa, amantadine sulfate. Hemogram and basic biochemistry tests were normal. Planned for your knees in the left knee on direct radiographic examination narrowing of the medial joint space, osteophytic changes and 10×11 mm radiopaque lesion observed (Fig. 1). From patient to left knee magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was planned. Suprapatellar MR findings in the left knee, the largest of which is 12 mm in the bursa. There were many bone fragments. MRI synovial grade 3 gonarthrosis with chondromatosis, Findings compatible with chondromalacia patella reported as (Figure 2). The patient's The rehabilitation program was suspended. Analgesic therapy was reorganized. Surgery by contacting the orthopedic specialist patient orthopedics for treatment planning was referred to the clinic. Information to the patient about the case study given and written consent form from the participant receipt.

Sugar Addiction: Fact or Fiction? Sugar is a delicious food that triggers the reward system in our brain due to both its energy content and taste, and it is the main face of processed foods that cause food addiction. The general effects of sugar in the brain, and especially its effects on the brain's reward pathways, have been an area of ​​intense research and discussion. Sugar consumption activates the mesocorticolimbic system in a similar way to substance use. Depending on sugar intake, there is an increase in dopamine D1 receptor binding and a decrease in D2 receptor connection in the brain, and this change in dopamine levels may lead to deprivation first and then to continued sugar intake. High blood sugar levels affect the hypothalamic appetite peptides as well as the regulation of peripherally released appetite hormones. These changes in brain neurochemistry that occur with sugar intake, although smaller in magnitude, are similar to those that occur with substance use. Considering the negative effects of sugar on human health, it is clear that the addiction it can create will have serious consequences. Based on these reasons, it is important to take steps in which the government and industry act together, for both individual and public health, in order to reduce sugar consumption.

Dysphagia and nursing for dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis approaches Self dysphagia; It is a finding that is frequently seen in patients with multiple sclerosis and can cause life-threatening complications. In the literature, it is reported that the incidence of dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis is between 33% and 43%. dysphagia; It has been reported that multiple sclerosis may last from 2-3 weeks to 2-4 months during exacerbations, and may continue in remission periods by becoming chronic. Dysphagia adversely affects the patient's nutrition and reduces the quality of life. Aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, malnutrition, swallowing anxiety are important nutritional complications related to dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis. Deteriorated nutritional pattern is one of the leading causes that increase mortality and morbidity in these patients. It is possible to control dysphagia in multiple sclerosis patients with noninvasive and nonpharmacological nursing approaches. In this review, the role of the nurse in the diagnosis, treatment and care of dysphagia and dysphagia, which is an important finding in Multiple Sclerosis patients, is discussed.

Pregnancy Becomes History Chinese scientists have developed a system that will terminate the pregnancy process in women and even detect possible diseases of unborn babies. This system, managed by artificial intelligence, carries the womb environment of the mother to the outside world. Babies will be able to grow in this artificial womb. For now, however, the system is in early development and far from standardized. Scientists working within the body of Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, serving in China, conducted a study that will go down in the history of medicine. As a result of their studies, the experts who managed to create an artificial uterus managed by artificial intelligence, managed to grow embryos in this uterus. It is said that the system, which is currently used only for mice, can be made available for humans in the future. Scientists have literally copied the uterine environment as a result of their work. This allowed an embryo to develop in an artificial womb. Scientists, who use all the molecules necessary for the healthy development of the embryo and carry out their transmission with artificial intelligence, believe that with this study, they can save women from the pregnancy process. Moreover, thanks to this system, possible risks of disease in the womb of the mother are eliminated. Because the system follows the embryo at all times. This type of work is not allowed to be tested on humans. There is something remarkable about the artificial womb developed by Chinese scientists. So much so that keeping a human embryo outside the womb for months is prohibited under international law. This ties the hands of scientists. Because artificial intelligence is currently only training on mice. This makes it impossible to understand whether the study will have an impact on humans. However, this may change in the future, and the Chinese can train artificial intelligence with a human embryo. According to scientists, an artificial womb managed by artificial intelligence is not only preventive for diseases in pregnancy. Experts think that thanks to this system, many negativities related to reproduction, especially miscarriage, can be overcome. Technological developments seem to take the medical world to a whole new level in the very near future.

A controversial feature is coming to Instagram A new privacy feature that Instagram is working on has emerged. The feature detected in the codes prevents users from seeing the entire follower list of other users. It is currently unknown when the feature will be available. It turned out that a new feature is on the way for Instagram, one of the most popular social media platforms in the world. The new feature, revealed by Alessandro Paluzzi, known for his leaks about Instagram, seems to increase the privacy level of users a little more. Because with this feature, users will be able to limit their follower lists. As our readers who use Instagram know; When the profile page of a followed account is visited, users who follow the account owner and who the account owner is following can be seen. The new feature that is being worked on, puts its finger on exactly this point. If the feature becomes available, users will be able to restrict viewing who they follow. The feature currently only covers verified accounts The feature revealed by Alessandro Paluzzi seems to be available only to verified accounts for now. According to Paluzzi, who sampled the feature on Netflix's official Instagram account, when the feature is activated, a note will be encountered when entering the followers section of a verified account. In this note, it will be stated that all users followed by the account can only be seen by the account owner. Instagram did not make any statement about the new feature. In other words, it is not known whether this feature will be available to all users one day. On the other hand; It is not yet known whether the scope of the feature will be extended for all users... If you want to take a look at all the features that will be added to Instagram in the near future, you can take a look at our content here.

Remarkable Statement from Pfizer CEO The CEO of the pharmaceutical company Pfizer, whose name we have heard often since the beginning of COVID-19, evaluated the current situation of the virus. Pfizer CEO stated that the effect of the virus will be felt for years to come. Albert Bourla, CEO of the United States-based pharmaceutical company Pfizer, made interesting statements about the COVID-19 virus, evaluating the current situation in a statement to the French television BFMTV. Noting that the existence and impact of the COVID-19 virus will continue for many years, Bourla said, "Because it has spread all over the world, it will not be easy to get rid of." On the other hand, Bourla stated that he thinks the Omicron variant may be the last wave that requires such drastic restrictions and measures. Regarding this issue, Bourla noted, "I believe that this wave may be the last wave in which such restrictions were made, with the tools developed by science." A more effective vaccine on the Omicron variant will arrive in 3 months In his statement, Bourla stated that the first variant that passed the protection provided by 'Pfizer-BioNTech', the COVID-19 vaccine developed by the company, was Omicron. For these studies, Bourla said, "In a very short time, within 3 months, we will have an effective vaccine." conveyed in the form. In addition, in the statement made by Pfizer, it was stated that the anti-viral drug called 'Paxlovid' developed by the company against COVID-19 will be produced in France. On 16 December, the European Medicines Agency, the drug regulator of the European Union (EU), approved Paxlovid for use in the treatment of COVID-19. In the statement, it was stated that an investment of 520 million Euros will be made for 5 years for this study.

