Digital Science

Science is the name given to the systematic, systematic study of all things that can be observed, tested and verified in the physical world.

The English word science comes from the Latin word scientia, which means knowledge. In the Bengali language, the word science means special knowledge.

Scientists acquire knowledge by following special scientific methods and try to discover various basic laws and general truths of nature and society. [3] The present world and its progress is controlled by science. So its importance is immense. Although systematic analysis of any knowledge in the broadest sense is called science, the term will be used here in specialized cases.

The fields of science are basically two: social sciences and natural sciences. All such sciences including biology, physics, chemistry are included in the natural sciences. On the other hand, the science of human behavior and society is included in the social sciences. However, in order to be a part of science, that knowledge has to be proved through precise observation and testing. And no matter which researcher does the test under the same conditions, the results should be the same. That is, the results of scientific experiments can never change according to individual consciousness.

Many see mathematics as a third class. In other words, according to them, natural science, social science and mathematics are the three classes of science. From that point of view, mathematics is a formal science and natural and social sciences are an experimental science. Mathematics has similarities and differences with the natural and social sciences. Mathematics is, on the one hand, compatible with experimental science, in that both are systematic studies of a particular subject. And the difference is that even if it is proved through experiments in experimental science, something is proved in mathematics depending on a previous formula. This formal science, which also includes statistics and logic, often plays a special role in the advancement of experimental science. Therefore, in order to improve experimental science, it is necessary to spread formal science. Formal science explains how something works (natural science) or how people think (social science).

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Science is a special term used to refer to the acquisition of knowledge in the broadest sense that existed in many historical civilizations before the modern era. The methods of modern science are unique and successful in results.

The word science in the original sense meant a kind of knowledge but did not mean acquiring knowledge about science. In particular, it was a kind of knowledge that people used to communicate with each other. For example, records about knowledge of natural subjects were collected long before history and complex abstract concepts developed. It was used to build complex calendars, to strategically prepare poisonous plants for food, and to study buildings such as pyramids. However, no consistent distinction has been made between the knowledge of such things as is true in each community and other types of communal knowledge, such as: mythology and legal systems.

Prehistory

Before the concept of "nature" (ancient Greek foci) was invented by Socrates' early philosophers, the same term was used to refer to a natural "path" to a plant growing or to a tribe worshiping a particular god. This is why it was claimed that these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense. It was even thought that the first man made clear the difference between "nature" and "ritual". Science was distinguished as the knowledge of nature and what was true for every community, and the pursuit of such special knowledge was called philosophy - the subject of the first philosopher-physicist. They were mainly theorists, especially interested in astronomy. In contrast, attempts to imitate nature by using the knowledge of nature were seen by classical scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear distinction between traditional (eon) and research science (doxa) was made by the pre-Socrates philosopher Perminides (about the early sixth century or early fifth century). Although his work was a poem by Perry Fisius (on nature), in the manner of the natural sciences it can be seen as an epistemological essay. Perminides' refers to a traditional method or calculus that can describe nature more accurately than natural languages. May be similar to "Physis".

At first a major turning point in the history of philosophical science was the controversial but successful attempt by Socrates to apply philosophy to the study of human nature, the nature of political society, and human knowledge. He criticized old-fashioned physics research as lacking only in analysis and self-criticism. He was particularly aware that some early physicists used nature in a way that had no intelligent discipline, which only explained the field of motion and matter.

Anthropological studies were based on mythology and tradition, Socrates wanted to go beyond enlightenment, so he was killed. Aristotle devised a less controversial method than Socrates. He rejected many of the issues resolved by previous scientists. In his physics, for example, the sun revolves around the earth and as part of many natures that were for humans. Every thing has a formal cause and an ultimate cause and with it a role of rational cosmic order. Speed ​​and change have already been described as possible implementations based on their type. While Socrates firmly claims that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way for man to survive (a study Aristotle divided it into moral and political philosophy), he does not argue in favor of any other applicable science.

