APOLINARIO MABINI WAS BORN
July 23, 1864
Today is the 157th birthday of the so-called "Great Paralytic" and "Brain of the Filipino Revolution" Apolinario Mabini y Maranan or simply Apolinario Mabini. He was born in Tanauan, Batangas in 1864 and the second of eight children of a poor family of Dionisia Maranan and Inocencio Mabini.
With the help of his teacher, Padre Valeriano Malabanan, Mabini was able to study as a scholar at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila in 1881, and in order to support himself, he also tutored. Although underestimated due to his poverty, Mabini showed his talent in class, and after graduation he entered the University of Santo Tomas in 1884, to study law despite his mother's desire to graduate.
After earning his law degree he worked at a law firm, and later joined the Mason organization, using the alias “Katabay”. He also joined Antonio Luna's Sala de Armas, or fencing school, and joined Jose Rizal's La Liga Filipina in July 1892. But when La Liga was disbanded, it split into two factions. One, the Katipunan founded by La Liga member Andres Bonifacio, and the other, Cuerpo de Compromisarios, were founded by Mabini to continue to demand reform and support the propaganda movement in Spain.
In 1896, Mabini became seriously ill, and soon could no longer walk. When the revolution broke out against Spain, Mabini was one of the suspected accomplices in the revolution, but due to his disability, Mabini was hospitalized at the San Juan de Dios hospital. Mabini rediscovered his purpose in life when he was included in the new revolutionary government of Emilio Aguinaldo. He was appointed Aguinaldo's adviser, and Mabini voluntarily gave his talent to advise El Presidente on government policies. Mabini wrote the El Verdadero Decalogo, and was also one of those who wrote the outline of the new Constitution for the new Republic.
January 1899, when the First Republic was inaugurated, Mabini was appointed head of the parliamentary government, and Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Mabini opposed the war between the Philippines and the United States, but when the Americans offered peace talks, Mabini agreed on the condition of a ceasefire, but the other party refused. Mabini became the target of black propaganda by political enemies, and rumors spread that syphilis was the cause of his paralysis. Mabini later retired from his positions in May 1899, but continued to provide legal advice.
The Americans captured Mabini in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija in December 1899, and in January 1900, he was deported to Guam along with 30 Filipinos who refused to swear allegiance to America. There Mabini wrote La Revolucion Filipina, and there he narrated what caused the failure of the revolution and criticism to his former friend Aguinaldo. Mabini also agreed to swear allegiance to America, and after returning to the Philippines, Mabini was caught by the cholera epidemic in Manila on May 13, 1903 at the age of 38. In 1980, it was discovered that polio and not syphilis were the cause of his paralysis. by Mabini.
JORGE C. BOCOBO DIED
July 23, 1965
On this day, in 1965, teacher, writer, and lawyer Jorge Cleofas Bocobo passed away at the age of 78.
Bocobo was among the first batch of pensioners sent abroad in 1904. Bocobo graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from Indiana University in 1907 and after that he decided to return to the Philippines to serve our government. He first became a clerk in the Executive Bureau and in 1910, he became a professor at the University of the Philippines College of Law. At the same institution he also served as dean (1924-1934), and later became university president (1934-1939). After that, he was appointed Secretary of Public Instruction (now Secretary of Education) from 1939-1941, and served as Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1942 to 1945.
In 1946, Bocobo led a commission that drafted a code to replace the Civil Code of 1889 that had been drafted during the Spanish occupation. This led to the creation of the new Civil Code of the Philippines, which has remained in place in the country since 1949.
Bocobo also received numerous recognitions and awards for his service to the country, and he was also awarded honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Southern California (1931), Indiana University (1951), and the University of the Philippines (1953).
A great writer, Bocobo translated into English the novels of Dr. Jose Rizal. His speech entitled “College Uneducation” remains the main content of several textbooks in Philippine literature.
