In biology, morphology is the branch that deals with the form of living organisms. For plants, plant morphology or phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants, whereas plant anatomy is the study of the internal plant structure, mostly at the cellular/microscopic level. This chapter deals with vascular plants, also known as higher plants or trichophytes, which are defined as those that have ducts for circulation of fluids, such as xylem and phloem. The main focus will be the morphology and anatomy of fruits and vegetables due to the important role that external and internal plant physical characteristics play during the different stages of the life of a given plant organ. In terms of gas exchange, the extent of interaction between a horticultural produce and its surrounding environment may be determined by the shape of the product (surface area/volume ratio) and by the thickness and nature of its epidermal tissue. An example is how fast a produce loses water by transpiration. The velocity of gas exchange may depend on the size of the intercellular spaces inside the fundamental tissue of the product. Tolerance to bruising during harvesting, packing, or other handling operations is dependent on the nature of the cells that make up the fundamental tissue. Therefore, knowledge on the morphology and anatomy of a certain commodity is essential for establishing the proper postharvesthandling requirements of horticultural crops.