The Book Of Yesterday | May 13
APOLINARIO MABINI DIED
*May 13, 1903*
Exactly 118 years ago today. One of the victims of the cholera epidemic in Manila was the former Prime Minister of President Emilio Aguinaldo and the so -called "Great Paralytic" and "Brain of the Revolution" Apolinario Mabini. Mabini died at his property in the Pandacan district, Manila at the age of 38, not because of his perceived disability, but because of drinking sour buffalo milk. According to his brother Alejandro, he himself gave the bottle of buffalo milk, the day before it died. His brother complained that the milk he was given was sour. The next day, Mabini complained of severe pain in his abdomen and soon lost his life.
His body was first buried in the Chinese Cemetery in Manila, and later his remains were moved to his musoleum in Tanauan, Batangas. Prior to this, his bones were autopsied and it was determined that polio was the cause of his paralysis, and not syphilis which had been spread by his political opponents.
Apolinario Maranan Mabini was born into a poor family in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 23, 1864 and the second of eight children of Inocencio Mabinia and Dionisia Maranan. Although poor, a priest gave him the opportunity to study free of charge, and seeing his potential as a gifted student, Mabini became a scholar at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he graduated with a Bachiller en Arts. As a child, his mother wanted him to settle down. Instead, Mabini became more interested in studying law, so that was the course he took when he studied at the University of Santo Tomas, and as expected he had high grades and obtained his law degree in 1894. .
Mabini worked for a law firm, and later joined organizations such as Freamasonry, and Jose Rizal's La Liga Filipina. He is also a member of Antonio Luna's fencing club Sala de Armas. But soon, his body became weaker and he suddenly could not walk and stand. Even before the revolution, Mabini wanted change in our country through reform, but when the Filipino Revolution broke out, some of his friends and fellow intellectuals were arrested and killed by the Spaniards for their involvement in the rebellion. Even Mabini himself was involved and arrested, but in his paralysis Mabini was saved by the lead of the firing squad. He was house arrested and also released, and later went to the powder of General Emilio Aguinaldo, to serve as an adviser on the political aspects of Aguinaldo's leadership. Later, he became the first President of Aguinaldo's Cabinet, and while he was admired for his political advice he was also slandered in front of President Aguinaldo by his political opponents. Mabini retired in May 1899 and returned to his private life. He was captured by the Americans in December 1899 and after being imprisoned he was exiled to Guam along with other Filipinos who did not want to swear allegiance to America. On the condition that he agree to swear allegiance to America, Mabini was sent back to our country in 1903, and lived in Manila until the cholera epidemic hit there.
*Envy is one of the cause of our disunity. In his book La Revolucion Filipina, Mabini said, "Instead of helping the people who are more useful to the people, he made them useless out of envy".*
*Return to this language of the so-called 'Brain of the Revolution' and 'Great Cripple' now commemorating the 118th anniversary of his death.*
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini
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The Book Of Yesterday | May 12
AMERICAN GOVERNOR GENERAL WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES WARNS ON GRANTING FREEDOM TO THE PHILIPPINES
*May 12, 1932*
A warning was issued by the former United States ambassador to Japan and former Governor-General to the Philippines William Cameron Forbes on this day in 1932 regarding America's granting of independence to our country. At that time, the granting of Philippine independence was pending in the American Congress. In front of a gathering in Boston, Massachusetts Forbes announced his opposition to it, saying that giving America more freedom in our country of press, organizing, worship and choice would only result in the rise of the oligarchy. of religion, and choice of employment.
It was 1921 when President Warren G. Harding sent William Forbes and Leonard Wood to head the Wood-Forbes Commission, which aimed to investigate the condition of our country under their occupation. Their long period of observation showed that our country is not yet fully ready to lead ourselves as an independent nation.
ANNE FRANK'S FATHER OTTO FRANK WAS BORN
*May 12, 1889*
Today is the 132nd birthday of the home column and the only surviving member of the German-Jewish family Frank of Germany and good father of diarist Annelis Marie Frank Otto Heinrich Frank. He was born on this day in 1889 in the city of Frankfurt am Main, Germany and the second of four children of the German-Jewish family in that city Alice Stern and Michael Frank.
After taking an economics course in Heidelberg, Germany he moved to the United States to work at Macy’s Department Store in New York, owned by American-based German-Jewish businessman Isidor Strauss. He returned to Germany after the death of his father in 1909 and returned to his workplace in America until 1911.
When the first World War broke out he enlisted in the German army in 1915 and was promoted to Lieutenant in 1917 until the end of the war in 1918. After that Otto managed the bank formerly owned by his father until it was closed due to the crisis. economic in Germany in 1930. He married the daughter of a wealthy Jewish businesswoman Edith Hollander in 1925 and was blessed with two children-Margot who was born in 1926 and Annelis Marie in 1929.
When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933 the Frank family was forced to flee to Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where Otto set up a market for ingredients and spices. The Nazis once again disrupted Otto's family life when Germany occupied the Netherlands in 1940 and in order to keep his business alive he let his Dutch friends run it. The Frank family tried to flee to America, but his passport was canceled when America declared war on Germany in December 1941. This is where the Frank family's two -year hideout from the Nazis began, when they chose to hide in the secret annex above. of the building where Otto's business is located. They also hid there with the Dutch Jewish family Hermann, Augusta and Peter van Pels and another Jewish friend Fritz Pfeffer. They were helped hide by Dutch friends working in Otto’s business Miep Gies, Viktor Kugler, Bep Voskuijl and Johannes Kleiman. Frank, van Pels and Pfeffer were arrested by the Gestapo on August 4, 1944.
From Amsterdam, the Frank and Van Pels family were taken to the Auschwitz death camp in Poland, where Otto’s wife Edith, and husband and wife Hermann and Augusta van Pels died in gas chambers. Otto was left in Auschwitz while his children Anne and Margot were taken away from Bergen-Belsen, where they died. Otto was among the prisoners released by the Soviets at Auschwitz in January 1945, and returned to the Netherlands in May of the same year, when he learned that he was the only one left alive among those hiding in the secret annex. She also recovered from Miep Gies the personal belongings of her children that they had hidden, including Anne’s diary. After Otto edited the contents of his son's diary he published it in 1947 as a book entitled "The Secret Annex" and made an English translation entitled "Diary of A Young Girl" in 1952. It was became one of the important first-hand documents describing the Holocaust. Otto remarried his fellow Auschwitz survivor Elfreide Geiringer in 1953, and he collaborated with her in the campaign to make the story of his family and his son known during the Holocaust. He also campaigned for the preservation of the very building they hid, and later became a museum and Holocaust Memorial Site.
Otto Frank died of lung cancer at the age of 91 on August 19, 1980 in Switzerland.
PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL MOVES INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATION TO 12TH JUNE
*May 12, 1962*
At the age of 93, former President Emilio Aguinaldo reached the shift in the date of the Philippine independence celebration, when former President Diosdado Macapagal signed Presidential Proclamation no. 57. This proclamation moves the date of the independence day of our country from the 12th of June to the 4th of July.
The following month, our country's Independence Day was celebrated for the first time in 1962 on June 12, where former President Aguinaldo was the guest of honor at its celebration in Luneta. He was still carrying the very flag he waved on the balcony of his home in Kawit, Cavite, 64 years ago that day. Former President Aguinaldo passed away in Quezon City on February 6, 1964.
And by virtue of Republic Act no. 4166 which was also signed by President Macapagal on August 4, 1964 formally set June 12 as the date for the celebration of Philippine Independence Day.
Since 1946, our country's Independence Day has been celebrated every 4th of July in conjunction with the celebration of the birth of the third Republic of the Philippines.
References:
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1126/today-in-philippine-history-may-12-1962-president-macapagal-moved-the-independence-day-celebration-from-july-4-to- June-12
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frank
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1664/today-in-philippine-history-may-12-1932-forbes-warned-granting-philippine-independence-might-result-in-oligarchy
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
How GOD create all the species in our World
**HOW DID ELOHIM OR GOD OR ADVANCE EXTRATERRESTRIAL SCIENTISTS CREATE ALL THE SPECIES IN OUR WORLD?**
They started experimenting with life from test tubes, and over the years they perfected it, we call this process "Genetic Engineering".
Before creating an organism it is necessary to first create RNA or DNA and to create it you need materials such as the 4 elements that make it up such as ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE and CYTOSINE. Those are the four major elements of DNA composition. DNA is a special molecule that serves as the blueprint of all life forms on Earth because the information on the creation of life can only be found here.
In fact, the Human Genome is made up of genetic codes, lists over 3 billion letters of base pairs all you need to create a human. It is a specified complexity similar to a thick book containing specifics letters, messages or sentences that tell you about what you have in your physical characteristics, personality and all that you have. This is why DNA is sometimes compared to a computer program that possesses mathematical patterns and strange symbolic languages.
Dr. Craig Venter (a biochemist) was the first to create a "synthetic" living single-cell organism (created living cells out of non-cells) or a "man-made living cell" through his expertise in genetic engineering . This is the first artificial life in history, he said that the development of a species will start with the development of DNA.
This means that the creation of life is POSSIBLE and the day will soon come when our scientists will also create another planet that they will land on just like how the Elohim (extraterrestrial gods) created life on Earth. This the so -called SCIENTIFIC CREATION.
As explained in the previous post, I mentioned that the first types they created were PLANT cells, VEGETABLES, TREES capable of reproducing or reproducing. They base it on the climate or ENVIRONMENT of a place, the unique inherent beauty (physical appearance) of plants or flowers is due to the way scientists designed them. This is why their shape and color are unique.
Then they created in their laboratory (eden) all living things in the WATERS, from plankton to small fish then big fish.
They also created seaweed to balance this small world as ECOLOGY, so that small fish can eat from it and big fish can eat small fish.
After the fish, they created all life in the AIR like birds based on the appropriate environment.
Then, all kinds of organisms or animals and insects on the EARTH were their next creation where a planet already has a very beautiful garden and grass, plant -eating animals were the first to be created on the earth. Soon they created meat -eating animals to balance the population of plant -eating animals.
I also mentioned that dinosaurs are among the animals that Elohim also created thousands of years ago. These creations continued for many years until their creations reached over a hundred million species.