Important Discovery for Modern Man's History The Kibish Omo I fossil, discovered in Ethiopia in 1967, was calculated as 195,000 years old after the analysis carried out in 2005. A repeat study found that Kibish Omo I was even older. The Kibish Omo I fossil, which changed human history with bone and skull fragments first unearthed during an excavation in Ethiopia in 1967, was the second oldest Homo sapiens fossil to date. Don't get me wrong, he still is, but according to the latest research, he's actually even older. With this research, the Kibish Omo I fossil once again changed human history. First, in 2005, when geologists analyzed the rock layer beneath the fossil, they determined that the Kibish Omo I fossil was 195,000 years old. It was one of the earliest fossils of modern humans ever discovered. However, there was always thought to be a margin of error regarding the fossil's age. Kibish Omo I was actually 233,000 years old Kibish Omo I is apparently still one of the oldest relics, but new research has revealed that it's even older. Celine Vidal, a volcano expert, is the lead author of the study published in the journal Nature, and in her statement on the subject, she stated that she believes that there are still uncertainties about the age of Omo I, and that's why she started research. “When the fossil was discovered, it was almost impossible to investigate the volcanic ash there because the ashes were almost like flour,” says Celine Vidal. But thanks to today's more refined methods, Vidal's team was able to match the ash on the fossil to the eruption of a past volcanic mountain called Shala. According to the results of the studies on the volcanic eruption ash, it was learned that the layer in which Omo I was discovered is exactly 233,000 years old. In other words, there is a 38,000-year margin of error compared to the previous finding. Although increasing in age, Omo I is not the oldest homo sapiens remnant. The oldest homo sapiens remains in the world were discovered in Morocco in 2017 and its age was 315,000. With this new research, Omo I got even closer to the fossil from Morocco. However, Omo I is the only fossil of all human fossils ever found that fully resembles modern humans in physical characteristics. This means that all the information that will change about him directly concerns modern man.

Scientists Discover A New Finding About The Human Brain By studying the structure of the human brain, a group of scientists found a way to explain the working principle of biological optimization. The research work was published in the scientific journal Communications Biology. A group of scientists at the RIKEN Center for Brain Science in Japan studied the working principle of the brain. With the research result, it is explained how the free energy principle is optimized for the efficiency of neural networks. Scientists reported that the data obtained from these studies can be used to analyze brain functions that are impaired due to thought disorders and even to create neural networks in artificial intelligence technology. AI can inspire designers Biological optimization can be briefly described as a natural process that makes our behaviors and bodies as efficient as possible. In the brain, neural networks maintain the ability to adapt and reconfigure to changing environments and enable efficient control of behavior and transmission of information. This process is the natural biological optimization of the brain. Scientists at the RIKEN Brain Science Center in Japan conducted a study to discover the mathematical principles underlying the self-optimization of neural networks. The study, published in the scientific journal Communications Biology, showed that the free energy principle is the basis of any neural network. According to the free energy principle, the sensory data that is formed/will be formed by past outputs or decisions is constantly updated. The strength of neural connections and sensory changes within a network are shaped by this principle. "Our findings have proven that a neural network can be used as an agent that conforms to the free energy principle, providing a universal characterization for the brain," said study leader Takuya Isomura. reported that it can be used for One of the interesting aspects of the result is that these rules can be used by artificial intelligence developers. The researchers stated that they think this theory will reduce the complexity of designing "self-learning" neuromorphic hardware in a new generation of artificial intelligence technologies.

Elon Musk Detonates the Bomb, Dogecoin Launches Elon Musk, in a statement on Twitter, said that Tesla by-products can be purchased with Dogecoin. Dogecoin started to appear as a payment method on Tesla's website. This led to the rise of the popular cryptocurrency. Billionaire businessman Elon Musk made a statement that could change the balance in the crypto money world. Sharing a post on Twitter like the previous ones, Musk stated that Tesla products can be purchased with Dogecoin. Musk has made similar statements in the past, but there has been no concrete development in this regard. Alone; There is one thing we need to draw attention to here. Elon Musk used the word "merch" in his post on Twitter. When we translate this phrase, we see that it means "additional product, by-product". In other words, Elon Musk does not seem to be talking about a car produced by Tesla in his share. What is meant here is most probably accessories produced for Tesla cars and products such as clothes produced by Tesla outside of cars. Tesla product can be purchased with Dogecoin (Tesla spin-offs can be purchased with Dogecoin) Such a hamlet of Elon Musk would not surprise anyone. Because his company has been selling Tesla vehicles with Bitcoin a while ago, and he gave up on this decision in a short time. Elon's environmentalist Muse, who also explained why to abandon the decision, put forward. Some screenshots show the testing phase has started Some images shared on social media platforms reveal that Tesla has started testing purchasing with Dogecoin on its website. The section, which is currently visible to some users, seems to be opened to all users in the future. However, it is very difficult to say anything definite at the moment. Elon Musk's tweet directly affected the price of Dogecoin. The cryptocurrency, which was traded at $0.16 levels before the announcement, rose above $0.20 with the statement. The cryptocurrency has gained more than 11 percent in the last 24 hours. Considering that Bitcoin is wobbly, this rise seems to be not bad at all.

Bad News from Germany to Telegram German Interior Minister Nancy Faeser said the popular messaging app Telegram could be shut down "if it continues to break the law". A warning statement came in Germany about Telegram, one of the world's most popular messaging applications. It was said that the application used by anti-vaccine and anti-pandemic restrictions to come together, especially during the pandemic period, could be closed. Making a statement on the subject, German Interior Minister Nancy Faeser said in a statement to the German newspaper Die Zeit that the application, which is popular especially among the far-right, pandemic restrictions and against vaccination, may have to be closed if it continues to violate German laws. 'Shutdown is a last resort' In this warning statement, Faeser said that closing the application would be a last resort, but they could not ignore such a possibility. Last summer, Telegram was also sued for breaking the law in Germany. If the case ends against Telegram, it is thought that the company could be fined 5.5 million euros. Telegram has long been seen as a source of conspiracy theories and hate speech in Germany. In addition, the anti-vaccine groups and those who are against the restrictions implemented in the pandemic come together and organize through the application. According to the statements from the German side, it is also discussed what kind of sanctions can be applied to Telegram throughout the European Union.

