Antibiotics

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#General_Pharmacology

#Antibiotics🧩

āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ†āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻ•ā§āĻŽ āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ†āĻœāĻ•ā§‡āĻ“ āĻ†āĻŽāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻœāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĨ¤

āĻ¤ā§‹ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ• āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ 💁đŸģ‍♀ī¸

ANTIBIOTICS:

Antibiotics are used to augment the body immunity to eradicate the infection or prevent the condition from becoming worse. Lifethreatening conditions, like Ludwig’s angina, may arise from dental infections. Bacterial endocarditis is another example of lifethreatening infection-related to dental procedures, although the role of the dentist is actually preventive

(āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§‡ āĻ†āĻ°āĻ“ āĻ–āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ“āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°āĻ¤ā§‡ āĻļāĻ°ā§€āĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§ āĻ•ā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§‹āĻ° āĻœāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻĢā§‡āĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻ­āĻŋāĻ—ā§‡āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻœāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻĻā§‡āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻ†āĻ°ā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋ āĻ‰āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻ° āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ˛ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§‹āĻ§āĻ•āĨ¤)

Top 10 List of Common Infections Treated with

Antibiotics

âšĢAcne

âšĢBronchitis

âšĢConjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

âšĢOtitis Media (Ear Infection)

âšĢSexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s)

âšĢSkin or Soft Tissue Infection

âšĢStreptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)

âšĢTraveler’s diarrhea

âšĢUpper Respiratory Tract Infection

âšĢUrinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Top 10 List of Generic Antibiotics

âšĢamoxicillin

âšĢdoxycycline

âšĢcephalexin

âšĢciprofloxacin

âšĢclindamycin

âšĢmetronidazole

âšĢazithromycin

âšĢsulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

âšĢamoxicillin and clavulanate

âšĢlevofloxacin

Top 10 List of Brand Name Antibiotics

âšĢAugmentin

âšĢFlagyl, Flagyl ER

âšĢAmoxil

âšĢCipro

âšĢKeflex

âšĢBactrim, Bactrim DS

âšĢLevaquin

âšĢZithromax

âšĢAvelox

âšĢCleocin

Top 10 List of Antibiotic Classes (Types of Antibiotics)

âšĢPenicillins

âšĢTetracyclines

âšĢCephalosporins

âšĢQuinolones

âšĢLincomycins

âšĢMacrolides

âšĢSulfonamides

âšĢGlycopeptides

âšĢAminoglycosides

âšĢCarbapenems

TAKING ANTIBIOTICS:

You’ve most likely taken an antibiotic or anti-infective at least once in your lifetime. From treatments for painful strep throat or ear infections as a child, to burning urinary tract infections or itchy skin infections as an adult, antibiotics are one of the most highly utilized and important medication classes we have in medicine.

(āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ“āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ¸ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ:

āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻĻāĻļāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§‡ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻĢā§‡āĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ­ āĻ—ā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›ā§‡āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒ āĻ—āĻ˛āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§‡āĻ° āĻšāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻŽā§‚āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻšā§āĻ˛āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§‹ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ§āĻŋ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ†āĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ“āĻˇā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻšā§‡āĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦā§‡āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§ƒāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“āĻˇā§āĻ§ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¸āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĨ¤)

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MOST

COMMONLY ANTIBIOTIC USED:

(āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻšāĻ°āĻžāĻšāĻ° āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ•ā§‡āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāĻ˛:)

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis:

(āĻ•ā§‹āĻˇ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻšā§€āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž)

âšĢβ-lactam group

âšĢPenicillins

âšĢCephalosporins

âšĢGlycopeptides

âšĢMacrolides

Inhibition of protein synthesis:

(āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ‚āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§‡āĻˇāĻŖā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž)

âšĢLincomycins

âšĢTetracyclines

âšĢAminoglycosides

Interference with DNA:

(āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž)

âšĢNitroimidazoles

âšĢFluoroquinolones

MAJOR RISKS OF ANTIBIOTIC USED:

(āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻāĻ•āĻŋāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋ)

👉Allergic reactions ranging from severe anaphylactic reactions to simple rashes.

(āĻ—ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ•āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĨā§‡āĻ•ā§‡ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤)

👉Gastrointestinal irritation like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.

(āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ, āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ, āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§‹ āĻ—ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻŸā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸāĻžāĻ‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĨ¤)

👉Hepatotoxicity affecting liver functions.

(āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻ°ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻĒāĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻŸā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĨ¤)

👉Nephrotoxicity affecting renal functions.

(āĻ¨ā§‡āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§‹āĻŸāĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋ āĻ°ā§‡āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻĢāĻžāĻ‚āĻļāĻ¨āĻ—ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ•ā§‡ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĨ¤)

👉Ototoxicity due to accumulation in the perilymph and endolymph of inner ear.

(āĻ…āĻ­ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§€āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻĒā§‡āĻ°āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻĢ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‹āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĢā§‡ āĻœāĻŽā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡ āĻ“āĻŸā§‹āĻŸā§‹āĻ•ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŸāĻŋāĨ¤)

👉Superinfections as candidiasis and pseudomembranous colitis; mainly due to alteration of the normal flora.

(āĻ•ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻĄāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ‰āĻĄā§‹āĻŽāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŦā§‹āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ•ā§‹āĻ˛āĻžāĻ‡āĻŸāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻĢā§‡āĻ•āĻļāĻ¨āĻ¸; āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰āĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŋāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§‡āĻ° āĻ•āĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§‡āĨ¤)

So, āĻ†āĻœ āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ‡āĨ¤āĻāĻ‡ āĻ›āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ…ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŸāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§‹āĻŸāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻĻā§‡āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§‡ āĻāĻ–āĻžāĻ¨ā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ›ā§āĻŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āĻ˛āĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§‡ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āĻŸāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤

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