In recognition of Bocobo’s unique contributions, one of the buildings at the UP College of Law complex in Quezon City, and the former Nebraska Street in Malate, Manila, were named after him.
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE GIVES ULTIMATUM TO SERBIA IN CONNECTION WITH THE MURDER OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND
July 23, 1914
Nearly a month after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, tensions are rising in Europe and Austria wants revenge on those behind the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne. When it was discovered that a Serbian had killed the Archduke and that Serbia was possibly behind the assassination, Austria used this excuse to punish it. So on this day in 1914, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire issued an ultimatum for the Serbian Foreign Office. This Austrian action was supported by Germany, an emerging powerful European country and an ally of Austria.
The ultimatum of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, issued past 6 pm, stated that Serbia would accept the Austrian investigation inside the country, remove any anti-Austrian propaganda, and punish the nationalist group Black Hand, which he had a plot to assassinate the Archduke. It also gave Serbia 48 hours to comply with the provisions of the ultimatum, but there will surely be turmoil between the two.
Serbia complied with the provisions of the ultimatum except for one; the Austrian investigation into the Archduke's assassination. According to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Serbia, it is against their Constitution for a foreign country to interfere in its criminal procedures. Simultaneously with Serbia’s response to the ultimatum, the Serbian army has already prepared for the possibility of escalating tensions, as has Austria. Russia, which is also a Slavic country like Serbia, has pledged to help allied countries should the situation worsen.
Austria did not like Serbia's response to the ultimatum, so just days after finally severing diplomatic ties between the two countries, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
DANIEL RADCLIFFE WAS BORN
July 23, 1989
Today is the 32nd birthday of the British actor who starred in one of the most popular Harry Potter movie series Daniel Jacob Radcliffe or simply Daniel Radcliffe. He was born in 1989 in London, United Kingdom and the only child of Alan George Radcliffe and Marcia Jeannine Jacobson, a Jew of South African descent.
It was 1999 when his career as an actor began at the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), in a TV adaptation of Charles Dickens ’novel“ David Copperfield ”. In 2001, young Daniel Radcliffe reappeared in his first film "The Tailor of Panama" and in the same year, he was chosen to star in the upcoming novel series Harry Potter, along with other British actors and actresses Emma Watson. and Rupert Grint. It was all while he was studying at an all-boys school in London, that he had to teach a private tutor to catch up on education while in the acting role. Harry Potter is the witchcraft-themed novel series written by British novelist Joanne K. Rowling, and is part of seven Harry Potter movie series, from Book 1 "The Philosophers' Stone" in 2001 to "The Deathly Hallows ”in 2011 Radcliffe starred the popular character.
After that, Radcliffe starred in other films such as the following: A Woman in Black (2012), Kill Your Darlings (2013), Victor Frankenstein (2015), three 2016 films Swiss Army Man, Now You See Me 2, and Imperium. It was 2019 when Radcliffe appeared in the TV anthology series Miracle Workers in 2019.
His excellent performance in the role of Harry Potter has put him on the pedestal as one of the highest-paid actors in international showbiz. Moreover, Radcliffe was also known for his philanthropy and other humanitarian advocacy, his support of liberal politicians and for advocating the British republic. Radcliffe also stressed his condemnation of religious interference in the actions of the British legislature, and his wholehearted support for the advocacies of the LGBT community.
References:
Wikipedia (n.d.). Apolinario Mabini. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini
Indiana University (n.d.). Jorge Cleofas Bocobo. Retrieved July 23, 2021, from https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/notablealumni/186/
Project Vinta (2020, July 23). On July 23, 1965, educator, writer, and jurist Jorge Bocobo died at the age of 78. [Status update]. Facebook. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2724469114467011&id=1922575111323086
History.com (n.d.). This day in history, Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum to Serbia. Retrieved July 23, 2021, from https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/austria-hungary-issues-ultimatum-to-serbia
Wikipedia (n.d.). Daniel Radcliffe. Retrieved July 23, 2021, from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Radcliffe
