♦♦♦Malnutrition:-
Def:-It is defined as a pathological state resulting form a relative of absolute deficiency or excess of one or more essential nutrients
♦Types:-4 types
1.Under nutrition:-Insufficient food is eaten over an extended period of time
2.Over nutrition:-Consumption of excessive quantity of food over an extended period of time
3.Imbalance
4.Space deficiency
♦Malnutrition হওয়ার কারনগুলো জেনে নেইঃ-
⚽primary malnutrition:-
---Lack of food
---Lack of elementary Knowledge of food & nutrition
---Refusal to take food
🏀Secondary malnutritions:-
---Disorders of the GIT
---Fever
---Surgery
---Drug therapy
⚽Prevention & Control measures for malnutrition:-
1.Action at the family level
---Promotion of breast feeding
---Improvement in infant & child feeding practices
---Family planning
---Immunization
---Adequate nutrition
2.Action at the community level:-
----Health education
----Improvement of water supply
----Control of infectious disease
3)Action at the national level:-
----population control
----Rural development
---Nutrition intervention programme
4.Action at the international level:-
---International agencies such as FAO,UNICEF,WHO,UNDP are working in their battle Against malnutrition
---Co-operation should be increased between the developed & underdeveloped countries for food
⚾ভাইভার জন্য জেনে নেইঃ-How can a mother of a baby of low socio-economic condition prevent malnutrition of her baby❓
1.Promotion of breast feeding
2.Low cost protein e.g dal
3.Immunization
4.Family planning
5.Nutritional education
6.Consultation with the local doctor
♦♦♦Nutritional deficiency diseases In Bangladesh:-
1.PEM:-Kwashiorkor,Marasmus
2.Low birth weight infants
3.Nutritional Anaemia
----Iron deficiency anaemia
----Megaloblastic Anaemia
4.Vitamin-A deficiency disorders
---Night Blindness
---Xerophthalmia
---Total blindness
5.Iodine deficiency disorder(IDD)
6.Fluorosis
7.Khesari Dhal intoxication:-Neurolathyrism
♦♦♦Protein energy Malnutrition(PEM)
WHO-1973ঃ-PEM describes as a range of clinico-pathological condition arising from coincidental lack,in varying proportion of protein & calories,occuring mostly in infant & young children,and commonly associated with infection.
PEM এর অনেকগুলো Classification আছে।
1.Gomez Classification (See Figure)
2.Waterlow's Classification (See Figure)
3.FAO/WHO Classification (See Figure)
♦♦♦Kwashiorkor:-protein deficiency & Calorie is excess
WHO Classification অনুযায়ীঃ-60-80% of body weight & edema present থাকলে kwashiorkor হবে।
♦Kwashiorkor-এ edema কেনো হয়?
--সাধারনত Capillary bed এর venous end এ Hydrostatic pressure <Oncotic pressure,ফলে fluid,blood vessle এ ফিরে আসে
--kwashiorkor এ oncotic pressure কমে যায় এবং tissure থেকে ফ্লুইড ব্লাড vessel এ আসতে পারে না,ফলে tissue space এ fluid জমে Edema তৈরী করে।
Marasmus:-
WHO Classification অনুযায়ীঃ <60℅ of body weight & oedema absent থাকলে Marasmus হবে
Marasmus kwashiorkor:-
WHO অনুযায়ীঃ <60℅ of body weight এবং oedema present থাকলে Marasmic kwashiorkor হবে।
Difference between kwashiorkor & Marasmus [See Figure]
♦Protein deficiency diseases কি কি আছে?
---Marasmus
---Kwashiorkor
---Nutritional Anemia
---Low birth wight infant
---Infection
♦Prevention measures of PEM:-
According to FAO/WHO:-
1.Health promotion
2.Specific protection
3.Early diagnosis & Treatment
4.Rehabilitation
♦According to unicef:-GOBI-FFF(See Figure)
♦♦♦Lathyrism:-It is a paralyzing disease of humans & animals.
👉Human:-Neurolathyrism
👉Animal:-Osteolathyrism
♦Neurolathyrism:-Neurotoxic এর ফলে হয়।
Causes:Beta-oxalyl-amino-alanine(BOAA)
যারা কমপক্ষে ২-৬মাস 30% diet যদি খেসারির ডাল Constitute করে তাদের এটা হয়।
♦Clinical Stages:-
1.Latent Stage
2.No stick stage
3.One stick stage
4.two stick stage
5.Crawler stage
♦prevention:-
1.Vitamin-C prophylaxis:-Daily administration of 500-1000mg of ascorbic acid for a week
2.Banning crops
3.Removal of toxin or Detoxification
----Stepping method(Lime water এ সারারাত ভিজিয়ে রেখে ভক্ষন করা)
----par boiling (toxin যেহেতু water soluble সেহেতু সিদ্ধ করে,ড্রাই করে খাওয়া)
4.Give education
5.Genetic approach
6.Socio-economic changes
♦♦♦Food Adulteration
Def:-Extraction of valuable components from food or addition of something of lower price which is absent in the food normally with an evil motive which lowers the food value & has injurious effect to health is called Food Adulteration.
♦Food Adultration করার কারন কি?
💥When supply is less than demand
💥To earn more profit
💥Lack of awarness
💥Inadequate knowledge on the consequences
♦Common Adulteration In Bangladesh
1.Milk:
----Addition of water
----Removal of cream
---Addition of milk power
2.Cereals:-
--Rice are mixed with stone grief & mud
3.Oils:-Adulterated by
--Cheaper oil
---Mineral Oils
4.Sweetmeat:-Adulterated by
---Saccharine
5.Butter:-Adulterated by
---Starch animal fat
♦Disadvantages
1.The consumer is paying more money for food of low quality
2.Some forms of Adultration is harmful for our Health
Food Adultration এড়ানোর জন্য যেসব Standard চালু রয়েছে সেগুলো হলোঃ-
1.prevention of food Adultration standard
2.Codex alimentarious
3.Bureau of Indian Standards