Don't Look Up Movie Netflix made statements about the movie Don't Look Up, which it released at the end of last year. Announcing that the watch time of the movie has increased to 321.5 million hours, the company announced that Don't Look Up has become the second most watched Netflix movie of all time. Netflix, the world's most popular online series and movie platform, released the science fiction movie "Don't Look Up" in the last days of 2021. This movie, especially with its cast, became the subject of curiosity even before it was released, with star names such as Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence. The film, which was released for the first time on December 24, met expectations and met with great interest in a short time. In a news we shared with you recently, we mentioned that Don't Look Up has become the third most watched Netflix movie of all time. Now we are here again with a similar development. The movie, which has been watched 321.5 million hours to date, surpassed 2018's Bird Box to become the second most watched Netflix movie of all time. At the top is Red Notice, which has been watched for 364 million hours. Will Don't Look Up be the most watched Netflix movie of all time? Written and directed by Adam McKay, we focus on the adventures of two scientists. Detecting a comet approaching our planet at great speed, astronomers are taking action to protect people from a comet the size of Mount Everest. In addition to Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence, the film also stars Chris Evans, Timothee Chalamet, Mark Rylance, Meryl Streep and famous singer Ariana Grande. Written and directed by Adam McKay, we focus on the adventures of two scientists. Detecting a comet approaching our planet at great speed, astronomers are taking action to protect people from a comet the size of Mount Everest. In addition to Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Lawrence, the film also stars Chris Evans, Timothee Chalamet, Mark Rylance, Meryl Streep and famous singer Ariana Grande.

A First in the World Years of work on transplanting pig organs to humans have just begun to bear fruit, and for the first time in the world, a pig heart has been transplanted into a human. The patient's condition is reported to be good now. While the medical world continues to work on organ transplantation from animal to human, we have witnessed very important developments in recent years. About two years ago, we shared with you the statement of scientists, "Pig to human heart transplant can be done in 5 years". Following this announcement, the world's first pig-to-human kidney transplant, the first stage of this, was performed in the past months. The pig-to-human kidney transplant would provide information that would allow it to move to the next stage. The kidney transplant was successful, and the medical community gradually began to work on the pig heart transplant as well. The other day, a first in the medical world was signed and a pig's heart was transplanted into a human. The patient's condition is good. The pig-to-human heart transplant surgery was performed last Friday at the University of Maryland Medical Center in the United States. The pig heart transplanted was 57-year-old David Bennett. Bennett agreed to have this surgery as a last resort in order not to die. But Bennett was not considered eligible for a human heart transplant for some reason. Performing the surgery, Dr. Bartley Griffith explained that Bennett, who suffers from heart failure and an irregular heartbeat, is not suitable for a human heart transplant or a heart pump. After three days of this highly experimental and 7-hour surgery, it was announced that Bennett's condition was good. Before performing this surgery, Griffith had long worked to enable animal-to-human heart transplants. Before he offered this surgery to Bennett, 50 baboons had previously performed pig hearts. “It may not live, it may last a day, or it may last a few days,” Bennett said in a statement. So we're in the unknown right now." used the phrases. The pig from which the heart was taken was a genetically modified pig The sugar in the pig gene, which caused the direct rejection of the transplanted heart by the human, was removed by gene editing. While many biotech companies are currently developing pig organs for transplant into humans, the heart used in this surgery was supplied by Revivicor.

It's Getting Harder to Produce Bitcoin Bitcoin's hash rate broke the record, increasing by 45 percent compared to the rate recorded on the first day of last year. Along with this, the difficulty level and total revenue also saw an increase. As those of you who are familiar with the crypto money industry will know, the working speed of the machine working to produce a new Bitcoin is called the 'hash rate' or 'hash rate' in other words. The hash rate, which represents the total processing power per second to produce new blocks, and the high instantaneous processing power means that that blockchain is more secure against many various attacks. This is the hash rate of Bitcoin we are talking about, which saw its all-time high at the end of last week. Following this, the level of difficulty and the total amount of revenue, showing how much effort miners had to spend to produce Bitcoin, also increased to a record level. Hash rate is 45 percent higher than on the first day of last year The hash rate of Bitcoin, whose first block was mined on January 3, 2009, broke the record by seeing the level of 207.53 EH / s after the new year. Compared to the hash rate recorded as approximately 140 EH/s on the first day of 2021, this means an increase of more than 45 percent. Hash rate reaching 190 EH/s in April 2021; As a result of the ban and sanctions imposed by China on cryptocurrency miners, it experienced a great decrease by seeing the level of 57 EH / s in June 2021. As a result of this pressure exerted by China on the crypto money industry, many crypto miners in the country immigrated to countries such as the USA and Kazakhstan. On the first day of the new year, the hash rate rises above 200 EH/s, indicating that there is now a three-and-a-half-fold recovery after the decline in June 2021. Of course, the recovery of the hash rate means that it becomes increasingly difficult to produce new Bitcoins. Difficulty level exceeding 24.2 trillion after the last update; It is approaching the record 25 trillion dollars achieved in May 2021. This increase in difficulty is followed by an increase in the total amount of income obtained. According to the data released by The Block, the total revenue generated by Bitcoin miners during 2021 is more than $ 16 billion, an increase of approximately 250 percent compared to the previous year.

What is Google Adsense? There are many ways to make money by producing digital content in the online world. One of them is to get advertisements on your blog or website. However, not everyone can find an advertiser and get a deal. This is where the Google AdSense service comes into play. With Google AdSense, you can publish ads that are automatically displayed on your website and earn different fees over them. Unfortunately, not everyone can benefit from the Google AdSense service. To use it, you must follow some rules set by Google. However, if you have an active website, you probably won't encounter any problems. After registration, paste the given code on your site and enjoy making money. Let's take a closer look at what Google AdSense is and how to use it. What is Google AdSense? Google AdSense; It is a bridge connecting advertisers and publishers. A company advertises to Google, a publisher signs up for Google AdSense. The company's advertisement is published on the publisher's website or blog. Google takes a cut and pays the rest of the advertising fee to the publisher. That's what Google AdSense is. The content of Google AdSense ads may or may not be relevant to your website. Because these ads are selected from a pool and the highest price offers are always one step ahead. If you think that the published ads are not suitable for your website, you can also edit it. Here are the first steps you need to take to use Google AdSense. When registering, you may be asked for additional information that is not available in your Google account. It is extremely important that you enter all these correctly and up-to-date. Because when you start receiving advertisements, transactions such as payment and billing will be carried out through this information. You can add more than one website or blog to your Google AdSense account. The important thing is that your website is broadcasting in accordance with Google Advertising Policies. Do not forget that websites that actively broadcast by paying attention to the ratio of text and images are one step ahead. Does it make sense to use Google AdSense? If you don't sell the content you produce to a different publisher or do not negotiate with the advertisers and make special sponsorship agreements, the only way to make money on your website or blog seems to be Google AdSense. After all, Google has a bunch of ads and it has to show them somewhere. The outstanding feature of the Google AdSense advertising network is that it constantly offers you ads. Waiting for advertisements from different networks is not always profitable. However, Google AdSense always provides a small income stream. That's why it's not a bad idea to dedicate at least one corner of your website to it. Note that Google Advertising Policies are extremely strict. Google can unilaterally remove the publisher from the AdSense system. Keep in mind that your posts are being watched actively and Google is ruthless about it. Most of the time, this does not cause a big problem, but it is not clear what will happen. What ads does Google AdSense show? The Google AdSense system works quite simply. The company advertises to Google, Google publishes this ad in the space reserved by the publisher, and everyone profits. The fee you earn from ads displayed on your website by Google AdSense may vary for each ad. But you can be sure to get the highest price. The reason you're getting the highest price is because Google is doing it on purpose. Google AdSense ads are automatically selected. However, during this election, advertisers stand out according to the price they pay. Using the ad auction method, Google always highlights companies with high prices. So everybody wins. This does not mean that the one who gives the money blows the whistle. The final word is always with the publisher. If you are not satisfied with the ads published on your website by Google AdSense, you can choose which type of ads you want to be published on your site with the Blocking Controls on the control panel. How is Google AdSense revenue sharing done? While Google AdSense discloses some key revenue shares, it does not disclose all of them. As a viewing fee, the publisher receives 68% of the total revenue and 51% of the search. In other words, when you publish an advertisement worth 100 TL on your website or blog, the amount you will earn is 68 TL. It is also possible to make different advertising deals that vary by publisher. We answered questions such as what is Google AdSense, which allows you to make money on your website or blog, and how to use it, and we talked about the details you need to know about the subject. You can share your thoughts about Google Advertising Policies in the comments.

