How is it possible that galaxies in the farthest reaches of the universe are moving faster than the speed of light? This post is for them. Although the post is much bigger. Hopefully, you will get the answer if you read it carefully.
In search of a light competitor
When Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity in 1905, it shocked the whole world. Because, according to the special theory of relativity, the speed of light will always be the same through zero.
For example, if you throw a ball forward while standing still, the ball will bounce at a certain distance. But if you throw the ball from a moving car or bicycle, then this time the distance covered by the ball will seem less to you than before. Because, now with the ball you yourself are moving. In this case, you have to subtract the speed of your bicycle or moving vehicle from the speed of the ball. On the way to a moving bus, you must have noticed that the other bus that is overtaking your bus seems a bit slow. Because, you have to subtract the speed of your bus from the speed of that bus running parallel to your bus. However, a pedestrian standing outside the bus is observing the speed of the bus but much more dynamic than your bus.
Now, the problem is that if you want to do the same test in the case of light, you have to eat vermicelli regularly. Suppose you stand still and light a torch. So how many miles will the light go in 1 minute? Multiply 18,000 miles by 60 seconds. But if you see a car moving at 100 kmph, a fixed torch on the ground, or a light coming from a light source passing by you, shouldn't the light be a little slower? Or suppose you observe the light passing by you from a rocket moving at thousands of miles per hour for a full 1 minute. So for those 1 minute the light must have seemed a bit slow to you? Because, even in this case, the speed of the rocket is being subtracted from the speed of light.
But the amazing thing is, for that 1 minute you will measure and see that the light has traveled 16,000 miles per second as before! Now suppose you get angry and sit in an imaginary vehicle that will take you at the speed of light. But even then you will see from that dynamic context structure or system that the speed of light is the same! 18,000 miles per second!
Now the question is- what is the reason for this mysterious behavior of the speed of light? Why is the speed of light always the same?
In answer to this we need to know what Einstein's theory of relativity says. According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, when light travels through a dynamic context structure, the clock in that structure slows down and the length of the structure shrinks. You get the same speed of light as you measure the speed of light from a rocket moving in space, just as you measure the speed of light while standing still on the earth. This is because the speed of light has actually slowed down a bit due to subtracting the speed of your rocket. But the watch on your rocket has become slow at that time. As a result, your 1 minute, and 1 minute of someone standing on the earth is no longer equal! The closer you get to the speed of light, the slower your clock will be. As a result, as the speed decreases, so does the amount of time. That is, one decreases to another, or another decreases to another, but their proportions remain the same. This constant or constant ratio is the speed of light. So you will always see the same speed of light. And if you ever achieve the perfect speed of light, the truth is that your watch will no longer be slow, it will stop! With you the length of your rocket and your insurmountable distance will shrink and become as thin as a thread!
The question is - what is the reason for this?
Because nothing else. Suppose a substance or a human being, the faster it moves, the more its mass will increase. And if it moves at a speed close to the speed of light, its mass will increase so much that its own mass will create a very strong gravitational force on itself. And as a result of the pressure of his own gravitational ball, he himself will be compressed and flattened like a thread.
So what we have learned from the special theory of relativity is that the speed of light is always the same. The mass of a substance moving at a speed close to light tends to increase, the length tends to shrink, and time tends to lengthen.
The fact is that no matter can move at the speed of light. Because, all matter or particles have mass. But there is no mass of light alone. If there is a mass of any substance or particle, it will not be able to achieve the speed of light. Because, the closer it gets to the speed of light, the more its mass will increase. And if the mass increases, its speed will also decrease. Nature has laid down these rules in such a way that to this day no one has been able to overcome this obstacle to the speed of light. However, not everyone is sitting on their hands and knees. Science should not sit idly by. Because what will happen to human civilization if science stops? New problems are constantly appearing in the world. And so scientists have to continue to fight to keep human civilization alive.
Racing with the light is not something that no competitor has been or is being sought. For example, in September 2011, experiments at a project called Opera in Cerne, Switzerland, showed that neutrino particles exceeded the speed of light! The whole world trembled at the news! Scientists were absolutely shocked! Because, if the speed of neutrinos really exceeds the speed of light, then the whole world of science will have to be redesigned, where the maximum speed will have to be crowned on the head of the particle called neutrino and the foundations of physics will have to be remade anew.
But the funny thing is - the great physicists were much less delighted than ordinary people were. They declared quite firmly that there were definitely errors in the test. Because, as much as there have been incidents before about the speed of neutrinos and the speed of light, light has always been the winner. Moreover, neutrino particles are not completely weightless. Although it is close to zero, it has mass. So it is not possible for neutrinos to naturally exceed the speed of light. Interestingly, the physicists involved in the opera project themselves were skeptical of their test results. And their suspicions were not unfounded at all. When the same test is done again, it is seen that the speed of light is exactly higher. They found that the speed of neutrinos was higher because of mechanical errors in the calculation of time during previous experiments.