**GENESIS 1:24.**
*"LET LIVING ANIMALS COME OUT OF THE WORLD BASED ON THEIR KINDS; PETS, REPTILES, WILD ANIMALS, BASED ON THEIR KINDS".*
The creation of man is the last of the creatures they have created on Earth where each race corresponds depending on the group of the creator, and this is exactly what Genesis 1:26 says “Let us make man in our IMAGE, after our LIKENESS ". And it is important to know that this creation does not refer to just “one man” (Adam) because the word Adam from the Sumerian tablet “Adamu” means MANKIND or HUMANITY, in short many people they created before and this is what -representing the different races of people today.
If you are wondering why each species has genetically similarities it is because of that effect of their creations using genetic engineering methods.
It is true that evolution has taken place, but this biological evolution is not similar to the Darwinian theory which is based on evolution by natural selection which is said to change slowly over a long period of time.
According to Rael’s book, the first living organism created on Earth was unicellular, which later gave way for more complex life forms. But that was not a coincidence, because when they created life they started making simple inventions and then, they DEVELOPED their technique based on environmental adaptation and in this way they actually created fish , animal groups of fish and birds that have backbones and can live in water and land, warm -blooded animals such as monkeys (apes) and so on.
Genetic similarities are the result of their great "artificial mutation" in which a species is the developed model from a species, for example, the Cow is possibly the developed model from the breed of the Buffalo or the Dolphin which is possibly a developed model from Porpoise or the Ostrich which is a developed model of Manok, it is also possible the Zebra which is possibly a developed model from the Horse race and many others.
The genetic and anatomical similarities of some organisms are the result of manipulation of their genes or DNA, this is proof that every living thing is created connected to each other.
The DNA of man and chimpanzee has 96 per cent similarities so it is likely that man is a developed model or genetically modified ape which was augmented so that essentially man became human, this process is comparable to the evolution of mobile phones.
Some fossil evidences (skulls) of primitive humans who became their first developed models or first human prototypes can be seen just like the well -known hominid Australopithecus that was able to live in southern Africa a few thousand years ago. Early human models also included Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Neanderthals. They were replaced in each period by other more advanced forms. This continued until the present human form we see today was fully formed.
All life on Earth is the result of a scientific creation in which everyone lives in the same process, reproduction, respiration and photosynthesis, and it is not a natural cause by random chance. The evolution (or modification) of various forms of life on earth, in fact, is the evolution of creative techniques and the ever -increasing sophistication in the making of creators.
The complexity and diversity of life are just some of the proof of INTELLIGENT DESIGN.
Imagine, what natural need could lead to deer and wild goats to grow CURLY horns? Or the birds to have blue and red feathers? How are your beautiful fish?
Is it just a coincidence that Elephants are able to interact with fellow Elephants through seismic waves or ground vibration? Or the Octopus' ability to change color and mimic the behavior of other fish? Or the Pagi fish that can detect electricity around? Is it just a coincidence that the Electric eel possesses very strong electricity in the body? Or the ability of a Jelly fish to produce in the body different colors of light (bioluminescence)? Was it also a coincidence that a Basilisk (jesus christ lizard) was able to run on the water? And is it also a coincidence that the leaf insect almost looks like a leaf?.
Plants help people breathe through oxygen, and humans help plants breathe through carbon dioxide, is it all a coincidence?
Remember, “there cannot be a watch without a watchmaker”. Everyone who believes that we descended from what they call a common ancestor through a slow process of evolution, seems to also believe that the good watch was just formed on its own accidentally. It's like saying that if you put all the parts of a watch in a bag and shake it too many times, it's possible to come up with the perfect watch that works, even if billions, trillions, or quintillions are done, it's unlikely to happen. Therefore, the Darwinian Evolution is just a Myth.
In fact, as of February 2019 alone more than a thousand doctoral scientists from various countries have expressed their skepticism about the Darwinian theory of evolution.
*"We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutations and natural selection to account for the complexity of life "*
ALL the millions of species on our Earth including us were created by Elohim or extraterrestrial scientists from a distant planet, and these creations of life can be traced not only in the Bible but also in ancient texts. of many cultures or religions such as Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and even considered myths from Sumerian, Egyptian and Greek mythologies. Nor is it a coincidence but these beliefs are rooted in one thing, that is who created life.
Because the primitive people of the day did not yet understand and could not explain about genetic engineering or the mechanism of this creation by Elohim so they simply considered this method as a SUPERNATURAL or MIRACLE from God, which seems to have become "fairy tales" then the former of the stories.
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 11
TOMAS CLOMA OWNS KALAYAAN GROUP OF ISLANDS IN WEST PHILIPPINE SEA
*May 11, 1956*
The name Tomas Cloma is not well known in our history, but the islands in the West Philippine Sea that are currently disputed by our country and China have become attached to his name. And on this day in 1956, the so -called modern Fernando Magallanes and his brother Filemon and 40 other comrades occupied the islands and reefs in the western part of the ocean covered by southern Palawan, and named the islands there as "Free Territory of the Freedomland" which is a microstate. This is the first time a Filipino has claimed islands and reefs in the West Philippine Sea, since those islands were featured on the old map of the Philippines drawn during the Spanish period.
On the 15th of May, Thomas and Philemon Cloma declared to the whole world through a manifesto called "Notice to the World" the claim to such islands, and after hoisting there the flag of our country was established. they the “Free Territory of Freedomland” on May 21st. Not only that, he also formed his own government with the capital on Patag Island, and he will oversee the newly established microstate. Both Taiwan, which previously claimed Cloma's claimed islands, and the Philippine government have joined Cloma's action. Then-President Ferdinand Marcos considered Cloma's claim to the islands illegal and even imprisoned him for posing as a military officer and calling himself an Admiral.
In 1974, Cloma was also released from Camp Crame, on the condition that he relinquish his claims to the said islands by Cloma signing a "Deed of Assignment and Waiver of Rights", which was the reason for passing on to the Philippine government the claim to the territories it claimed. After this, President Marcos claimed the islands discovered and occupied by Cloma, military bases were built especially on the current Pag-asa Island, and in June 1978 the Philippines formally claimed the islands which he called " "Freedom Group of Islands", which includes the islands disputed by five countries, including our country, Malaysia, and China. Also by Presidential Decree no. In 1595, the islands formerly claimed by Cloma were made municipalities of the province of Palawan and were also renamed Kalayaan.
DON FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL WAS BORN
*May 11, 1818*
Today is the 203rd birthday of the pillar of the Mercado Rizal family home and the father of our National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal as Don Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro or simply Don Francisco Mercado. He was born in the town of Biñan, Laguna in 1818, and was one of the children of Juan Monica Mercado and Cirilia Alejandro.
Francisco or Kikoy was only eight years old when his father passed away, and after attending a Latin school in Biñan, he was able to attend Colegio de San Jose in Manila, where he met the then girl from Sta. . Cruz, Manila and also Biñan blood Teodora Alonzo, who was also studying in Manila at the time.
At the age of 29, Kikoy married the then 20-year-old Teodora in May 1848 and built his own stone house in the town of Calamba, Laguna. Kikoy became a successful farmer while Teodora or Lolay had a small shop in their home. The marriage resulted in nine daughters and two sons, of whom Jose was the seventh child of Kikoy and Lolay, but Jose's successor, Concepcion, died early.
Known as a disciplinarian, Francisco was a quiet but strict father and husband. As the father of the home he endured trials on his family, such as the imprisonment of his wife on false charges, and the torture of them by Dominican friar landlords for his buck in raising the rent on their land. It was also unaware of Joseph’s trip to Europe in May 1882, and deepened concern for his son because of his activism in Europe. The friars also evicted the Rizal family from their home in Calamba in 1890, and moved to Manila to the family home of his daughter Narcisa. In all of Don Kikoy's life and only a few times he was with his son Jose since he left the country, firstly when he first returned home in August 1887, secondly when the Rizal family came together in Hong Kong in December 1892, in Rizal was about to be exiled there.
When the Filipino revolution broke out, Don Kikoy and the wives of their children were again forced to flee because the authorities were harassing them again because of Rizal. Don Kikoy last met his son in his last letter when Jose Rizal was hanged on December 30, 1896. Don Kikoy died at the age of 79 in Binondo, Manila on January 5, 1898.
THE TOUR OF JOSE RIZAL AND MAXIMO VIOLA BEGINS IN EUROPE
*May 11, 1887*
After the help of Dr. Maximo Viola's friend Dr. Jose Rizal to publish the novel Noli Me Tangere, the two Filipino friends decided to take a tour of the beautiful scenery all over Europe. On this day in 1887, Jose Rizal and Maximo Viola left Berlin, Germany to begin their long journey in Europe. Earlier, Rizal had already paid Viola his debt after Viola took care of the printing of Noli Me Tangere.
Rizal and Viola first visited the city of Dresden in Germany, which Rizal said was the most beautiful city in Germany he had ever visited. They then went to Leitmeritz, part of the Austrian Empire (now ah Litomerice, Czech Republic), on May 13, where Rizal and professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, who became Rizal's best friend, first met. Blumentritt also had an interest in Philippine culture and history even though it has not yet reached our country. The Blumentritt family welcomed the Filipino guests, and after that Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz for the Czech Republic's capital, Prague, and the two marveled at the beautiful and historic sites in the city.
They then headed to the capital of the Austrian Empire, Vienna on May 20, where they admired two of the beautiful sights in the city that Rizal even called Vienna the "Queen of the Danube". They crossed the long Danube river, and tasted fine wines in the beerhalls of Munich, Germany, and saw the beauty of the European Alps before entering Switzerland on the 3rd g June. They saw the beauty of the cities of Bern and Geneva, but were disappointed by the ridicule of the native Igorot at an Exposition in Madrid, Spain. Rizal and Viola's trip to Italy ended, when they visited the cities of Venice, Milan and Florence, the salmon of the past Renaissance. June 27 ended the two’s trip to the city of Rome, which Rizal called “the city of the Caesars” and “the dust of the Heroes”.
Aside from the new sights, culture, history, and people Rizal met during his trip to Europe with Viola, Rizal also shared his experiences there that he will take with him on his return to the Philippines.
NAZI WAR CRIMINAL ADOLF EICHMANN ARRESTED IN ARGENTINA
*May 11, 1960*
After nearly 15 years of hiding, the supposed architect of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" who gave birth to the Holocaust - Adolf Eichmann - has finally been jailed. On this day in 1960, Mossad or Israeli intelligence agents, and Shin Bet, Israel’s security service agents, arrested the then 54-year-old Eichmann in Buenos Aires, Argentina’s capital.