Omicron Variant Brand new signs of the Omicron variant have been revealed. According to the statements from the United Kingdom, the most important symptoms of people with the omicron variant are blisters and itching on the palms and soles. The world's coronavirus agenda has turned into pessimistic pictures again due to the omicron variant. Due to the high rate of contagion, the number of cases that exploded suddenly led to restriction decisions in some countries. It is not known how the process will continue, but recent studies by scientists have revealed that there is a brand new symptom in COVID-19 disease caused by the omicron variant. Examining the data from the "COVID Symptom Study", known as the United Kingdom's lendi Hayat Eve Sığar-like application, experts announced that symptoms such as high fever and cough were prominent in the omicron variant, just like other variants. However, giving important information, scientists said that those who think they have the omicron variant should follow the changes in their hands and feet. This is because omicron shows symptoms on the hands and feet. Pay attention to the blisters and itching on your skin. According to the data in the COVID Symptom Study, one of the clearest symptoms of the omicron variant of the coronavirus is blistering and itching on the skin. Experts state that itching and blisters, especially on the palms and soles, are very important, and that this symptom is the most important symptom of the omicron variant. The effect of the Omicron variant on the skin is not limited to these. According to studies, a rash and rash-like condition occurs on the elbows, knees, hands and upper parts of the feet. Saying that this ailment may indicate a new skin disease, scientists state that the symptoms are seen at a high rate, although not as much as itching and blisters.

React to Telegram Messages with Emoji The popular messaging platform Telegram has launched its new update, which includes features that can make WhatsApp users jealous. With the Telegram 8.4 update, it will now be possible to react to messages with emojis. Telegram, which is among the most popular messaging platforms in the world along with WhatsApp, tries to offer a better messaging experience to its users with each new update. The platform, which was first launched in 2013 and created by Russian programmer Pavel Durov, has announced a feature that will record video calls and live broadcasts in the past months. Now, an update has come from Telegram that will make WhatsApp users jealous. According to the statements made, the application, which has more than 550 million users, is adding many long-awaited new features with the Telegram 8.4 update. You can react to messages with 'emoji' According to the news, with the Telegram 8.4 update made available, users will now be able to react to messages with 'emoji'. This feature, which we have previously encountered on messaging platforms such as iMessage, Discord and Slack, will allow Telegram users to react to messages with six different emojis. In addition, these emojis can be customized on iOS; However, it has been stated that this is not possible on Android for now. It was also among the explanations that the emojis that can be used by double-clicking on the messages can be changed from the 'Quick Response' section in the 'Stickers and Emoticons' section of the 'Settings' section. In addition, Telegram stated that to further improve the messaging experience, "animated emojis" were developed and made much larger and more interesting. A 'Spoiler' alert has also been introduced to hide sent messages. Thanks to this, users will be able to hide the sent text; Hidden texts can also be opened when clicking on the message. It was stated in the statements that a feature that can translate messages into a different language directly through the application has been added to the platform. WhatsApp continues to maintain its title as the world's most popular messaging platform. However, it would not be wrong to say that Telegram has made important moves in this regard by gradually improving its application and has taken great steps to get ahead of other messaging platforms.

