Philosophy summary:

Philosophy concept. Linguistic definition: The term philosophy refers to two Greek words: philo, meaning love, and sophia, meaning wisdom. Meaning love of wisdom The first to use the term was: Pythagoras And it is in its own sense: knowledge of the first principles or the ultimate causes, as they require the truth and strive to reach the correct knowledge. The definitions of philosophy differed according to the different philosophers, and the reason for not agreeing on a single definition of it is that this is the nature of philosophy that does not accept a single definition.

Philosophy topic: Philosophy studies 4 issues or topics: 1- Existence: i.e. the universe (cosmology) 2- Values: It includes: Ethics: It is a set of rules of behavior by which we distinguish between good and evil. Logic: represents the laws of thought that distinguish between right and wrong (such as formal logic is laws that protect us from error) Beauty: the individual learns how to distinguish between the beautiful and the ugly 2- Knowledge: in which philosophy poses a set of questions about the nature, source and type of knowledge. 3- Community problems: Philosophy studies the problems of society.

Philosophy courses: The method is the path that leads to the attainment of the truth. Among the methods of philosophy that it follows to know the truth are: 1- Intuition: the language of conjecture and guesswork. Idiomatically: It is the direct path to knowledge, that is, without the use of a medium 2- The representative approach: It is to establish a ruling in one matter in order to prove it in another for a common cause between them. Example: - Contaminated water leads to typhoid infection Including: Contaminated milk leads to typhoid infection (by analogy with water) for a common cause between them is pollution. 3- Doubt and certainty: Skepticism linguistically is the hesitation between two opposites, one of which the mind does not prefer over the other (i.e., it does not choose either of them). Philosophical skepticism is a systematic doubt that leads the researcher to the truth and certainty. 4 - The phenomenological method Phenomenology attempts to understand something not as it appears to the senses, but as it appears on the level of consciousness. 5 - Analytical method: Analysis is the opposite of structure, which is the transition from the whole to the part.

Philosophy features: Comprehensiveness: Philosophical thought is characterized by being comprehensive, meaning that philosophy gives a comprehensive view of the subject, unlike the natural sciences, which have a narrow and partial view. Consistency: the lack of contradiction with the self, so that the philosopher is keen to avoid contradiction in his ideas, because he is certain that he will get out of the circle of philosophers if and then find that his views are contradictory. Depth: Philosophy goes into depth in research and does not stop only on the appearance of a thing and its external form. Surprise: It is astonishment and amazement that makes the philosopher search and yearn for knowledge.

Philosophy origins: (meaning: Where does philosophy stem from and where does philosophizing come from?)

A - Origins within the human being: They are represented in: 1- Surprising: a person feels astonished in front of everything he does not know, so he is sent to contemplation and research. Therefore, philosophy begins with amazement. 2- Doubt: After a person is satisfied with his astonishment and amazement at knowing things, doubt arises in him from the validity of this knowledge. 3- Anxiety: It is an emotion and feeling in the same philosopher that makes him dissatisfied with reality. It expresses his temporary ignorance and pushes him to search for the reasons behind the phenomena. 4- Moral conscience: a call from the conscience that prevents a person from being drawn into his whims and instincts. 5- Self-awareness: It is the awareness and understanding of oneself and the world. 6- Communication: is the founding principle of society. B - Origins outside of man: It is represented in the history of philosophy.

Philosophy functions: Philosophy in every era had a specific role: In Greek philosophy: it focused on research in nature and the universe (the Maltese school “led by Thales”), where they searched for the origin of the universe’s emergence (is it from water, air, fire, earth?) And when Socrates came, he transformed philosophical thinking from contemplation of nature to contemplation of man. In short: Greek thought combined research into nature and man together. And after Socrates came his student Plato, who attributed the whole truth to the ideal world (as he thinks it is the real world and the earth is only a shadow of the ideal world).

In the Middle Ages: This stage includes the Christian and Islamic philosophies, both of which tried to reconcile between philosophy and religion or between reason and transmission. For Christians, scholastic thought emerged that combines the teachings of the Christian religion with the philosophical views of Aristotle. As for Muslims, we find Ibn Rushd, who tries to reconcile religion and philosophy in his book (Fasl al-Maqal).

In the Renaissance: This period was characterized by liberation from the authority of the church and the clergy, and starting from the 15th century philosophy headed towards a new function, which is an attempt to revive the Greek and Roman philosophical heritage, as well as the pride in the status and role of the mind, which was excluded in the Middle Ages.

In the modern era: By the 18th century, the age of enlightenment, which was characterized by a call for progress, leaving tradition and the authority of the Church, philosophy became interested in studying the nature of knowledge and its sources, forms, and methods, which represent the focus of the entire philosophical thought.

Philosophy value. 1 - The attitude of skepticism about the value of philosophy (the hostile attitude) It is adopted by supporters of scientific tendency (objectivity): they consider it useless and sterile thinking, which is just idealistic (imaginary) perceptions far from reality. And their arguments for that: Philosophy does not reach a final solution Science has made many developments and inventions, unlike philosophy The facts of science are agreed upon, while philosophy issues many opinions Philosophy often contradicts religion 2- The position of defending philosophy: It is adopted by the supporters of the mental tendency, as they consider it inherent and innate in the human being. And their arguments for that: It awakens the mind from its slumber and pushes it to question, research, think, and contemplate all existing things. It is true that philosophy does not produce a commodity or a craft, but rather it produces knowledge The difference in attitudes and opinions is evidence of the fertility of philosophical thinking Philosophy is the one that solves the problems of science.