It happened to be a holiday in Argentina and so many tourists flocked to the country that Israeli agents took advantage of it to arrest Eichmann. Israeli intelligence agents temporarily detained Eichmann, when they also discovered he was using a fake name while hiding in Argentina. Israeli agents illegally smuggled Eichmann into their country nine days later, although they failed to find doom in Argentina the so -called "Angel of Death" of the Auschwitz death camp Josef Mengele.
It was May 23 of the same year when Israeli Prime Minister David Ben Gurion announced that Nazi war criminal Eichmann had been arrested and was in their custody. The Argentinian government demanded that Eichmann be returned to their country because he was illegally released, but the Israeli government insisted that Eichmann was a war criminal in hiding and should be prosecuted in their court.
After Eichmann’s imprisonment in Israel, he was indicted in the court of that country on April 11, 1961 to face his crimes against humanity because of his direct involvement in the mass murder of Jews during the war. Eichmann was a high -ranking SS officer, who besides being one of those who planned the massacre of Jews throughout Europe he led the exile of Jews in eastern Europe to death camps including Auschwitz.
When the war ended he was arrested by American soldiers but escaped his prison in 1946 and in 1950 Eichmann fled to Argentina and hid under the fake name Ricardo Klement. He was wanted for years by Holocaust survivors, including Simon Wiesenthal, who wanted to hold those involved in the Holocaust accountable, until 1957 when someone found out where Eichmann was hiding.
At his trial he admitted his sins and insisted that he had no regrets for them. It was December 15, 1961 when he was convicted of his crimes and sentenced to death. It was the first day of June 1962 when Eichmann was hanged in Israel.
References:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/eichmann-captured
https://www.slideshare.net/TriciaVillalobos/chapter-9-rizals-grand-tour-in-europe-tour-in-europe-with-viola
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Rizal_Mercado
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1758/today-in-philippine-history-may-11-1956-tomas-cloma-took-possession-of-the-kalayaan-group-of-islands
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Freedomland
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 10
**THE LAST DAY OF LONDON BLITZ**
*May 10, 1941*
On this day in 1941, the Luftwaffe or air force of Nazi Germany bombed for the last time the capital city of the United Kingdom London. It was late at night when a large fleet of Luftwaffe bombers stormed London again and hundreds of blockbusters and bombs rained down on the United Kingdom capital again. This time, the bombings destroyed the building of the House of Commons or the British parliament. As expected, subway stations and tunnels under the city were once again occupied by the British in London. From eleven o'clock in the evening until past 5:50 am in the following are, when bombs rained down on the entire city, which is considered the most destructive air raid in such city since the Luftwaffe began attacking them in September 1940.
More than 1,400 people were killed in this latest large-scale air-raid in London, and more than 1,800 were injured. But then the Luftwaffe stopped bombing the capital, in preparation for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union next month. Nazi Germany was defeated in this eight -month invasion, as it failed to subdue the United Kingdom despite its bombings of British cities, including London.
On the same day, Rudolf Hess, Hitler's Deputy Führer, secretly flew to Britain alone for peace negotiations with the British. But his plane crashed in Scotland and Hess was arrested by the authorities, and Hess was imprisoned at the hands of the British until 1945.
During the eight-month London Blitz, more than 21,500 British in London were killed in a series of Luftwaffe air raids, and it created massive damage to infrastructure, including luxury buildings in London, and to properties. But it did not destroy the morale of the British people, and it remained standing in the face of the threat of Nazi Germany's occupation.
THE BEGINNING OF THE SEPOY UPRISING IN INDIA
*May 10, 1857*
Today in India's history marks the 164th anniversary of what they consider to be the first large-scale movement for their country's independence from British occupation-the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or better known as the Sepoy Mutiny, adapted from Sepoy soldiers who led this uprising. The Sepoys were the Indian soldiers who served in the army of the British Raj, the United Kingdom colony throughout India and Pakistan.
Although the members of the Sepoy were purely Indians, they were still led by British officials, but nevertheless the Sepoys remained loyal to their superiors, until the years 1830 and 1840.
Aside from the discrimination experienced by British officials and their open grabbing of Indian states that no longer had local leaders, religion was also a major factor in this uprising. Many of the Sepoys were forcibly converted to Christianity from the Islamic and Hindi religions, already trampling on their freedom of worship, and word spread throughout the regiment that a new class of rifle would be used by the British. The bullets of the new musket wrapped in paper are lubricated to make it easier to insert the bullet into the muzzle of the gun.
The fat in the bullets is said to come from pork and beef fat, and Muslims and Hindus are forbidden to use anything made from pork and beef.
For the Sepoys, this was a clear message from the British that they had let go of their faith.
It was here that the Sepoys began to revolt against their superiors, which began in the town of Meerut, where more than 35,000 Sepoys of the Bengal Army revolted against the British. The uprising spread from the Ganges river region to almost the whole of India.
The Sepoys were violent and bloody against the British, not only against their officers, but also against British civilians living in India. The Emperor of the Mughal Empire, Bahadur Shah, was also restored to the throne. The Sepoys also turned on the Indians who were cooperating with the opponents. The British also captured the capital of the British Raj Delhi. But foreigners also sowed cruelty on the rebels. Most severely of all, the bodies of the captured Sepoys were tied to the mouth of the cannon and then fired. There were also several incidents of arson by the British in the community collaborating with the rebels.
Eventually, Delhi fell to the British again and they also suppressed the Sepoy rebellion of 1858. Although the rebellion disbanded the British East India Company, the British monarchy directly ruled the entire British Raj until the liberation of India in 1947.
LOUIS XVI AND MARIE ANTOINETTE CROWNED KING AND QUEEN OF FRANCE
*May 10, 1774*
After King Louis XV died of smallpox at the age of 64, the deceased king's 19-year-old grandson was immediately appointed successor to the throne as the new heir to the kingdom under the Bourbon dynasty-Louis Capet, on it was in 1774. On June 11 of the same year, after a month of mourning the death of Louis XV, Louis Capet was crowned king of France as Louis XVI and his 19-year-old Austrian wife Marie Antoinette as Queen of France, in a lavish ceremony at Reims Cathedral in France. The country’s enormous financial problems and the country’s bitter defeat in the Seven Years War led by his grandfather, against Britain, became a problem for the leadership of the new and young king and queen. In the face of the French people already losing confidence and trust in the monarchy, Louis XVI himself knew that he was not ready and qualified to accept the heavy responsibility.
During the nearly 20 years of Louis XVI's reign as king of France the whole kingdom was enveloped in a variety of problems, from the financial crisis left by his grandfather, exacerbated by Louis XVI's involvement in the American war against Britain, to scandals such as her infertility, her Austrian wife Marie Antoinette who was hated and despised by the French for her luxurious lifestyle in front of the impoverished citizens and its scandalous lifestyle inside the palace. His inability to make sound decisions also added to the problem of his rule as king. However, he did everything to restore the people’s trust in the government, such as tax reform, thanks to his finance minister Jacques Necker, and freedom of worship and religion. But it still has not been enough to solve the crises that France has borne. Nor did the Estates-General, which he summoned in May 1789, solve the problem of taxation, as the privileges of the clergy and nobility still remained as they did not pay taxes. Ordinary citizens formed the National Assembly, separate from the Estates-General, but Louis XVI considered it illegal.
The French Revolution broke out in his time because of a great mistake; he removed Necker, a reformist, from office. Louis XVI also showed his true color to the French revolutionaries despite his willingness to accept the Declaration of Human Rights, to have settled in Paris from Versailles, and to accept the Constitution that limited his power as king. June 1791 when Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their two children attempted to flee France to seek help in Austria to restore the throne to her. He was captured in the town of Varrenes in France and returned to Paris as a king prisoner of the revolutionaries, who were already losing respect and trust in the king. In August 1792, while France was at war against the European kingdoms, they overthrew Louis XVI and the royal family of France, signaling the end of the millennial monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic.
Inside their prison, the former royal family had lost everything; the kingdom, the throne, their titles and eventually their heads. Former king Louis XVI was beheaded in Paris, France on January 21, 1793 after being convicted of treason. Marie Antoinette followed her death in October of the following year, and was treated until their 10-year-old son Louis Charles died in 1795. Their surviving daughter Marie Therese lived for several years until 1848.
THE MURDER OF BROTHERS ANDRES AND PROCORPIO BONIFACIO
*May 10, 1897*
It has been exactly 124 years since one of the tragedies in our history occurred. In the early hours of 1897, the soldiers of the revolutionary government army led by Major Lazaro Makapagal marched the brothers Andres and Procopio Bonifacio, until they reached the foot of Mount Buntis in the town of Maragondon, Cavite. After temporarily stopping walking, Major Makapagal read to the brothers the verdict awarded to them by the Consejo de Guerra enclosed in a sealed envelope. After this are the events of the murder of the Bonifacio brothers whose stories are different. But since Major Makapagal was the only survivor of the group of soldiers who killed the Bonifacio brothers, his testimonies are the only reliable authentic account of what happened to Andres and Procopio Bonifacio.
According to Makapagal, the two brothers were shot, but that day, Andres ran away after shooting Procopio, but Andres was also hit by a rifle bullet and died. After that, buried in a shallow pit.
Another statement from Guillermo Masangkay, one of Andres Bonifacio's Katipunero allies, that he heard from one of the soldiers who were among those who killed the brothers, saying that Procopio was shot and Andres was mentally hacked while in the cradle.
Although the accounts of the deaths of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio have been different, the siblings must have died at the hands of Major Makapagal on Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite. In 1918, the bones of the supposedly killed Supremo of the Katipunan were excavated on Mount Nagpatong, just a few meters away from Mount Buntis, but without the bones of his brother Procopio. Although it is doubtful whether the recovered bones really belonged to Andres, they are still featured in the collection of artifacts at the National Museum and were even used in politics during the Presidential Elections of 1935 when Emilio Aguinaldo, the himself ordered the execution of Andres Bonifacio. Unfortunately, the bones of the Supremo were once again lost and never found after the National Museum was destroyed during the 1945 war.
It will be recalled that Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were convicted on charges of treason, sedition and attempted murder of General Aguinaldo, although there was no solid evidence presented by the Consejo de Guerra to testify to the accusations.
References:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/opinion.inquirer.net/119565/bonifacios-death-an-eyewitness-account/amp
https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/andres-bonifacio-execution1-a2212-20190515-lfrm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVI
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI
https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/south-asian-history/indian-mutiny
https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014
https://www.google.com/amp/s/friendsofim.com/2020/09/02/islington-and-the-last-night-of-the-blitz-10-11-may-1941/amp/
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The German Activist and other more
`The Book Of Yesterday | May 9`
GERMAN ACTIVIST SOPHIA MAGDALENA SCHOLL WAS BORN
May 9, 1921
Today is the centenary anniversary of the birth of one of the great activists in Germany during the Hitler regime - Sophia Magdalena Scholl or better known as Sophie Scholl. He was born on this day in 1921 in the town of Forchtenberg, state of Württemberg, Germany and the fourth of six children of a Lutheran family of Robert Scholl, former mayor of that town, and Magdalena Müller. His father was ousted from his government position because of his criticism of the Nazi government and Hitler.
Educated at a Lutheran school in her hometown, she was a young woman when she witnessed the rise to power of the Nazis, and because she was convinced of the good promises of the German leadership, she was persuaded to join the Nazi women's organization. , the League of German Girls. Like him his older brother Hans Fritz was also a member and had a high rank in the Hitler Youth. But Hans and Sophia soon began to question the indoctrination that was being propagated to them. They secretly listened to foreign radios, where they heard shocking facts about the regime. Although it would be dangerous to their children Robert and Magdalena Scholl supported their children’s growing criticism of the fascist regime.
When the war broke out, two of Sophie's siblings; Hans and Werner, enlisted in the army, while Sophia was studying biology and philosophy at the University of Munich. While serving in the army Hans also studied medicine at such a university, where the desire to fight Hitler's oppressive and abusive regime arose.
Hans Scholl and fellow medical students Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf and Christoph Probst formed White Rose, a secret organization opposed to the fascist regime through pamphlets expressing condemnation of the oppressive Nazi regime, its bloody policies in Jews, and its nonsensical warfare in Europe. Their operation began in June 1942 in Munich, and Sophie was unaware of her older brother’s activism. He had noticed the White Rose pamphlets but had no idea who wrote them, until he discovered that his older brother Hans was behind them. This time, Sophie also joined White Rose. From June 1942 to February 1943 White Rose members secretly spread their message, unnoticed by the Gestapo.
On February 18, 1943, authorities arrested Sophie and Hans Scholl at their university in Munich after they were caught in the act of distributing the sixth White Rose pamphlet on campus, condemning Germany's war at Stalingrad. Despite intense interrogation of the Scholl brothers they refused to prosecute their accomplices. Their companion Probst was also arrested in the following days. After they confessed to their accomplishments, the three youths were indicted in the Volksgerichtshof or People’s Court, where they were accused of treason and destroying the morale of the army. The Scholl brothers defended what they did, while Probst pleaded guilty in court on behalf of his family.
However, they were convicted of their crimes and sentenced to death. The death penalty was immediately carried out on the Scholl brothers and Probst hours after their sentencing on February 22, 1943. Sophie Scholl was first beheaded by guillotine at Stadelheim Prison in Munich at the young age of 21. Recognized and honored today. in Germany and around the world the Scholl brothers and the other members of the White Rose became heroic because of their courage and determination to fight the fascist and oppressive regime of Hitler.
GREGORIA DE JESUS WAS BORN
May 9, 1875
Today is the 146th birthday of the so-called Lakambini of the Katipunan and second wife of the Supremo of the Katipunan-Gregoria de Jesus Nakpil y Alvarez, or better known as Gregoria de Jesus. He was born on this day in 1875 to a wealthy family in the present city of Caloocan, a former town in the province of Manila. He is the son of the former gobernadorcillio of the town Nicolas de Jesus.
Gregoria was a smart and beautiful woman in her youth, when she met the then 29 -year -old Andres Bonifacio. In those days Gregoria or Oryang was only 18 years old, when she met and fell in love with the widow Andres. Oryang wanted to marry Andres but Nicolas did not want Andres for his son, so even the gobernadorcillio of Caloocan at that time, Oryang also asked for help to convince his father to bless their marriage with Andres. Later, Nicolas agreed to go with Andres and Oryang. Apart from getting married in the church in Binondo in March 1893, Andres and Oryang also got married in a Katipunan ritual.
Apart from being a partner in life, Oryang also played an important role in the Katipunan. She is the Vice President of the women's organization of the Katipunan, and is known as Lakambini of the Katipunan. She also kept important documents of the movement, and this task was dangerous for her because she had to cross so many guards to deliver the documents to Katipunan meetings, even though she was still pregnant. Gregoria gave birth to their first child with Andrew, who was also named after her husband. But a series of tragedies tested the couple's marriage; they had a house fire in Manila and their son died of smallpox. Despite all the dangers posed by the Katipunan and the Supremo himself, Oryang remained by Andres' side. But after Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were arrested by revolutionary government personnel in April 1897, the couple separated and the guards allegedly raped Oryang. Oryang was also not informed of the murder of his wife and his brother-in-law Procopio on May 10, 1897.
After Oryang's mourning over Andres' death, Oryang fell in love again with another Katipunero and composer, Julio Nakpil, who was also a friend of Andres Bonifacio. The two married in December 1898 and their marriage produced six children.
Oryang died at the age of 67 in Manila on March 15, 1943.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoria_de_Jes%C3%BAs
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Scholl
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The "Victory Day" in Europe and other more
`The Book Of Yesterday | May 8`
**THE "VICTORY DAY" IN EUROPE**
*May 8, 1945*
A historic and blessed day throughout Europe on this day in 1945. Exactly 12 o'clock in the morning, the day of victory of the whole of Europe and of all the participating nations in the fight against the aggression of Nazi Germany. This is after the document of the surrender of Nazi Germany's land, naval and air forces, signed by General Alfred Jodl, the chief general of the armed forces, took effect on the same day on May 7 at General Dwight's headquarters. Eisenhower in Reims, France.
The next morning, the streets of America, Britain, France and other countries formerly occupied by Nazi Germany were filled with celebrating and rejoicing people, civilians and soldiers, who heard the magnificent announcement of Germany’s surrender to the war. Excitement enveloped the surroundings as they succeeded in defeating the aggression of the Nazis under the leadership of Adold Hitler, who finally ended the six -year hell in war -torn Europe. The festivities and celebrations of the people lasted up to two days.
Meanwhile, several similar surrender ceremonies of the remaining German forces took place on the other side of Europe, and the remaining German soldiers also laid down their arms in Copenhagen, Denmark, and in Czechoslovakia, Latvia, and on the island of Sark in British Channel. Also as part of the document of the surrender of the Germans to the war, Germany returned their British, American, French and other prisoners of war to their respective countries.
Several other small encounters between the Soviets and the Germans took place in the Silesian region of Poland until they also surrendered the next day, 9th May.
Currently, this day is called Victory in Europe Day, as a national holiday in the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and other European countries.
DOCUMENT SIGNED ON GERMANY'S UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER TO WAR
*May 8, 1945*
A similar ceremony of the surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies forces that took place in Reims, France was held in Berlin, Germany on this day in 1945. At a former military school building in the Karlshost district, Berlin, delegates of Nazi government Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel passed 11 p.m. And in front of delegates of the Allies forces led by Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov Field Marshal Keitel agreed to the unconditional surrender of all the naval, air and ground forces of Nazi Germany. His signature sealed the document of their surrender to the war written in German, English and Russian, and also signed by Marshal Zhukov and the other delegates of the American, British and French countries. The German surrender document stated that Germany would cease all operations of its army by 11:02 pm on 8 May.
The next day, at dawn Joseph Stalin announced on the radio the signing of Germany's unconditional surrender, signaling the Soviet Union's victory over Nazi Germany.
Once this ceremony was held in a building in Berlin-Karlshorst, the nearly six-year war in Europe that killed nearly 50 million soldiers and civilians finally came to an end.
ANDRES AND PROCORPIO BONIFACIO SENTENCED TO DEATH
*May 8, 1897*
On this day in 1897, after a two-day moro-moro trial of the brothers Andres and Procopio Bonifacio in the town of Maragondon, Cavite the Consejo de Guerra, the chief host of the trial of the Bonifacio brothers, gave their verdict; death. The Consejo finds the two brothers guilty of crimes such as sedition, attempted to oust the revolutionary government and attempted to assassinate General Emilio Aguinaldo, although the brothers have denied such accusations, and no solid evidence has been obtained to testify to the accusation.
It will be recalled that the Bonifacio brothers were indicted, while Andres himself was arrested almost in blood, and Procopio was also wounded, as a result of their arrest by the troops of the revolutionary government on April 26. The trial of the Bonifacio brothers is a big Moro-Moro trial because there was already a verdict against the brothers before they were even charged.
Meanwhile, when the death sentence was heard, General Aguinaldo intervened and wanted to reverse the sentence on the Bonifacios, who, instead of being executed, would simply be exiled to a distant place. But when generals Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar were notified of the new sentence against the brothers, they protested against General Aguinaldo, saying that the death penalty should be imposed on the brothers, "for the sake of the government's safety and to ensure his life. ".
Thus, the death penalty was reinstated in the Bonifacio brothers. Two days later, Major Lazaro Makapagal executed the Bonifacio brothers in Maragondon, Cavite.
This incident was recounted by the then 79-year-old Aguinaldo in his journal he wrote in 1948, that he was the one who ordered the execution of the Bonifacio brothers and his reason for such a verdict.
References:
https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/andres-bonifacio-execution1-a2212-20190515-lfrm
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1649/the-court-martial-of-andress-bonifacio
https://liberationroute.com/germany/pois/u/unconditional-surrender-of-germany
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/victory-in-europe
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
Is it true that "One Day" of every Creation is equivalent to 24 hours on Earth
**IS IT EQUIVALENT THAT “ONE DAY” OF EVERY CREATION OF ELOHIM (GODS) IS EQUIVALENT TO 24 HOURS ON EARTH?**
It is not literally that "one day" in each creation of Elohim is equivalent to the time of the entire rotation of the Earth on its axis with 24 hours because no calendar was created when Elohim was just creating the lives in us.
The only basis on which we can determine the meaning of "DAYS" in the Bible is the use of so-called ZODIAC SIGNS, this thing has been used since 3,000 BC in the area of Mesopotamia, and in fact, the Sumerian civilization was the first to have a record of its use as part of their belief in which the stars are said to be related to the course of human life over time.
The signs of the twelve zodiac signs or 12 astrological signs refer to the constellations in the galaxy such as the constellations of Aries, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, and others. these signs of the zodiacal constellations of stars represent the “Days” mentioned in the Bible.
In other words, “A sign” (sign) is equivalent to “A Day”, where the Sun is referred to as the time our Sun rises under the same sign as the Sun of the vernal equinox. This rising through the imaginary vernal point between two signs refers to the end of the whole Sun or the entire period of a signal and the beginning of a new Day or new period of a signal.