9 Years Sleeping Girl Immediately, while asleep, he cannot benefit from a potentially irreversible activity that does not exist in real life. Working like a power plant, it performs many activities during the day, burning the food we eat and turning it into energy. Of course, there is a plant that is purified from being as it is from it. As you get into this. We do not rest without sleep, our brain benefits from activities that cannot be done since days. Well, have you ever thought about what would happen if you couldn't wake up once asleep? We see some hibernating, such as a browser to nature. In humans, this is not the case. We can stay in a 24-day daily life instead of long-term stays. So can you sleep for 9 years? This is exactly what happened to the 19th child named Ellen Sadler. In the incident that took place in the village of England, 11 girls live one night and continue to sleep for 9 years. Let's plan one of the most fun events in the time of the beautiful, which can come true. The girl who slept for 9 years: Ellen Sadler Born on May 15, 1859, Sadler was sent to work as a caregiver at the age of 11. After a while, Sadler started to exhibit lethargic attitudes at his workplace and was fired for this reason. A doctor discovered that the little girl had bumps or an abscess on the back of her head. His symptoms suggested spinal cord injury. Sadler was hospitalized for 18 weeks due to this illness, but could not be cured. Two days after coming home; He had a seizure on March 17, 1871. His mother, Dr. He told Henry Hayman that Sadler had put his hand under his head and pulled his feet to his stomach, turning to his left side and falling asleep. Thus, Sadler's sleep period began. Dr. Hayman noted that when he visited the little boy again years later, he continued to lie in the same way. Sadler's sleep aroused great curiosity Whether or not Sadler fell asleep or not aroused great interest not only on the local agenda, but also around the world. Those who wanted to see the little girl flocked to the house. The family started to earn money from this situation. Those who came home to see the little girl earned the family up to £2 a week. (Good money back then) In addition to trying to wake the little girl in their own way, those who came to see Sadler in her sleep also donated in exchange for a small lock of her hair. These donations led to an investigation on the grounds that the family was gaining from the girl, but nothing came out of the investigations as they did not extort money from anyone. The little boy that everyone thought was dead at first wasn't actually dead. The article published by the Times magazine in 1871 presented very important statements about the little girl. The Times, which made a statement as "one of the most incredible, inexplicable physiological phenomena ever encountered", announced the event to the whole world with an article it published. A Bucks Free Press reporter described the young girl's sleeping condition as follows: "Her breathing was regular and natural, her skin was soft and her body warm. Her pulse was quite fast, just like in a healthy subject. Her hands were small and thin, but her fingers were quite flexible. Her body was a little weak, her feet and her legs were almost icy, like those of a dead child… Her eyes and cheeks were sunken, she looked dead, but not pale, although there was no color on her cheeks.” A reporter from The Daily Telegraph used the following expressions: "The girl's face is definitely not a cadaver. There is a pinkish tint on the cheeks and some color on the thin lips. Eyes are calmly closed, as if in a healthy sleep. Lift one of the eyelids to the lower eye. I dared touch it, but there was not even a tremor in the eyelash... Her hand was quite warm and moist. Her nails were also neatly trimmed. There was not the slightest hardening of the fingers. She was very thin for her… Her feet were almost as cold as ice.” Feeding and toileting process Feeding Sadler was also an extremely difficult process. In March 1873, Sadler was said to be starving. Sadler's mother fed the little girl three times a day with milk, tea and formula. Maybe the little girl who slept in her best years, after a while, her jaws locked. Wine, oatmeal, and other items were then continued to be served through the spout of a toy teapot placed between two broken teeth. The little girl's toilet was also a separate process. Dr. Hayman wrote that the girl's mother had not had a bowel movement for 5 years, but some feces came out of the bladder every four days. Have any doubts? There were people who were skeptical of this situation because it was an unprecedented event. His mother allowed short visits from the doctors, but did not want him to be hospitalized again. Although neighbors said they saw the girl in the window at night, Dr. Hayman said that if there was a deception, every effort was made to reveal the incident, but it was ineffective. Although the family accepted donations from visitors, they never asked for money; That's why they didn't commit a crime. The Daily Telegraph correspondent said, "I have no medical knowledge and am unqualified to give opinion beyond verification by ordinary kind of observation. Preparing to find a fraud, I went to Turville. I came back - stunned." made a statement. Every sleep has an awakening Her mother, who looked after the little girl while she slept, died of a heart attack in 1880. According to the doctors, the mother's death was due to the stress and mental problems Ellen had experienced as a result of her losing faith that she would wake up one day. Five months after her mother's death, she awoke from her 9-year sleep. The little boy who slept at the age of 11 woke up as a young girl at the age of 21. Waking up on New Year's Eve in 1880, the young girl made the headlines in the newspapers on January 1, 1881. When he awoke, his brothers were around him. Injured by the news of her parents' death, 21-year-old Ellen had never dreamed but felt as if she had just woken up from a dream. Although he was 21 when he first woke up, he was mentally 11 years old. He enlisted the help of his aunt, Grace Blackall, in the process. The money collected while she was sleeping was spent, and Ellen was again in economic hardship. A few years after his awakening, he married a farmer and gave birth to 6 children. He died in 1901. What is the scientific explanation for Ellen's story? After Ellen woke up, Dr. Gelineua began researching Ellen to figure out why she fell into a deep sleep. As a result of the research on Ellen, the disease we know today as narcolepsy was discovered for the first time. Narcolepsy is a rare brain disorder. This disease, which causes a person to fall asleep suddenly, puts the person into sleep paralysis. Narcolepsy is caused by a deficiency of orexin, the chemical in the brain that keeps us awake. Although it does not cause long-term health problems, it causes the individual to spend most of his life sleeping, just like Ellen. This causes psychological health problems.

Elon Musk "Who is the Inventor of Bitcoin" Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX companies, made important statements about the inventor of Bitcoin, which still remains a mystery, in a podcast program he attended. Musk stated that the ideas behind Bitcoin mostly belong to Nick Szabo As of the moment of writing this article, Bitcoin, one of which was traded at $ 47,700, and reached an all-time high by seeing $ 69,000 on November 10, still hosts a great mystery. It is still unknown who invented the cryptocurrency, which has been on the market since 2008. Although we have heard many people who say or are said to be the inventor of Bitcoin, none of them have been true. A new and important statement came from Elon Musk, the CEO of SpaceX and Tesla companies, a name followed by the crypto money market, about who this inventor, whom we know by the name of Satoshi Nakamoto, is. “Nick Szabo is most responsible for the ideas behind Bitcoin” Elon Musk, who participated in Lex Freidman's podcast, denied the allegations that "Elon Musk could be Satoshi Nakamoto" made against him. Stating that he would not hide it if there was such a thing, Musk said, "Do you think it's a bug or a feature that he is anonymous?" After thinking for a long time, he answered his question as follows: “You can study the evolution of ideas before bitcoin comes out and see who wrote those ideas. I don't know who produced Bitcoin for practical purposes, but the development of ideas was pretty clear before that and Nick Szabo is probably the person responsible for the development of these ideas more than anyone else. So even though he denies being Nakamoto, he seems more responsible than anyone else for the ideas behind Bitcoin.” Who is Nick Szabo? Nick Szabo, the person Elon Musk holds responsible for the ideas behind Bitcoin, developed a digital money mechanism known as Szabo Bit Gold between 1998 and 2005, known as the precursor of the Bitcoin architecture. The phrase 'Smart Contracts', which we hear a lot in the crypto money industry, was first said by Szabo in 1993. While many people have long thought that Szabo is the inventor of Bitcoin, he has repeatedly denied these claims. Before Bitcoin debuted in 2008, Szabo was seen commenting on his blog about his "intention to create a living version of the hypothetical currency".

