Results and Discussion

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This article is the results and discussion for the said laboratory activity. Feel free to comment your ideas and related articles about this study😊❤

The data collection of the physical properties of the Potato, Calamansi, Tomato, and Onion which includes its apparent volume, apparent density, specific gravity, bulk volume, bulk density and bulk porosity was determined using the liquid displacement method and solid displacement method. The results were tabulated and discussed.

Table 1 shows the tabulated results for the physical properties of potato, calamansi, tomato, and onion using the liquid displacement method. It shows that the potato with the mass of 220.33 grams has an apparent volume of 220 cc, an apparent density of 1 g/cc and a specific gravity of 1. The larger quantity of the sample potato with a bulk weight of 425 g, has a bulk volume of 428 cc, a bulk density of 0.99 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 1%. The sample calamansi of 1 g has an apparent volume of 8 cc, an apparent density of 0.13 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.13. The larger quantity of the sample calamansi with a bulk weight of 43 g, has a bulk volume of 344 cc, a bulk density of 0.12 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 7.69%. The sample Tomato of 30 g has an apparent volume of 40 cc, an apparent density of 0.75 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.75. The larger quantity of the sample calamansi with a bulk weight of 143g, has a bulk volume of 195 cc, a bulk density of 0.73 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 1.33%. And the sample Onion of 9.67 g has an apparent volume of 20 cc, an apparent density of 0.48 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.48. The larger quantity of the sample calamansi with a bulk weight of 182g, has a bulk volume of 380 cc, a bulk density of 0.47 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 2.08%.

Table 2 shows the tabulated results for the physical properties of potato, calamansi, tomato, and onion using the solid displacement method. It shows that the potato with the mass of 220.33 grams has an apparent volume of 250 cc, an apparent density of 0.88 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.54. The larger quantity of the sample potato with a bulk weight of 425 g, has a bulk volume of 488.75 cc, a bulk density of 0.87 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 1.14%. The sample calamansi of 1 g has an apparent volume of 10 cc, an apparent density of 0.10 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.06. The larger quantity of the sample calamansi with a bulk weight of 43 g, has a bulk volume of 465 cc, a bulk density of 0.09 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 10%. The sample Tomato of 30 g has an apparent volume of 100 cc, an apparent density of 0.30 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.18. The larger quantity of the sample calamansi with a bulk weight of 143g, has a bulk volume of 489 cc, a bulk density of 0.29 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 3.33%. And the sample Onion of 9.67 g has an apparent volume of 25 cc, an apparent density of 0.39 g/cc and a specific gravity of 0.24. The larger quantity of the sample calamansi with a bulk weight of 182g, has a bulk volume of 470 cc, a bulk density of 0.38 g/cc and a bulk porosity of 2.56%.

Table 3 shows the tabulated results for apparent volume acquired using the Liquid and Solid Displacement Method. It shows that the apparent volume using SDM is much greater than the apparent volume using LDM.

Table 3.1 shows the tabulated results for apparent density acquired using the Liquid and Solid Displacement Method. It shows that the apparent density using LDM is much greater than the apparent density using SDM.

Table 3.2 shows the tabulated results for specific gravity acquired using the Liquid and Solid Displacement Method. It shows that the specific gravity of the material using LDM is much greater than the specific gravity using SDM.

Table 3.3 shows the tabulated results for bulk volume acquired using the Liquid and Solid Displacement Method. It shows that the bulk volume of the material using SDM is much greater than the bulk volume using LDM.

Table 3.4 shows the tabulated results for bulk density acquired using the Liquid and Solid Displacement Method. It shows that the bulk density of the material using LDM is much greater than the bulk density using SDM.

Table 3.5 shows the tabulated results for bulk porosity acquired using the Liquid and Solid Displacement Method. It shows that the percentage of bulk density of every material using SDM is much greater than the bulk porosity using LDM.