The vernal point tells what time an event is, for example, the time we are in now is the age of Aquarius, the time when Christ lived is the age of Pisces (age of Pisces), and the time when Moses freed the Israelites from Egypt was the time of Aries (age of Aries). These are called the "astrological age".
Each astrological age spans 2,000 years or 2,160 years or consists of 21 centuries, where the number of these years is based on the precessional rotation of the Earth or our Earth, a cycle consists of approximately 25,920 years (25,920-year period of precession / 12 zodiac signs = 2,160 years), it is also called "precessional of equinoxes".
That is, "One Day" refers to the length or duration of a signal, and this is the 2,160 years on Earth.
This is supported by several Bible passages (2 Peter 3: 8; Psalm 90: 4).
"But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a THOUSAND YEARS and a thousand years as ONE DAY."
If we count back from 1946 (the time of Aquarius) the year of the beginning of the "first creation" drops to 23,740 years ago or 21,800 BC or the so-called Capricorn period
**1ST DAY** of creation, 21,800 BC. The age of Capricorn. Here the Elohim scientists began to explore and study the various constellations and heavenly bodies, planets, solar systems, the Sun, the Moon and the Earth’s atmosphere, and all the properties possessed by this Earth using artificial satellites. "The night passed, and the morning came, that was the first day".
**2ND DAY** of creation, 19,650 BC. The age of Sagittarius. Studies continued until they had observed the ocean floor and the characteristics of the cloud. From their planet, they came to Earth aboard gigantic spacecraft to begin repairs or modifications to Earth. "The night passed, and the morning came, that was the 2nd day".
**3RD DAY** of creation, 17,490 BC. The age of Scorpio. They lifted the earth from the ocean in the manner of powerful explosions that looked like bulldozers and then piled them in one place to form the so-called supercontinent (Pangea), the original man-made continent on Earth. Then they created a cell of vegetables and various types of plants which in turn spread over the vast continent. This is their first artificial life made on Earth. "The night passed, and the morning came, that was the 3rd day".
**4TH DAY** of creation, 15,330 BC. The age of Libra. It was here that they thought of studying, analyzing, or observing the signs of the stars, the sun, and the moon so that they could compare the difference in the size of the day and the night, the moon, and the year from their planet and ours. This will help regularize their life on the new planet, where they can place themselves more accurately and they will better understand the Earth. Because of this, they have created their calendar that will guide their daily work on Earth. "The night passed, and the morning came, that was the 4th day".
**5TH DAY** of creation, 13,170 BC. The age of Virgo. They created a wide variety of fish from small to large, they also created seaweeds until they could balance ocean life. Then they created the birds, each of which possesses a unique characteristic. Some groups of scientists have also created giant animals, such as dinosaurs or brontosaurus. "The night passed, and the morning came, that was the 5th day".
**6TH DAY** of creation, 11,000 BC. The age of Leo. After fish and birds, they next created land species, both gentle and some ferocious, with grass-eating and meat-eating until they fully balanced it all as ecology. Eventually, they created Humans in their image, these were the first women and men. "The night passed, and the morning came, that was the 6th day".
**7TH DAY**, the rested day of Elohim, 8,850 BC, The age of Cancer. This is the time when some scientists have stopped creating life and just observed their achievements.
This was followed by the times of the Lost Golden Age (Gemini), the time of Apis or Enlil (Taurus), the time of Moses or Marduk (Aries), the time of Jesus (Pisces), and the latter is the era of Enki or Rael or our current era that only began in 1946 (Aquarius), this is also the beginning of what is called the End of the World. The End of the World means the time of the fall or end of the Church and its false beliefs that are now slowly happening.
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
German U-boat Sink British Ship RMS Lusitania and other more.
`The Book Of Yesterday | May 8`
**GERMAN U-BOAT SINK BRITISH SHIP RMS LUSITANIA**
*May 7, 1915*
Exactly 106 years ago, a maritime tragedy occurred in the Atlantic ocean during the early years of World War I. Past 2:10 pm on this day in 1915, while almost on this shores of the Old Head of Kinsale in Ireland, a torpedo of a German u-boat or submarine struck the starboard side or right side of a British passenger ship. that RMS Lusitania, caused the ship's hull to be punctured at the bottom, and it quickly tilted to the right while moving. Another powerful explosion from the bottom of the ship shook, causing it to sink rapidly. More than 1,950 passengers and crew of the Lusitania were enveloped in fear, and because of the speed of events, many of them were unable to get out of the ship's winding corridors. Its lifeboats were also not immediately prepared and as they were being lowered some of them broke their ropes and the evacuating passengers were thrown into the sea. However, nine of Lusitania's more than 40 lifeboats were safely disembarked, and they began to capsize. Many of the ship’s abandoned lifeboats were thrown into the sea, while the ship’s surviving passengers clung for their lives.
Eighteen minutes later, cold seas engulfed Lusitania, but passengers on the boat and swimming in the sea waited another four hours before being rescued by oncoming rescue ships.
It was the first day of May when the Cunard Liner-owned ship RMS Lusitania sailed from the port of New York, United States on the 202nd and final time, and bound for the port of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. Lusitania sailed despite warnings issued by the German ambassador to the United States that their u-boats would attack ships entering their designated war zone, which covers the entire British Isles and the oceans covered by France. The naval blockade by Germany is in response to the British naval blockade in the oceans covered by Germany, which aims to starve and deplete their own resources until they surrender. The British Admiralty ensured that Lusitania and its passengers could safely enter the war zone, but did not send an escort ship to protect Lusitania from attack. On the other hand, the captains of u-boats had no confidence that ships from across the Atlantic were smuggled unarmed, so U-20 captain Walther Schweigger made the safer option; attack ships entering the war zone.
The sinking of the Lusitania killed 1,198 passengers and crew, and 768 survived the tragedy. This time, the United States, which wanted to avoid war in Europe, was caught up in the war because of the deaths of 120 of its compatriots in the sinking of Lusitania. The German government has drawn condemnation from the international community, and the Kaiser has also been accused of being barbaric because of its harsh maritime policy, which has already affected civilians. The sinking of Lusitania was also used as a wartime propaganda to expose the negative image of Germany. The attacks of u-boats in the Atlantic sea, in which many more Americans were killed, did not end here. The German government later suspended the reckless sinking of u-boats on passenger ships, whether from Allied or neutral countries.
APOLINARIO MABINI'S RETIREMENT FROM THE CABINET AND PEDRO PATERNO'S SITTING AS HEAD OF THE CABINET
*May 7, 1899*
On this day in 1899, Apolinario Mabini's retirement as President of the Cabinet took effect after it was accepted by President Emilio Aguinaldo. In a statement on his resignation, Mabini expressed his frustration with the weak leadership of President Aguinaldo, as well as other Cabinet members such as Felipe Buencamino, Sr. and Pedro Paterno, who proposes autonomy under the United States. Mabini also knows that many of his cabinet colleagues want him gone because they see him as a threat to their plans.
Meanwhile, Mabini also negotiated with the Americans to demand a momentary ceasefire, but the latter demanded full Philippine autonomy under them. On the day Mabini retired from President Aguinaldo's cabinet, Pedro Paterno was appointed the new President of the Cabinet. Paterno remained in office until President Aguinaldo dissolved the cabinet as the Republic retreated north to flee the Americans.
Apolinario Mabini was elected President of the Cabinet of the newly established First Republic of the Philippines on January 2, 1899. He became the first Prime Minister of the Philippines and became President Aguinaldo's advisor on political aspects.
References:
https://www.thoughtco.com/apolinario-mabini-195645
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/world-war-i/lusitania
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lusitania
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 6
SIGMUND FREUD WAS BORN
*May 6, 1856*
Today marks the 165th birthday of the so-called Father of Modern Psychology and leading proponent of Psychoanalysis Sigismund Schlomo Freud or better known as Sigmund Freud. He was born on this day in 1856 in the town of Příbor, Czech Republic, formerly under the occupation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the eldest of eight children of the Jewish couple Jakob Freud and Amalia Nathansohn.
In 1859 his family moved to Leipzig, Germany and then to Vienna, Austria where he studied at a prominent high school academy. He became an excellent student there and became proficient in German, English, French, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. He entered law school at the University of Vienna, but also transferred to the medical course where he became a licensed physician in 1881. After becoming a professor in 1885, Freud became a neurologist, and became a full professor in Vienna in 1902. While in Vienna he he began developing an innovative and revolutionary idea in psychology, the Psychoanalysis.
In Psychoanalysis, Freud’s basic idea is that a person’s thinking and behavior are based on its instinctual drives contained in our unconscious mind. Our development as a human being is also based on forgotten events in his youthful life rather than just inherited traits. What Freud refers to as the unconscious that is within the human mind is found through his dream, unintentional actions and what we call the Freudian slip, or our almost non -release of words almost at the end of our tongue. Freud also used Psychoanalysis as his remedy for mental disorders by exposing to man hidden emotions and cherished memories and experiences. For Freud, our mind is like an iceberg, where our unconscious mind is at the very bottom of our mind and it is less immediately visible compared to our conscious mind. It is also divided into three; the id, ego and the superego. These, according to Freud, describe the activities and interactions in a person's mentality. The I’d holds our unconscious in our mind, the superego determines our conscience and morality and the ego is our pride and our ego.
Freud is also known for his own theory of the Psychosexual Theory of Human Development, in which according to him, a person’s development is centered in our erogenous zones, dependent on responding to the erogenous zones. Improper response to each of the demands of the five stages of a person's development; Oral, Phallic, Latency and Genital, result in fixation, which affects our personality development.
Although Freud's new school of thought was revolutionary, his ideas also received criticism from his colleagues. However, it is also undeniable that Freud was able to develop an innovative perspective on the study of one’s psyche and the response to its problems. Freud remained in Austria until the Nazis conquered the country in 1938, and because of Jewish descent, he was forced to flee to the United Kingdom to escape Nazi oppression there. Freud died at the age of 83 in London, United Kingdom.
THE TRAGEDY OF NAZI AIRSHIP HINDENBURG
*May 6, 1937*
Exactly 84 years ago, one of the greatest aerial tragedies in history occurred, when it flared up and crashed while trying to land a giant Nazi Germany dirigible or airship Hindenburg, in Lakehurst, New Jersey in the United States.