Life of Alfred Nobel The history of humanity and science is full of many interesting stories. However, the most interesting story, of course, belongs to Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes. As we all know, the Nobel Prizes are considered one of the most prestigious science awards in the world and are held every year. The Nobel Foundation organizes these awards and is named after Alfred Nobel. The strange thing about this story is that Alfred Nobel was the inventor of many explosives, especially dynamite. The name of one of the 6 Nobel Prizes is the Nobel Peace Prize. In other words, the peace award is given on behalf of the inventor of an invention that aims to kill the most people in the shortest way. So why? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to examine the life of Alfred Nobel a little. Life is full of coincidences. Maybe we wouldn't be talking about such an award today if Mr. Alfred hadn't seen the erroneous headline in a newspaper. Alfred was an enthusiastic, open-minded child: Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born on October 21, 1833, in Stockholm, Sweden. Despite being 8 siblings, only Alfred and his three brothers survived to become adults. Alfred was a smart boy and had an intellectual background at an early age. St. Petersburg, Russia, with his father and family, where he learned the basics of machine knowledge. He was a 16-year-old chemist when they moved to St. Petersburg and spoke English, French, German, Russian along with Swedish. For a short time St. After staying in St. Petersburg, he left his father and siblings at his father's factory and went to Paris to study chemistry. After completing his education, he returned to work in his father's factory, which was engaged in military production during the Crimean War. However, when the war was over, the factory could not adapt to the peace period and went back to Sweden when it sank. His brothers stayed there to save the factory. Alfred Nobel learns to control explosives: When Alfred Nobel returned to Sweden, he began doing some experiments in the laboratory in his father's estate. Working on black powder, which was the only explosive type at that time, Alfred discovered that when nitroglycerin, a newly discovered substance, was combined with black powder, a much more powerful explosive was formed. He immediately opened a factory to produce nitroglycerin and started working. Nitroglycerin is an incredibly powerful and difficult to control explosive. Alfred Nobel invented the detonator to maintain control. The detonator paved the way for modern explosives, and Alfred opened a few more factories. However, one of the oncoming factories exploded, killing an incoming group, including Alfred's brother Emil. But this explosion did not stop Alfred Nobel's work. Alfred Nobel, who opened several more factories in succession, invented his groundbreaking invention, dynamite, when he discovered that drying nitroglycerin could be transported much more safely. Dynamite, which he patented in 1868, was much stronger and could be detonated in a controlled manner. In the process, Alfred added to his fortune by establishing a large network to produce dynamite throughout Europe. Alfred Nobel's inventions and his depressive loneliness: Alfred Nobel continued to make new inventions after detonator and dynamite. Smokeless gunpowder, rayon, and faux leather are among his most important inventions. While Alfred's patent and production wars continued, his brothers got rich by discovering an oil field in Azerbaijan, and together with Alfred, they bought a weapons factory in Sweden. Despite over 350 patents and commercial successes that made his fortune rich, Alfred was always an unhappy man. Alfred Nobel was always a bit depressed and never married. In addition to his revolutionary scientific works, he wrote plays, novels and poems that were never published. He was considered a liberal or even a socialist for his time. There was only one reason why he made all these deadly inventions; that is to stop wars. He believed that his inventions would create a power to stop wars. It did not happen. How accurate is it to make enormous explosives and think that they will be used for peace? Alfred Nobel, who had a brain hemorrhage as a result of all this fast work pace and internal conflicts, died on December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy. Everyone was shocked when his will, which he had entrusted to a bank in Stockholm, was announced. How did the Nobel Awards come about? Alfred Nobel bequeathed the establishment of a foundation in the name of the trade empire with more than 90 factories producing around the world, and that this foundation give awards every year. He had prepared such a detailed will that the Nobel Foundation's work and Nobel Prizes still continue according to the rules in this will. You ask why? In 1888, Alfred's brother Ludvig died, and the French newspapers, thinking that it was Alfred Nobel, had the headline, 'The dealer of death is dead'. While it is not known for sure, many of his friends said that seeing his obituary changed Alfred. Maybe he wanted to leave a cleaner name for the world. The Nobel Prizes, which were given in 6 categories in physics, chemistry, literature, peace, medicine and economics, were given for the first time on 10 December 1901. At the ceremonies held every year on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death, the economics, physics and chemistry awards are determined by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the medicine award by the Karolinska Institute, the literature award by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and the peace award by a five-person committee selected from the Swedish Academy. The economics prize was not originally one of the bequests, but was added to the Nobel Prizes in 1968. An award may sometimes be given to more than one person, or not at all if there is no suitable person according to Alfred's will. Award winners receive a special medal, diploma and cash prize. The winner can organize a conference if he/she wishes. Between 1940 and 1942, World War II. The Nobel Prizes were not awarded because of World War II.

Key Vaccine The World Health Organization (WHO/WHO) European Director made new statements about the course of COVID-19. In the statement, it was noted that the epidemic will only end with immunity gained as a result of vaccination. WHO Europe Director Hans Kluge recently made new statements about the epidemic after a re-explosion of COVID-19 cases with the Omicron variant. Stating that it is 'impossible' to say for sure when the epidemic will end or whether we will see new and more dangerous mutations in the future, Kluge said, "I do not know when the epidemic will end, but I can say how it will end. The epidemic will end when we reach a 70 percent vaccination rate worldwide, and when we develop effective and safe drugs to be used in the treatment of people infected with coronavirus. "Next year will be better than this year" Underlining the need to strengthen health systems around the world, Kluge pointed out that health workers candidates should also be specially trained to be more prepared for the next pandemic. Stating that the epidemic can only end with the abandonment of the nation-state understanding that acts alone, Kluge noted, "It will end when we are all armed with science and take responsibility for what we do." Noting that COVID-19 may become endemic just like the flu, Kluge stated that they hope the epidemic will end as a result of the increase in immunity with the natural way and vaccine, and said, “It is up to us to prevent its transmission. We may not be without Corona, but we may be free from the epidemic. Noting that the COVID-19 pandemic will stop in 2022, thanks to the improved health systems around the world, Kluge; He emphasized that the virus is always one step ahead and that if we want to defeat the virus, our mindset must change. Expressing that the global course of the COVID-19 epidemic, which we are about to leave behind in its second year, is in a better condition compared to last year, Kluge said, “Every day, we have more effective and safe vaccines that save lives. We understand that the virus is stronger and we know the precautions we need to take to protect ourselves and our loved ones. New drugs are on the market that will change the rules of the game in the treatment of coronavirus. I hope next year will be better than this year,” he added.

Apple Iphone 15 Although it has been a few years since it was introduced, rumors about the iPhone 15 have already begun to surface. According to the latest claims, Apple may make a major change in the series, using new technologies, starting from the iPhone 15. One of the biggest names in the technology industry, Apple continues to make a name for itself in the smartphone market. The last model of the series, the iPhone 13, was introduced for the first time about four months ago. We can say that the iPhone 13 has gone through turbulent times since its introduction. The phone, which was said to fall into the black market, was also on the agenda with the 'screen repair' restriction. Although the iPhone 13 is at the very beginning of the road, rumors and leaks for the next models have already started to appear. As our followers will remember, even the concept design of the iPhone 14 was shared last month. Now, new information has emerged about the iPhone 15, which is expected to be introduced in 2023. It seems that a change that will have a great impact can be made in the future versions of the series. SIM card entry can be removed: Blog do iPhone, a Brazilian news publishing site, has revealed new information about the model of the series, which is expected to be introduced in 2023. Allegedly, Apple is removing the 'sim-card slot' from the iPhone 15 Pro. Instead, eSIM technology will now be used. At the same time, the dual eSIM feature, which iPhone users are not used to, is expected to take place in the new models. In fact, we can say that this news was predicted by experts. The company's Watch series smartwatches are already taking advantage of this technology. In addition, Apple is expected to switch to fully wireless charging technology in the near future. However, according to experts, the fact that eSIM technology is still not actively used in some countries may be a problem for the company to overcome. Of course, these rumors cannot be said to be absolutely true. After all, the iPhone 13 series has just taken its place on the shelves. Therefore, it is not possible to speak for certain iPhone 15 models at the moment. However, the latest rumors are that Apple will make significant changes for the iPhone 14 series. More information in this direction is expected to come to light next year.

