I already published it in Bangali language. Here's it is👇
https://read.cash/@Saha99saha/samajik-bikas-d3af91ae
Now I write it in English language for understand everyone. 😊
Social development means acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with social expectations. It has been defined as the "process by which an individual, born with potentialities of enormously wide range, is led to develop actual behavior which is confined within a much narrower range- the range of what is customary and acceptable for him according to the standards of his group" . Becoming socialized involves three processes which, although they are separate and distinct, are so closely interrelated that failure in the development of one will result in a lower level of socialization than one might normally anticipate.
The three processes involved in socialization are (1) proper performance behavior, (2) the playing of approved social roles, and (3) the development of social attitudes.
Proper performance behavior means that the child will behave in a manner approved by the social group. As every social group has its own standards of what is "proper" behavior, the child must know what that behavior is and pattern his own behavior along the approved lines. A social role is a pattern of customary behavior which is defined and expected by members of the social group. Every social group has its own recognized patterns of behavior for members of the two sexes as well as for different areas of behavior. There is, for example, a prescribed role for a parent and for a child, for a teacher and for a pupil, for a sibling and for a grandparent.
The third process involved in socialization, the development of social attitudes, is that of becoming "imbued with a sense of oneness, intercommunication, and cooperation". A socialized person likes people and social activities; he is a "friendly" person who reflects his attitudes toward people in the quality of his behavior. In short, becoming socialized means that the child behaves in such a way that he will fit into the social group with which he wishes to be identified and will be accepted by the group as a member.
★Socialization versus Conformity.
On the surface, it may appear that "socialization" and "conformity" are synonymous that a person must be slavishly conventional in his behavior and attitudes if he is to be an accepted member of the social group. Within limits, this is correct in childhood. While the child is learning how to become a social person, he must have a stable model to copy, and he must copy it with a minimum of variation. After learning what the social group expects of him, he may vary his behavior to fit his own needs and desires, provided he does not vary it too much or to the point where he disregards social expectations.
At no age is a "rugged individualist" an accepted person. If a person does not want to conform to the standards of the group, the group does not want to accept him as a member. A slight variation from the group, however, provided the group regards it as superior to the accepted pattern of behavior, not only will be acceptable but also will be imitated. The members of the group will make this deviant pattern their own pattern.
★Sociability versus Nonsociability.
A social person is one who conforms to the three criteria of social development. He behaves in an approved manner, plays the role society prescribes for him, and has favorable attitudes toward people and social activities. Relatively few people, either children or adults, conform to all three of these criteria. Most, however, willingly create the impression that they conform in order to win social approval and acceptance. They do so by learning to use "fronts" to cover up thoughts and feelings that might be considered socially unacceptable. They learn not to look bored, even though they may be bored; not to talk about tabooed subjects in the pres- ence of those who disapprove; and not to look pleased when someone they dislike is hurt.
A nonsocial person fails to measure up in one or more of these criteria. He may behave as the social group expects but have unfavorable attitudes toward people and social activities; he may like people and social activities, but his behavior may not conform to standards essential to acceptance; or he may fail to measure up successfully in all three criteria. A child may be nonsocial because he is ignorant of what the group expects, because he willfully disregards social expectations, or both.
A nonsocial person may, therefore, be either unsocial or antisocial. An unsocial child has not yet learned what society expects of him. An antisocial child, on the other hand, knows what others expect of him but intentionally does the opposite. He is disobedient, quarrelsome, and destructive; he bullies others and derives personal satisfaction from being unfair.
In contrast to the social person is the gregarious one, who craves the presence of others and is lonely when he is by himself but who is satisfied merely to be with others, regardless of the kind of contact he has with them. Gregarious behavior is characteristic of most animals of the lower level of development, whereas social behavior is characteristic of higher animals and human beings. Gregarious behavior is found in the early months of babyhood, before the baby has had an opportunity to learn how to interact socially with others. It is occasionally found among children and even among adolescents and adults who have developed fears of close social contacts as a result of some traumatic experience but whose craving for companionship is too strong for them to be satisfied without some contact with members of the human species.
In childhood, there is a strong drive to be with others. When this need is not met, the child will be unhappy; when it is met, he will be satisfied and happy. Some children can be satisfied with gregarious behavior, but most are satisfied only when they are accepted members of a social group. Anything, therefore, which interferes with their socialization and acts as a barrier to their acceptance by the group will lead to unhappiness.