The LZ-129 Hindenburg airship is the largest built passenger airship in history and a proud invention of Nazi Germany when it comes to air travel. It is a passenger airship measuring 240 meters in length, and 41 meters in total diameter. The total amount of the Hindenburg construction fund will reach three million dollars, in our money today. It is also a hydrogen-filled airship that can carry up to 200,000 m3 of hydrogen gas, as opposed to the usual and safer use of helium gas to float the airship, and the steel skeleton serves as the airship and is covered with thick fabric mixed with reflective materials to protect the airship from UV rays caused nv heat of the sun.
Five years of construction on this airship were completed in March 1936, and unlike the proposal to name such an airship after Adolf Hitler, it was chosen to be named after the great veteran of the First World War and former President of Germany General Paul von Hindenburg. Aside from Nazi Germany's flaunting of the country's aerospace technology, the Hindenburg was also used in propaganda, with the aim of easily persuading the German people to ratify the conquest of the Rhineland.
The Hindenburg was the second airship to successfully cross the Atlantic sea after the flight of another airship the Graf Zeppelin, when the Hindenburg flew from Frankfurt, Germany to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The Hindenburg was also used to present important events in Germany, such as the 1936 Berlin Olympics and Nazi Germany's party rallies in Nuremberg. Hindenburg made 11 more transatlantic trips, before it crashed in Lakehurst, New Jersey.
On May 3, 1937, the Hindenburg departed for the last time from Frankfurt, Germany for New Jersey, with 36 passengers and 61 crew on board. As it was landing on its mooring mast in Lakehurst Borough, the far rear of the Hindenburg suddenly exploded, probably due to a spark coming from its hydrogen core. The fire spread throughout the airship for a few seconds and it crashed to a height of 200 feet, until the entire Hindenburg was completely consumed. Photographs and video captured all the incidents. The tragedy killed 13 passengers, 21 crew and a civilian at the foot of the Hindenburg crash.
This is the latest aviation tragedy to involve an airship in history, and since then people have lost confidence in using the airship as a passenger vehicle. This has also marked the end of the luxury era of passenger airships around the world
THE FALL OF THE CORREGIDOR'S FILTER IN THE JAPANESE
*May 6, 1942*
Almost a month after the fall of Bataan province to the Japanese, Filipino and American soldiers on the fortress island in Manila Bay Corregidor remained standing in the face of a stronger enemy. But just like what happened in Bataan, the ammunition, food, weapons and strength of the Bataan defenders were gradually depleted, as a result of the relentless bombing of the position of Filipino and American forces on the island from the ground and in the air. So the commander -in -chief of the American defense on the island of Corregidor, General Jonathan Wainwright, who was also left chief of all American forces in the Philippines, negotiated the surrender of the entire island to Japanese forces under General Masaharu Homma. . But what General Homma wanted was the surrender of all American forces throughout the country. And because General Wainwright was mindful of the miserable condition of his soldiers in Bataan, he preferred what the Japanese general demanded, and he surrendered at dawn. He surrendered more than 11,000 Filipino and American soldiers left fighting in Corregidor, and then took them and imprisoned them in Manila.
The island of Corregidor is the last place in the Philippines to fall into the hands of the Japanese, signaling their continued conquest of our country. The Japanese remained in control of the island until February 1945.
The Japanese also imprisoned General Wainwright until he was released by Soviet forces in Manchuria, China in August 1945. General Wainwright also witnessed Japan surrender to the war the following month.
References:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/all-american-forces-in-the-philippines-surrender-unconditionally
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/the-hindenburg-disaster
https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychoanalysis.html#:~:text=Psychoanalysis%20is%20defined%20as%20a,feelings%2C%20desires%2C%20and%20memories.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud
**Copyright ©️ 2021 TheGuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
A Much Larger God, Many Higher Selves
A Much Larger God, Many Higher Selves and Reincarnating into the Past
On July 3, 1989 I recorded on a cassette tape [which I still have] a "reading" by Ron Williams, an Indian medicine man. He said "Be careful with material or cleaning solvents or something. I see a little flash fire and that can be avoided Doyle; it doesn't have to be; you can change that."
His prediction was correct. Three days later at 1150 Coast Village Road in Montevideo, Ca. the place I had been working, a fire was accidentally started by some workers using gasoline to clean the mastic left over after I removed all of the vinyl floor tiles. When they plugged in the floor sanding machine it created a spark and started a flash fire that burnt through a wall into the next shop.
So, if time is linear—if every day happens after the preceding one and before the next—as we all perceive them to be—then how could he have witnessed an event that hadn't happened yet? In order for him to see some astral video of the fire his spirit eyeballs would have had to jump forward in time — or maybe not.
We have heard that time is an illusion and I've always assumed that was due to eternity because time stretches forever, both in the past and in the future. They say that time's illusion exists in our physical reality and only in this reality because our time—all of our events in the third dimension—appear sequential as though they are in chronological order. But elsewhere there is no time at all.
These ideas of time and eternity don't seem to have much relevance to our everyday lives unless we seriously consider what some spiritual masters contend, that we can reincarnate into the past. If true, then our current lives take on whole new perspectives and suppositions.
Before we move on try to keep in mind that the Divine is supposed to be infinite. Eastern religions enjoy laughing at Judaeo Christians because even though they say that their god is fathomless, the characteristics that they attribute to “him” are all human-like and very limited. And even though Eastern philosophers’ have a much larger description of God and reality, it is still minuscule compared to the sempiternal. We all confin the absolute to limited ideas that are easier for us to comprehend. We may laugh at Christian's Sky Daddy but many of us will zone out when we hear ideas like infinite realities or countless selves as though we are listening to someone's boring dream. But try to view the following though an infinity lens.
Some masters say that we can reincarnate in to the past— that we can be born again back into the 1100s or even to 1100 BC. Maybe we could even reincarnate back into this life into this same body reliving our current self/personality over and over until we get it right. It could factually be Ground Hog Day ad nauseam. This current life could be the hundredth time that we have lived this same identity. Maybe we once lived a thousand years in our current future and this incarnation is in our own past. Maybe that is why some people seem so ahead of, or behind their time.
Some people believe that this entire world, (which we will name creation number 8 billion and five) some believe that everything that we know is set up for the sole purpose of teaching you (and nobody else) what you need to learn to evolve spiritually. In other words all the wars that are going on, and the businesses in Peru and your neighbor's cat, everything in this third dimensional galaxy is just a part of a reality designed (maybe not designed) but put here just for you. And once you have mastered those lessons you are shifted into an alternate reality or dimension (called creation number 8 billion and six) which presents new lessons for you to learn.
It really could be true; Stanford physicists estimate that the number of possible parallel dimensions could be as many as 10^10^10^7. That is a 1 followed by seven thousand zeros, which by way of comparison, the estimated of the number of atoms in the universe is one followed by eighty zeroes. There are only seven billion people on earth so that is a gazillion possible universes for each person to live in. But there could be many times that amount or even an infinite amount of alternate dimensions or realities that you could be shifted to or reincarnated into. If this all sounds a bit too far out or grandiose keep remembering that the divine is supposed to be infinite and that reality could be beyond our wildest imaginations.
Maybe when your lessons are learned this entire creation is deleted. Just as you can with one click of the mouse duplicate or erase a book that you spent a million hours writing, an infinite creator could make or delete duplicate worlds for you to grow in. Maybe it's absurd that a creator would delete a universe including 7 billion Earthlings just for your sake — or maybe not.
Let's say you briefly traveled back in time to see the sinking of the Titanic. You could try to save some of those people from drowning but they are already dead—even though you are present at that time. They all died a century ago so saving them wouldn't be as very imperative as a current event. In addition, what if all souls were made up of multiple selves, maybe trillions of selves, higher, lower, or republican? So if the creator deleted just one world of selves just for your benefit it might not be that absurd.
Timeless reincarnation could be a perfectly sensible reason why we are made to forget who we were in our previous lives. Think about how difficult and confusing this life can be for us—and even more so for psychics who try to make sense of the alternate realities that they glimpse into; and then suppose people could remember their past or future lives. Imagine trying to keep all of that sorted out.
In the New Age world there is a lot of talk about the higher self. The premise being that a person's spirit has multiple aspects to it. While a part of you is reading this text another part of you could be in heaven somewhere doing God knows what. When parents or loved ones have asked spiritualists if their children suffered much when they were murdered, sometimes the answers have been, "No, because their spirits left their bodies just before the attack." Similarly, masters have said that a new born spirit can inhabit a fetus within a few weeks after conception but that the spirit will travel back and forth from the spirit realm and to the womb for a few months. Masters have also said that some bedridden patients need to be comatose because they have to all of their being focused in the spirit realms for some reasons known only to God, their higher selves, or Mae West. So, not only could there be gazillions of dimensions and timelines, we may all have as billions of other selves cruising the creation. God is infinite right?
Whenever I think about reincarnation I am reminded of the author Carol Bowman whose child died and then her next child was born with the same characteristics and distinct birthmarks of her first. Her research found many more cases like her own. If we do reincarnate, it makes some sense that we could be born into our same family line. We may have been our own ancestors; through family karma we reap the rewards or debts of our past labors, weaknesses, or dysfunctions. They say it isn't fair that some people are born in to rich families; (Paris Hilton comes to mind) but maybe it is. Maybe people enjoy the wealth that they worked for in a past life, while others suffer for generations of laziness, ignorance, or even bad luck.
Many Hindus believe that a soul incarnates googols of times. There's that 10^10^10^7 number again. They say that if you count the amount of flights it would take for a bird to completely wear down a mountain by flying over it while dragging a silk scarf, that is how many times a soul reincarnates. Maybe it's true; many Buddhists believe that people can reincarnate into plants and animals.
Arctic clams and Greenland Sharks can live to be over 400-years old. Some arctic sponges live to be over 1,550 years old. Can you imagine reincarnating as a sponge and sitting at the bottom of a dark frigid ocean for 1,550 years with nothing to do but eat, sleep, and curse the reincarnation director? Buddhists believe that we have millions of life times and most of them we are not human. There are creosote bushes in the Mojave Desert that are over 11,700 years old. How about reincarnating as one of them? That is a lot of time to think — or maybe not.
Another belief about time is that there is no past or future—so that everything that is, has, and will be, is all happening right now all at once. Every one of our lifetimes from every century, on every dimension is being played out simultaneously. Any changes that we make, any growth or setbacks that we experience could overlap, and so impact us on some or all levels. Maybe we can't incarnate into the past or future because they don't exist; there is only the now...period.