Microplastics in Our Body Scientists have found a link between inflammatory bowel diseases and microplastics. According to the findings, people with these diseases either accumulate too much microplastic in their bodies, or those who have microplastics in their bodies get this disease more easily. Unfortunately, microplastics enter our bodies in very small quantities with everything we eat and drink. So much so that it can be found on the body of even newborn babies. It's microplastic if we go to the sea, microplastic if we apply face cream, it's the same if we drink water... We know that microplastics are not good for our health, but a new study has revealed its relevance to chronic diseases. A recent study examined the stools of people with and without 'inflammatory bowel disease' (IBD). IBDs define a group of intestinal diseases that are thought to be caused by hereditary or environmental factors, the cause of which is unknown. In the study, the amount of microplastics in the stools of people with IBD was considerably higher than that of people without the disease. So there may be a link between this disease and microplastics. Which causes which? Pieces of plastic between 5 millimeters and 1 micrometer in size are called microplastics. Even though we can't see these parts, they enter our body even from the water we drink from the plastic bottle, and then they are thrown away over time. So, can some people have more plastic in their bodies send a message about their digestive systems? Yes, according to a new finding from researchers from Nanjing University in China. Researchers examined the stools of 52 people with inflammatory bowel disease and 50 people who did not have the disease. Both sides were balanced in terms of demographic characteristics of the participants, such as age. More microplastics were found in the stool of individuals with this disease, which causes chronic inflammation in the intestines and therefore symptoms such as recurrent diarrhea, pain, fatigue and weight loss from time to time, compared to the other group. This could mean two things. First, excessive accumulation of microplastics in the body can cause inflammatory bowel disease. Second, inflammatory bowel disease may be making it difficult for microplastics to be eliminated from the body. In fact, both of these possibilities can be true at the same time. The study offers the link, not the cause. However, more comprehensive studies can be done based on this connection.

Triassic Sea Monster In Nevada, researchers have discovered a huge fossil marine reptile estimated to have lived 247 million years ago. The researchers noted that the new fossil is a 'beacon of hope' for the resumption of life and evolution. The discovery of fossils belonging to the early dinosaur age still continues to amaze the scientific world, even though millions of years have passed. A new discovery has revealed that ichthyosaurs (ichthyosaurs), fish-shaped marine reptiles that lived in the early dinosaur age, reached enormous sizes in a period of 2.5 million years, which, evolutionarily speaking, is actually quite short to reach these sizes. for a while. "We discovered that at a time when the Earth was recovering from a devastating extinction [at the end of the Permian], the size of ichthyosaurs evolved much faster than whales," said senior researcher Lars Schmitz, associate professor of biology at Scripps College. "This is a beautiful beacon of hope and a sign of the resilience of life - if environmental conditions are right, evolution can happen very quickly and life can come back." he added. "Imagine a sea dragon-like animal" The new species has been named Cymbospondylus youngorum, as the research team reported online Thursday (December 23) in the journal Science. It is estimated that this large-jawed marine reptile, which has a rather strange appearance like other creatures of its time, lived during the Triassic period 247 million years ago. In addition, the researchers found that with a skull about 6.5 feet long (2 meters), this fully developed C. youngorum was over 55 feet (17 m) tall, or taller than a semi-trailer. "Imagine a sea dragon-like animal: streamlined body, rather long, limbs transformed into fins, and a long tail," Schmitz said of the discovery. It was recorded that at the time the 45-ton creature was alive, it may have lived in the Panthalassic Ocean, a super-ocean off the west coast of North America. Given its size and dentition, it is estimated that C. youngorum likely ate smaller ichthyosaurs, fish, and squid. It's true that there were many gigantic creatures that lived in the dinosaur age; however, C. youngorum stands out from the rest for several reasons. For example, C. youngorum lived just 5 million years after the "Great Dying," a mass extinction event that occurred at the end of the Permian 252 million years ago and killed about 90 percent of the world's species. The ichthyosaur's gigantic size makes it even more impressive, according to a 2012 study in the journal Nature Geoscience. New fossil documents rapid evolution of ichthyosaurs However, there was also an explosion of diversification in marine mollusks known as ammonoids during the first 1 million to 3 million years of the mass extinction, according to a 2012 study. The researchers of the new study think that ichthyosaurs' growth to such gigantic sizes was partly due to the early Triassic ammonite eruption, as well as eating jawless eel-like conodonts that filled the ecological void after the mass extinction. On the other hand, co-author Eva Maria Griebeler, an evolutionary ecologist at Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz in Germany, said in a statement that whales grew up by eating highly productive primary producers such as plankton, which were not found in dinosaur-age food webs. According to the researchers, there are also a few similarities between whales and ichthyosaurs, although there are different ways and timelines for achieving gigantism. For example, sperm whales dive to hunt giant squid and there is a link between large size and predatory hunting; There is also a link between large size and tooth loss, just as in toothless whales. "This new fossil impressively documents the rapid evolution of gigantism in ichthyosaurs," Schmitz said. He noted, however, that the whales followed a different path towards giantness, and that this process was much longer and slower. Paleontologists Lene Delsett and Nicholas Pyenson, who were not involved in the research, said: "Ichthyosaur history tells us that ocean giants are not guaranteed features of marine ecosystems, which is a valuable lesson for all of us in the Anthropocene."

Snakes and Humans A study done in Japan revealed that the saliva of all mammals, including humans, and the venom of snakes are descended from the same ancestor. The results showed that it is evolutionarily possible for humans to be poisonous, too. Snakes, some lizards, and even a few mammals have the ability to inflict a venomous bite. Although it is known that the lineages of these poisonous creatures diverged 300 million years ago, according to a recent discovery, their venom actually came from the same ancestor. The research was published in the journal BMC Biology. They focused on a class of venom found in most snake venom and all other reptilian and mammalian venoms, called kallikrein serine proteases, according to the published research. As a result of the studies, the ancestor of the poison class was revealed. Thus, it was revealed that the poison in these creatures came from a common ancestor. The idea was first put forward as a hypothesis: This study by the Graduate University of Science and Technology in Okinawa and the University of Australia in Japan actually drew on the results from the previous study. In their previously published studies, scientists discovered that the mammalian salivary gland and snake venom gland have the same activities in a group of regulatory genes. This showed that the basis for the development of the venom was present in both snakes and mammals. With this study, the existence of a group of genes with venom potential in the ancestors of snakes and mammals was presented as a hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, both creatures followed different evolutionary paths. Mammalian venom has evolved, but not so much. After this research, scientists started a new study to discover the ancestors of the two living things. After advances in gene research methods, scientists compared the kallikrein gene found in reptiles, amphibians, fish, and mammals to finally construct an evolutionary tree. The results proved that snake venom in the saliva of mammals came from the same ancestor. This resulting evidence suggests that it is possible, through evolution, for salivary kallikrein proteins in mammals, including humans, to become toxic as well. However, the fact that the building block that develops the poison is in our genes does not mean that it will definitely happen.