DISCUSSION

The most important data to record is the volume as it will be useful in calculating other physical properties of the sample material. In determining the volume of a sample material, the accuracy for the experiment and data to be record must be apply in order to arrive to a much accurate and desirable result.

Liquid Displacement Method is a method commonly used in determining the volume of irregular shapes sample material. It is originated from Archimedes’ Principle wherein the amount of fluid displaced is directly related to its volume. It is also given that a liquid can occupy the space given in any desired shape container making it easier to measure the volume of an object submerged into it with the help of a cylinder. The volume of a sample with irregular shapes can also be determined by Solid Displacement Method. The smaller the size of the solid sample (glass beads, flour, sand) used in the this method means a way accurate measurement of the data needed for it has the capability to enter into the open pores and fill the open space of the container fully. This method is inexpensive and easy unlike any other method.

The results shows the bigger differences acquired after measuring the volume, density and porosity of the sample materials used in the laboratory activity. The solid displacement method has way bigger data measured compared in the liquid displacement method. This indicates that the sand as the solid sample to measure in solid displacement method is not as fine as liquid that will fill the container together with the sample completely with minimum pore it may have, especially when determining the volume. It is also proven by the Principle of Archimedes that the Liquid Displacement Method is an accurate method in measuring for. In the process of determining the volumes through Liquid Displacement Method and Solid Displacement Method, it is noticeable that the Liquid Displacement Method is more precise than the other method used. Comparing the two method when it comes to measuring the volume of a given sample, you can visibly see that the liquid occupies all the spaces without hallows unlike the sand which has lots of pores inside, which will affect the data of the samples.

Some experimental errors occurs during the laboratory activity, specifically the usage of bigger samples together with the water or sand may overflow in the cylinder when put altogether. To avoid this error, the researcher must identify the dimensions or volume of the container to be used in order to estimate the mass and the quantity of the sample and the liquid or sand, to avoid errors and to get the desirable results needed. It is also advisable to use a finer material for the solid sample to have an accurate measurements.

CONCLUSION

After the laboratory experiment was conducted, the following conclusions are drawn:

The volume, density and porosity of the chosen commodity were determine using the Liquid Displacement Method and Solid Displacement Method during the laboratory activity. For each method, two (2) sample of each type of material (Type 1- heavier than water and Type 2-lighter than water) were used. For Type 1 (heavier than water) commodity, the Potato with mass of 220.33 acquired a volume using LDM of 220 cc while 250 cc using SDM, 1.00 g/cc for LDM and 0.88 g/cc for SDM density and 1 % for LDM and 1.14 % for SDM bulk porosity. Calamansi on the other hand with a mass of 1 g acquired a volume using LDM of 8 cc while 10 cc for SDM, 0.13 g/cc for LDM and 0.10 for SDM density and 7.69% for LDM and 10 % for SDM bulk porosity. For Type 2 (lighter than water) commodity, the tomato with a mass of 30 g acquired a volume using LDM of 40 cc while 100 cc for SDM, density using LDM of 0.75 g/cc and 0.30 g/cc for SDM and 1.33 % bulk porosity. The onion on the other hand with a mass of 9.67 g, acquired a volume using LDM of volume of 20 cc and 25 cc for SDM, density of 0.48 g/cc for LDM and 0.39 g/cc for SDM and 2.08 % for LDM and 2.56 % for SDM bulk porosity.

Liquid Displacement Method is the most precise method used in determining the physical properties of the samples as it was proven by the Archimedes’ Principle where the amount of fluid displaced is directly related to its volume, compared to the Solid Displacement Method in which its particles are not as fine as liquid that will fill the container together with the sample completely with minimum pores it may have or better without pores within its particle, during the determination of the volume.

Limitations were identified and concluded during the laboratory activity conducted in determining the volume of the sample for two methods. Bigger samples together with water or sand may cause overflow from the cylinder, it should be noted that the estimation for the amount to be used shall not exceed the highest volume calibrated in the cylinder. It is also advisable in the solid displacement method to use a finer material that that will fill the container fully than the sand to have a more accurate measurements.