The idea that only the present exists has been compared to a storybook. You can read from the front to the back but you can also open it to the middle or end of a character's narrative. The entire story is all there at the same time and space and can be opened to any point in a character's life whenever you wish.
Contemplating illusionary time can have an impact on seekers; many feel compelled by some inner hourglass that constantly reminds us that we are running out of sand. We are convinced that we need to evolve so we will be ready when the end comes—whatever that end may be. We are impelled to learn and grow; to strive for some spiritual progress in this life. But if time doesn't exist—if we could incarnate into the past or a trillion more times, or if an entire lifetime of spiritual growth is so incremental that it barely registers on the evolve-a-meter scale, then has all of our angst been for not? Has it all simply been the self-created trepidation of yet another get-ahead fool for God? Or, could we be making significant changes in a million different dimensions and timelines simultaneously? Who knows, in some cases, we may now be our highest selves.
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 5
THE LOSS OF ABS-CBN'S FREE TV
*May 5, 2020*
It has been exactly one year since our televisions lost the oldest TV station in the Philippines --- ABS-CBN. The station has been saying goodbye to free TV and radio, as a result of the end of its 25-year franchise. This is also in effect of the cease-and-desist order filed by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC), and at 7:52 pm, ABS-CBN and all its branch stations completely disappeared from the air. on television and radio DZMM and MOR. In the days that followed, the operation of ABS-CBN's local networks nationwide ended one by one.
Since President Rodrigo Duterte took office in 2016, he has expressed his frustration with the network for not airing his political campaign advertisement in the 2016 Presidential Elections. The conflict between President Duterte and the ABS-CBN leadership became deep for several reasons; the network's political interference, the alleged unfair reporting and criticism of the government, the network's improper payment of taxes, and the questionable citizenship of Eugenio Lopez III. These are the reasons why President Duterte openly said that he will not extend the franchise of ABS-CBN. The network has also petitioned Congress several times for the extension of its franchise, which was first signed in April 1995, with the end of the franchise set for May 2020. Several House Bills were also proposed by the country's Senators and Congressmen to allow the extension of the ABS-CBN franchise, but at the same time, Solicitor General Jose Calida filed a quo warranto petition against ABS-CBN in February 2020, in which it complained about the violations committed by ABS-CBN and recommended the closure of the network, which the network denied. In June of the same year, the Supreme Court overturned Calida's quo warranto, as the network's franchise had expired.
Thousands of ABS-CBN supporters flocked to the station and on social media from various sectors on the network, to call for the government's consideration of the network.
FATHER GREGORIO AGLIPAY WAS BORN
*May 5, 1860*
Today is the 161st birthday of the Filipino revolutionary and priest and first Chief Bishop of the Iglesia Filipino Independiente, Padre Gregorio Aglipay Cruz y Labayan or better known as Padre Gregorio Aglipay. He was born in the town of Batac, Ilocos Norte on this day in 1860, and as a child he hated the unjust rule of the Spanish government in the province of Ilocos Norte, especially in agriculture.
He moved to Manila to study under a Julian Carpio. After that he studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and at the University of Santo Tomas. He then returned to Ilocos Norte to enter the priesthood in 1883 and was ordained after seven years. Like the hanged Gomburza priests, Padre Aglipay also wanted secularization or the right to govern the parish of Filipino secular priests.
While serving as a priest, he entered Freemasonry and later joined the Katipunan while in Tarlac. When the revolution broke out in 1896, Padre Aglipay was convinced by the Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda to stop the Filipino uprising, on the condition that Spain grant autonomy. General Emilio Aguinaldo sent General Luciano San Miguel to encourage Padre Aglipay to join the revolution. Padre Aglipay accepted General Aguinaldo's offer to become the Military Vicar General of the revolutionary army and he became the military chaplain of the revolution. When the Malolos Congress first opened, Padre Aglipay was appointed as the representative of Ilocos Norte, and also one of the signatories to the Malolos Constitution. While Vicar General of the revolution, Padre Aglipay urged Filipino priests to unite in secularization, and to seize control of the parish from the friars. As a result, Padre Aglipay was considered a rebellion against the Catholic church and was excommunicated in April 1899 by Archbishop Nozaleda.
Isabelo delos Reyes, a labor leader, saw Padre Aglipay's efforts to have a church in our country separate from the Catholic church. So on August 3, 1902, Delos Reyes founded the Iglesia Filipino Independiente or what is now called the Aglipayan Church, and Padre Aglipay became its first Chief Bishop. While the Chief Bishop, Padre Aglipay led the guerrilla forces in Ilocos Norte against the Americans, until he surrendered to Colonel MacCaskey in Laoag, Ilocos Norte and continued to lead the Iglesia Filipino Independiente.
He also tried to enter politics when he ran for the presidency against Manuel Luis Quezon in 1935 but lost. Former Padre Aglipay's life with his wife Pilar Jamias of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte has become private.
Padre Aglipay passed away on the first day of September, 1940 due to a brain hemorrhage at the age of 80.
THE BATTLE OF ITTER'S CASTLE IN AUSTRIA
*May 5, 1945*
The once rival Americans and Germans during the four -year war, became allies in a battle against another German. This strange battle took place in the last days of the war in Europe, three days before Nazi Germany surrendered in 1945, in a castle situated in the mountainous part of western Austria.
On this day, the combined 12th Armored Division and 142nd Infantry Regiment joined forces with American forces led by Captain Jack Lee, Jr., several Wehrmacht units led by Commander Josef Gangl and several French armed forces against the units. Waffen-SS under the leadership of Georg Bochmann.
The purpose of the Americans and the Wehrmacht was to free the French captives of the SS inside the castle. Meanwhile, Waffen-SS units lay in wait to retake the castle and kill all the prisoners there. The 12th Armored Division of America and Major Gangl's soldiers freed the French captives there, including the sister of President Charles de Gaulle of France, several government officials and generals. But at the same time, they were besieged by the Waffen-SS, and while inside the castle, the Americans and the Wehrmacht, as well as some armed French captives, joined against the Waffen-SS. It was afternoon when the help of the 142nd Infantry Regiment of the United States arrived and they subdued the now surrounded Waffen-SS units. Major Gangl was killed in the fighting and only one American tank was damaged, while many of the more than 200 Waffen-SS personnel were killed and the rest surrendered.
This is the first time that the former rival nation has been allied in battle, united for a greater purpose.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE DIED ON THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA
*May 5, 1821*
Exactly 200 years ago. The considered great general of the French revolution, the first Emperor of the French, and great conqueror of Europe for 10 years Napoleon Bonaparte, died as a British prisoner at the age of 51 in his house in the small and the only island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic sea on this day in 1821. She uttered her dying last words “France, army, commander of the army, Josephine”.
Napoleon surrendered to the British after his last defeat at the battle of Waterloo in June 1815. In October of the same year the British brought Napoleon to the island of St. Helena, to make sure she has nothing left to lose and not to cause trouble in Europe again. There he was accompanied by some of his supporters and his doctor, and Napoleon simply spent the rest of his years as a prisoner reading, writing his memoirs, gazing at the vast ocean around the island, and indulging in feelings. his stomach ache.
February 1821 when Napoleon's health gradually deteriorated due to a stomach ache, which he had been suffering from for a long time. He was first buried at St. Helena and in 1840, her remains were exhumed and brought home to France in a lavish ceremony and then laid to rest in her musoleum at the Hotel des Invalides in Paris, France.
Stomach cancer was reported to be the cause of Napoleon's death, but some speculations surfaced, that he was poisoned and expelled by the British. Several theories have also surfaced that it was not cancer that made Napoleon’s life easier, but the presence of the toxic chemical arsenic, found in the recovered samples of his hair, and on the wallpapers in his bedroom. So many experts have already analyzed and studied about Napoleon’s death while in St. Petersburg. Helena, but the cause of death of the French emperor still remains a major mystery to them.
From a wealthy family on the island of Corsica, Napoleone Buonaparte became a soldier in the French revolutionary army or will be known in history as Napoleon Bonaparte. From his first success as a leader in the city of Toulon in 1793, he proved his capability as a charismatic, efficient and efficient military leader, until becoming head of the Consul after seizing power of the Directory in 1799, and leading the victors. battle of France against the Allies countries in Europe. He crowned himself Emperor in December 1804, and produced a code of laws called the Napoleonic Code.
He established a vast empire to spread the ideas of the French revolution in Europe, but the result was a ten -year war against Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden, Spain, and other countries to defend the empire. and the ideas it propagates. There is no denying Napoleon's contribution to shaping the political structure in Europe, which still marks until generations gone by.
THE OPENING OF THE ESTATES-GENERAL OF 1789
*May 5, 1789*
In response of the French monarchical government to the country’s struggling financial problems, King Louis XVI on this day in 1789 convened a meeting of representatives of the three social classes throughout the kingdom, the Estates-General. Louis XVI's finance minister Jacques Necker proposed the opening of this conference, to solve the country's financial problem. By that time, France was already mired in internal and external debt, due to the costs incurred by France's involvement in the American war against Britain, and the luxurious lifestyle of Queen Marie Antoinette. As a result of the sharp increase in the debt of the whole country, the tax levied has also been increased, which the Third Estate or ordinary citizens are worried about because they have also experienced financial problems while the priests (First Estate) do not or hardly pay taxes. and nobles (Second Estate). Not only does the Third Estate pay taxes to the government, but to two other estates.
This was desired to be resolved with the reopening of the Estates-General, which first opened in 1614.
At the opening of the Estates-General in a lavish ceremony at the Hôtel de Menu de Plaisirs at the Palace of Versailles, delegates of the Third Estate addressed the grievances of ordinary citizens, such as high taxes, bias of the clergy and nobility in their privileges while they avoid taxation. But the Third Estate frustrated the voting process in such an assembly. Although more make up the Third Estate than the two estates, the voting system is not individual but collective. This means that the Third Estate will lose the poll when two Estates vote against one another. As a result, the clergy and nobility still retained their privileges, something the Third Estate wanted to lose. As a result, they saw that the Estates-General could no longer help with their problem and they made their own assembly separate from the First and Second Estate, the National Assembly.
References:
https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/estates-general/
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/napoleon-dies-in-exile
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Castle_Itter
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1489/today-in-philippine-history-may-5-1860-gregorio-aglipay-was-born-in-batac-ilocos-norte
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.amp.html
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_franchise_renewal_controversy
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 4
NICK JOAQUIN WAS BORN
*May 4, 1917*
Today is the 104th birthday of writer, journalist, historian and one of the former National Scholars of the Art of Literature Nicomedes Marquez Joaquin or better known as Nick Joaquin. He was born on this day in 1917 in the Paco district, Manila city.