Facts About Parrot Parrots, which are members of the Psittacidae family, can come in many different colors and sizes. But the common feature characteristic of all parrots is their strong beak with curved and sharp curves. So much so that they can use their very strong beaks as feet for climbing. In addition, the foot structure is very characteristic. Having four fingers, two on the back and two on the front, is a feature that distinguishes parrots from other species. This structure of their feet allows them to grasp their food easily, and parrots are also the only bird species that can use their feet as hands for food. Parrots have attracted the attention of people since ancient times with their unique and eye-catching bright colors and their ability to imitate many sounds, including human or animal voices, and have been kept in parrot cages as cage birds. Parrots do not have vocal cords, but they do have vocal organs known as the syrinx. Not All Parrot Breeds Have Speech Talent The ability to speak is not equally developed in all parrot species. The Jako parrot, also known as the gray parrot, is the parrot breed with the best speech ability among parrot breeds. Parrot species and all species in their subgroup may differ in size, color and even speech abilities. Males and females of parrots with eye-catching colors are very similar to each other and it is not possible to distinguish gender from their external appearance. The only parrot species that is an exception to this situation is the Eclectus parrot. The females of this species have a black beak, a red head, the body is blue and red, the males have a yellow red beak that looks like a flame, and the body is green. Parrots are intelligent birds and can be trained. If training is started from an early age, many acrobatic movements, words, even phone numbers can be taught. This is about parrots' ability to learn, not their ability to imitate. It is known that the African Gray Parrot can learn and speak up to 200 words, and even assess the situation and associate words. Some experts consider this parrot to have the intelligence of a 4 or 5 year old child. Parrots, which have an active and playful nature, especially like toys that they can gnaw. It has been observed that the parrots watched during these actions mostly use their left feet. Although their general preference is mostly in this direction, parrots can use both feet actively. Parrots Can Sense Music and Rhythm A feature that distinguishes parrots from other bird species is that they can sense music and its rhythm. We are sure that many people have watched videos of parrots playing rhythm with the music. The largest known parrot species is the Kakapo parrot. This parrot species, also known as the night parrot and is endemic to New Zealand, is among the endangered parrot species. These parrots, which have lost their ability to fly, can reach an average of 4 kg in weight. The long lifespan also makes this species one of the rarest parrot species. This species, which lives for an average of 90 - 95 years, also has an example that lives for 126 years. The Kakapo parrot also differs from other species in that it is the only parrot species that is particularly active at night, flightless, and the females are smaller than the males. Another different species among parrots is the Cacatoos parrot. This species has a specific feature not found in other parrot species with its ability to move the feathers on its head. The smallest known parrot species is the Pygmy parrot, or pygmy parrot, which lives in the forests of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, with a length of about 9-10 cm and a weight of about 10 g. The most playful and mischievous parrot species known is the Kea parrot. Sliding on ski slopes, gnawing ropes, gliding in gutters and even stealing money and belongings can be counted among this parrot's favorite activities. The largest known flying parrot species is the Hyacinth parrot. In general, the beak of parrots is strong, but the beak of the Hyacinth is stronger than any other species, it can even crack a coconut. Living Areas of Parrots Parrots live in groups, usually in wooded areas and on trees. There are more than 350 known parrot species worldwide. Many species such as the most widely known Macaw, Lori, Amazon, Gray parrot live in many regions from Africa to Asia, from America to Australia. Budgerigars and longhairs are members of the parrot family and are widely fed species throughout the world. Many species of parrots live in the wild in the warm regions of the southern hemisphere. On the other hand, there are parrot species living in snowy regions and cold climates. For example, species such as the Kea parrot, the thick-billed parrot, the burgundy forehead parrot are among the parrot species living in colder climates. There are also generally known local parrot species. The most specific among these is the Dominican amazon parrot, also known as the Sisserou, a parrot species found only on the Caribbean island of Dominica. It has been recognized as the national bird of Dominica and is featured on the country's flag. Parrots, who lead a monogamous life, lay their eggs in tree holes or rock cavities instead of nesting in their natural life. The number of eggs may differ according to parrot varieties, but parrot eggs are white in all species. Although the incubation period of parrots varies according to the species, it is usually between 24 and 28 days. After the chicks hatch, both the female and male parrots take care of feeding the chicks, but it is usually the mother parrot waiting for the chicks. Puppies born with a very thin coat of hair cannot see for about two weeks. Feathers start to grow after the third week. The time it takes for a parrot to reach adulthood varies between parrot species, but averages between 2 and 4 years of age. Although parrots are herbivores, many parrot species are also known to eat insects. Parrots lead a herbivorous life with seeds, grains, seeds, fruit and plant extracts in their natural life. However, it is known that many parrot species also feed on insects. The feathers of parrots are a natural means of protection against bacteria. Parrots secrete a pigment called Psittacofulvins, which is resistant to bacteria. This pigment, which is produced not only by parrots, but also gives color to the feathers of parrots, but also has an antibacterial effect. Parrots, which are kept as pets in all countries of the world, are forbidden to be kept at home in India. In addition to being able to talk and being intelligent, parrots, which have a long lifespan, are more preferred as pets due to these features. In general, small parrot species can live 15-20 years, medium-sized species can live 25-30 years, and large parrots can live between 60 and 100 years.

Science Surprises Again Although it is thought that no stones are left untouched in the human body in the anatomical studies carried out in the last 100 years, scientists have recently made another new discovery. The existence of a hypothetical muscle layer in the human jaw has been confirmed for a long time. The world of science continues to surprise us with each passing day. While we could not even reveal some secrets in our own body, another proof of this has been revealed today. Scientists have announced that a new muscle has been discovered in the human face. It was stated that this new muscle, which can rewrite anatomy books, is located on the back of the cheeks and undertakes the task of fixing the lower jaw. Scientists led by Szilvia Mezey from the University of Basel in Switzerland stated that the muscle behind the cheeks, which was considered the most prominent of the jaw muscles before the discovery, was thought to be hypothetical and composed of a single deep layer until now. It was explained that the movement of the newly discovered muscle is felt prominently between the cheeks when the teeth are pressed together. The masseter muscle was thought to consist of layers The study, published December 2 in the Annals of Anatomy, described the structure of the masseter muscle, one of the masticatory muscles, as a structure formed in the third and deeper layer. Dr. In his statement, Mezey said that this deep part of the masseter muscle can be more clearly distinguished from the other two layers in terms of function. Other previous studies suggested that the masseter muscle may have three layers. But scientists noted that these early explanations were "highly inconsistent." Scientists, the new study examined the muscles of 24 individuals. Twelve of these individuals were deceased individuals who had donated their bodies to science. This layer, which was discovered as a result of the examination, was named 'Musculus masseter pars coronidea (coronoid part of the masseter)' emphasizing that it is connected to the muscular or 'coronoid' protrusion of the lower jaw. In the team, Dr. Jens Christoph Türp stated that although it is assumed that the anatomical studies conducted in the last 100 years have investigated all kinds of places, the finding is similar to the discovery of a new vertebrate species.