Aristotle maintained a sharp distinction between the practical knowledge of science and craftsmen. He considered theoretical concepts as the highest form of human activity. He thought that practical thinking as a low standard of living was suitable for a high standard of living and the knowledge of artisans was suitable for the lower class.

Medieval science

The Aristotelian method was used in the search for natural phenomena in pre-ancient and early medieval times. During the fall of the Roman Empire and the periodic political struggles some ancient knowledge was lost, or kept in a somewhat obscure state. However, the general field of science (or "natural philosophy" as it is called) and most of the general knowledge of the ancient world was preserved through the works of early Latin encyclopedias such as Isidore of Seville. Many Greek science texts in the Byzantine Empire were preserved in Syriac translations by the Nestorians and Monophysites. Most of these were later translated into Arabic under the caliphs, in which many types of scriptural teachings were preserved and in some cases improved.

Wisdom House was established in Baghdad, Iraq during the Abbasid era. It is considered a major center of learning during the Islamic Golden Age, with Muslim scholars such as al-Kindi and Ibn Sahl in Baghdad and Ibn al-Haytham in Cairo flourishing from the ninth to thirteenth centuries until Baghdad was destroyed by the Mughals. . Ibn al-Haytham, better known in the West as Alhajen, took the Aristotelian view further by emphasizing experimental information.

Later in the Middle Ages, when the demand for translation increased (for example, the school of Toledo translators), Western Europeans began to collect collections of Latin translations written not only in Latin but also from Greek, Arabic and Hebrew. In particular, the texts of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Euclid were preserved in the houses of Wisdom, which were sought after by Catholic scholars. In Europe, the Latin translation of Alhazen's Book of Optics directly influenced Roger Bacon (thirteenth century) in England, who argued for more experimental science published by Alhazen. During the Middle Ages, a fusion of Catholicism and Aristotelianism emerged in Western Europe, which flourished in Western Europe, where science became a new geographical center. But in the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries all aspects of scholarship were criticized.

Renaissance and modern science

Medieval science carries the views of the Hellenistic civilizations of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, as shown in a book on the lost works of Alhazen where ‘I have picked up on the science of optics from two books by Euclid and Ptolemy, the first of which I have added from Ibn Abi Yosebia Lost from (Smith 2001): 91 (Vol.1), p. X. V. Alhagen merely refuted Ptolemy's theory of vision, but he maintained Aristotle's theory; Roger Bacon, Vitello and John Pekham each wrote a theory on Alhagen's Book of Optics. A series of sensational symbols recognized sensations, ideas, and finally Aristotle's personal and public forms. This model of vision theory became known as Perspectivism, which was used and studied by Renaissance artists.

A. Mark Smith pointed out his own view of the theory that three of Aristotle's four factors are responsible for formal, material, and ultimate guilt, "which is essentially economic, rational, and consistent." Although Alhajen knew that a scene was depicted through an aperture which is the opposite of it. He argues that vision is related to perception. Which was reversed by Kepler, who modeled the entrance student with a water-filled glass-like eye with an aperture in front of it. He saw that from a single point of view all the light was illustrated behind a glass sphere in a glass. The optical chain ends in the retina behind the eye and the image is reversed.

Copernicus created a heliocentric model of the solar system in contrast to the Earth-centric model of Ptolemy's Almagest.

Galileo used experimental and innovative mathematics. However, he was blessed to write about the law of Copernicus by Pope Urban VIII. Galileo used arguments from the Pope and gave them the task of "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" for simplicity which disappointed him a lot. The new technology of the printing press in Northern Europe was widely used to express many arguments, in some cases widely contradicting contemporary notions of nature. Renee Descartes and Francis Bacon published philosophical arguments in favor of a new type of non-Aristotelian science. Descartes claimed that mathematics could be used to study nature like Galileo, and Bacon emphasized the importance of research on thought. Bacon questioned the Aristotelian concept of formal cause and ultimate cause, and that science should be studied by the laws of "simple" nature, for example, heat cannot be called any specific nature or "formal cause." This new modern science began to describe itself as "natural law". This update method is seen as mechanical in nature studies. Bacon argues that science should emphasize practical discoveries for the betterment of all human life.