Urine formation & glomerular filtration

📌Urine formation take places by the following mechanisms:-

1.Glomerular Filtration

2.Tubular Reabsorption

3.Tubular Secretion

🔰Begins when a large amount of fluid that is virtually free of protein is filtered from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. Most of the substance in the plasma, except for proteins,are freely filered,So their concentration in the glomerular filtrate in Bowman's capsule is almost same as the plasma.

🔰Then Filtrated passes through the tubules, it is modified by reabsorption of water & specific solutes back into blood or by secretion of other substance from the peritubular capillaries into tubules.

🔰So, Urinary excretion =Gloemrular filtration -Tubular Reabsorption +Tubular Secretion.

🔰Glomerular filtration :- Due to the effective pressure (about 10mm Hg), glomerular filtrate is formed through the glomerular membrane.

🔰Plasma, Glomerular capillary থেকে Bowman's capsule হয়ে kidney tubules এ আসতে এক্টা barrier /membrane pass করে আসে।

📌এর নাম Glomerular Memebrane.

▶️It composed from within outward:-

1. Capillary endothelial layer

2. Capillary basement membrane

3. Visceral layer of Bowman's capsule(Podocytes)

📌Normally, এই membrane protein কে pass করতে দেয় না।

📛যদি urine এ protein থাকতে তাহলে তা disease conditions, that's called Nephrotic syndrome.

📛▶️Nephrotic syndrome :- It is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine.

🔰Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include:

1.Severe swelling (edema), particularly around your eyes and in your ankles and feet

2.Foamy urine, a result of excess protein in your urine

3.Weight gain due to fluid retention

4.Fatigue

5. Loss of appetite.