Another competitor that can surpass the speed of light is the space or geometric plane of the universe.
We know that galaxies are gradually moving away from each other in the expanding universe. And the pace of this move is also increasing. The farthest galaxies are moving away from each other faster than light.
The question is, how can a single galaxy with such a massive mass move faster than light? A little while ago you said that a substance with mass can never travel at the speed of light.
Yes, that's right. The point here is that this velocity is not the velocity of the galaxy, only the velocity of space expansion. Space is blooming at a speed that surpasses the speed of light. But that didn't change the galaxy's own speed. Rather their own mass rotation velocity remains the same. Much like the leaves of many floating trees scattered in the current of a pond. Suppose the leaves of many trees floating in the pond are moving away from each other due to the waves. Now suppose you throw stones in the middle of them and increase the speed of the waves. As a result, the speed of their spread also increased. But we must understand that the leaves are spreading rapidly from each other not because of their own speed, but because of the speed of the waves. The same is true of the expansion of space. The speed of space can exceed the speed of light, but not galaxies.
Another potential test was with electrons. Since the charge of the electron is negative. So the speed of light may be obtained by accelerating the electrons of negative charge. But it was found that the more energy is given to make it move, the greater its mass. At first its speed is maximum. Then the speed decreases a little more. Then a little less. It can be seen that its velocity gradually decreases due to mass increase. It's a lot like the mathematical problem of jumping frogs. As much as a frog goes in the first jump, half of it goes in the second jump. The third jump is half of the second jump. In this process, if a frog wants to cover a distance of 5 meters in front of it, will it be able to do so at all? If he goes 5/2 meters in the first jump, then in the next jump he will go half of 5/2 meters i.e. 5/4 meters. The next jump is half of 5/4 meters. Calculated in this way, it can be seen that the frog will never be able to cross the distance of 5 meters in front of it. There are many similar problems with electrons.
This time we can talk about another possibility. This is called quantum entanglement. This is basically a theory of quantum mechanics. According to quantum mechanics, a reality has many stages. The matter can be well explained by the example of Schrঙ্গdinger's cat. A cat is sleeping in a closed box. It is in such a state that it can either die or live. If you are asked before opening the box lid, is the cat dead or alive? You say there are possibilities for both. But after watching, I can tell whether he is alive or dead. When the lid was opened, suppose the cat was found alive. According to quantum mechanics, the cat was both alive and dead at the same time before you observed it. But as soon as it is observed, it has turned into a mere phase. And the other phase happened simultaneously in another parallel universe. That is, when you see a cat alive, according to multiverse theory, the same cat in the same box in another universe dies instantly.
In general, there are many forms of reality, but only one phase can be seen in each universe or in one place.
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Now, if we talk about two electrons moving in the same energy level or position, we have to say that a pair of electrons in the same position will never behave exactly the same. There must be at least one difference between their four quantum numbers (position, angular momentum, magnetic number and spin). For example, if the momentum and the magnetic number of a pair of electrons in the same orbit are found to be the same, then it can be seen for sure that their spin (rotation around its own axis) is different. Now suppose that the two electrons are moved at different distances at will. Even if they were taken 100 light-years away, the difference in their spin would continue. Now, if two scientists sat on two different planets 100 light-years away and measured the spin of the electron in their lab at the same time, it would be seen that if the spin direction of the first electron was clockwise, then another scientist would see the spin direction of the other electron at the same time. There are counterclockwise. And these two events are even events, that is, they will happen at the same time, regardless of the distance between them. Thus we find that in the case of even particles, there is an invisible bond, where the time will always be the same, and the duration of any event or change between them is almost zero. That is, the speed of the occurrence or change of a pair of electrons on two planets before the light reaches from one planet to another is greater than the speed of light. But the problem is that the two scientists who have observed these two phenomena from two planets, when they go to communicate with each other to find out the results obtained by themselves, the light will reach there within that communication period! Because, even if you are 1 million light years away and 1 mile away, even if you can communicate with the push of a button, the light will bypass the position of the two of you! This means that you will not be able to tell anyone about an event that happens faster than light by evading light before it reaches the light. You have to accept the rate.
Another theoretical possibility of gaining higher velocity than light is to navigate through the wormhole. A wormhole is a system or hole through which connections between the spaces of two different universes can be made. We know that if an object falls inside a black hole, it cannot come back because of its infinite gravity. But a wormhole is a two-way hole with a gravitational force, like a black hole, through which an object can pass through and return. But is it at all possible to make such a connection between two places?
Scientists say that it may be possible to do this by piercing the geometric surface of a space in space with a laser beam with a huge amount of energy. But what exactly do they mean by that huge amount of energy? But how?
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