Nick Joaquin is said not to go into too much detail or mention his birthday because he does not want to celebrate his birthday. Nick is the fifth of 10 children of Don Leocadio Joaquin, a revolutionary and general of former President Emilio Aguinaldo, and Doña Salome Marquez, an English language teacher. The Joaquin family's prosperous life did not last long because of Nick's father's failure to invest in an oil exploration project, he fell into debt and was forced to rent a place to live.
Nick was orphaned early on, however he was still able to study from elementary to third year of high school, because he felt he would learn more outside of school. He entered the bakery as an apprentice and later went to the publishing company Tribune-Vanguardia-Taliba. Nick also enjoys reading books, among which he reads the works of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and others.
At the age of 17 he began to write, where he composed an English poem about Don Quixote dela Mancha, and later he would use the pen symbol Quijano de Manila. He also produced the first short story for Sunday Tribune Magazine "The Sorrow Of Vaudeville", and an essay for La Naval de Manila, for which he was honored by the University of Santo Tomas, and given the privilege of being a scholar and seminarian. in st. Albert's Convent in Hong Kong.
While in Hong Kong it was thought that one could become a disciple of God and of mankind through writing. When the Tribune closed during the Japanese occupation, he continued writing, where he translated Jose Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios into English. After returning to the Philippines, Nick worked for the Philippine Free Press as a writer of poetry, plays and short stories.
Nick inspired Jose Rizal to write, offering him his writings The Storyteller's New Medium - Rizal in Saga, The Complete Poems and Plays of Jose Rizal, and A Question of Heroes: Essays in Criticism on Ten Key Figures of Philippine History. Nick Joaquin's other writings deal with national culture, history, Filipino society and religion. But one of the most critical and controversial writings of Nick Joaquin was his essay "A Heritage of Smallness" in which he criticized the shortness of memory and smallness of the minds of Filipinos that caused the slow development of society.
Nick Joaquin was awarded the Order of the National Artist in the Literature category in 1976 and the Ramon Magsaysay Awards for Literature in 1996. He passed away at the age of 89 on April 29, 2005 in the city of San Juan, Metro Manila.
THE MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT IN CHINA
*May 4, 1919*
Just as happened in Germany after the First World War, China also had bad sentiment towards the Treaty of Versailles because of its unfair provisions. On this day in 1919, a massive protest action was led and participated by more than 3,000 Chinese students in the city of Beijing, Republic of China. Students from various Chinese universities flocked to Tiananmen Square to protest the Chinese government's lack of reaction to unfair provisions in the Treaty of Versailles, including Japan's transfer of rights to the former colony. defeated Germany to China, including Tsingtao and Shandong.
Like Germany, protesters in Beijing also hated what they considered to be Chinese traitors who signed the Treaty of Versailles, which reflected the government's inability to protect their country's interests in the treaty, as well as the alleged betrayal of the countries. Allies in China.
The student demonstration in Beijing was dubbed the May Fourth Movement, and it rekindled feelings of nationalism in China, which in turn gave rise to new political systems far removed from the traditional and elitist system of the previous Chinese dynastic government.
KING FERNANDO VII OF SPAIN REPEALED THE 1812 CONSTITUTION
*May 4, 1814*
On this day in 1814, the Spanish Cadiz Constitution was repealed by a Royal decree. This Constitution stipulates that Spain is a constitutional monarchy, meaning that the King is still the head of state but the parliament or the Cortes has the power to rule the government. This Constitution also stipulates the separation of powers of the monarchy and parliament, freedom of the press and media, abolition of certain privileges of the nobility, national sovereignty and free trade.
The Constitution of Cadiz was passed on March 12, 1812, and the provisions of the Constitution of Cadiz were adapted from the provisions of the Napoleonic Code at the time the French Empire occupied Spain, which allowed for liberal rule in the kingdom and administrative reform in its colonies including the Philippines.
After the brief victory of the Allied forces against Napoleon in 1814 Fernando VII was restored to the throne in place of King Joseph Bonaparte. King Fernando VII of Spain ordered the repeal of such a Constitution, and through it Spain once again returned to the era of monarchical absolutism, supported by conservatives and monarchists in government and the Catholic church. At the same time, the Cortes or the parliament was dissolved for the first time.
Six years later, the Constitution of Cadiz will be re -enforced. Throughout the history of the Constitution of Cadiz, it has twice been repealed and it has also twice been revived in government, thanks to the absolutist regime of King Fernando VII.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement#:~:text=The%20May%20Fourth%20Movement%20was,Beijing%20on%204%20May%201919.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Joaquin
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 3
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI WAS BORN
*May 3, 1469*
Today is the 552nd birthday of one of the most famous philosophers and intellectuals of the Renaissance period Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli, or better known by the name Niccolo Machiavelli or Machiavelli. He was born on this day in 1469 in the city of Florence in Italy, and was the son of Bernardo and Bartolomea Machiavelli. Little is known about his young life until 1494, when he studied rhetoric, Latin and grammar. Machiavelli grew up in a country torn apart by wars between the city-states in Italy and conquest of the Holy Roman Empire, France and Spain. In 1498 he was appointed secretary and later Chancellor of the Republic of Florence, at a time when the influential Medici family lost control of Florence.
While chancellor of Florence Machiavelli also served as diplomat he visited the Papal States and the court of King Louis XII of France and the court of the kingdom of Spain, where he witnessed things that would influence his philosophy; taking any goal by any means, even if it is bad in exchange for a better result. He wrote this philosophy in his book Il Principe or The Prince, published in 1513. Here his political views were published, which for him, politics revolved around the palm of traitors, deceivers, and criminals. For Machiavelli in his book, the oppressive, violent and evil nature of a leader in his subjects makes sense if it has a good replacement in his subjects. Reactions to Machiavelli's political discourse varied, as he even considered Il Principe as a guide to dictators' methods of rising to power.
Apart from Il Principe, Machiavelli also wrote several comedies, poems and carnival songs. The word Machiavellian was formed from Machiavelli’s philosophy, which refers to the reasoning on the use of the iron hand in the leadership of a leader. Although Machiavelli's philosophies were met with criticism, he was regarded as one of the pillars of modern philosophy and political science.
Machiavelli died at the age of 58 on June 21, 1527 in Florence, Italy.
THE FIRST VOYAGE OF DR. JOSE RIZAL LEAVES THE PHILIPPINES
*May 3, 1882*
At the age of 20, Jose Rizal ventured early into the new world outside the Philippines. On this day in 1882, the Spanish ship Salvadora sailed from Manila for its first voyage to Europe. At the urging of his brother Paciano, Rizal went to Europe using his former name José Mercado in his passport, and he also gave him a fare worth 325 pesos. Her uncle and Leonor Rivera's father, Antonio Rivera, also helped her travel to Europe.
The brothers Paciano and Jose secretly planned the trip to Europe. When he left the port of Manila, Jose's parents did not know, and his 16-year-old girlfriend Leonor did not know. Paciano wanted Jose to continue his study of medicine in Spain, and also to shape his patriotic sentiments with the help of the other Filipino enlightened people there.
When Jose was on the ship, he drew in his journal the image of Manila from afar. He also hears the rumors of Spanish passengers criticizing our country. Rizal landed in Singapore from Salvadora on May 9 of the same year, and from there he boarded the French passenger ship Djemnah two days after staying in Singapore.
From Singapore the Djemnah sailed to Marseilles, France. From the Djemnah Rizal described in his journal the places where the ship passed, and drew those places. The Djemnah passed through Colombo, Sri Lanka, Aden in Yemen, the Suez Canal in Egypt, and first set foot in Europe in the city of Naples in Italy, and on the 11th of June of the same year the Djemnah arrived in Marseilles.
`Exclusive`
World Press Freedom Day
Free press or press freedom is one of the foundations of a living democracy, and its importance cannot be underestimated. It serves as a platform to communicate the truth, and to make the people aware of social issues. From propagandists, revolutionary journalists, to modern-day journalists --- the power of the free press can be seen to advance reforms that will benefit every citizen.
On #WorldPressFreedomDay, may the importance of free press sink into our hearts and minds. Together we will safeguard it from oppressive individuals.
References:
https://www.slideshare.net/cris-marz/rizal-trip#:~:text=In%20the%20afternoon%2C%20Rizal%20arrived,evening%20the%20trip%20was%20resumed.&text=11., the%20boat%20anchored%20at%20Marseilles. & text = Rizal%20visited%20the%20famouse%20Chateau, a%20half%20days%20in%20Marseilles.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
Important Meetings in the Battle of Berlin
Before reading this entire Important Meetings in the Battle of Berlin, I suggest read some of my related post and article here:
*The Book Of Yesterday | May 2 | THE SOVIETS CAPTURED THE ENTIRE CITY OF BERLIN, GERMANY* https://read.cash/@GuyFromNowhere/the-book-of-yesterday-may-2-7490c9b5#the-soviets-captured-the-entire-city-of-berlin-germany
*The historic photograph of the raising of the Soviet Union flag on the roof of the Reichstag* https://noise.cash/post/l5305wpv
`April 16`
The battle began for the city of Berlin, Germany. Soviet forces led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov attacked the last line of German defense at Seelow Heights, the “gate of Berlin”.
`April 19`
The Soviets and several Polish army units successfully broke through the defense at Seelow Heights. Large Soviet forces began to flood into Berlin.
`April 20`
Adolf Hitler's 56th birthday, which was his last birthday. Large barrages of artillery and Katyusha rockets began to rain down the entire city, which they did not stop until after the battle. The entry of the 1st Belorussian Front under the leadership of Marshal Zhukov began.
`April 21`
Reinforcements from General Felix Steiner did not arrive in Berlin, as it could not prevent the influx of the 1st Belorussian Front inside Berlin. This was the first time that Hitler had declared defeat in the war, and then he had rebuked his generals for their cowardice.
`April 22`
Joseph Stalin ordered the last Soviet attack on Berlin, led by Marshal Ivan Konev of the 1st Ukrainian Front. The fighting spread to almost the entire city.
`April 23`
Luftwaffe (air force) chief Reichsmarschall Hermann Goering sent a telegram to Hitler asking for his position as leader of Germany. He considered it treason and he removed Goering from his post, in exchange for his life.
`April 24`
General Walther Wenck launched his almost unopposed 12th Army as a counter-offensive against the Soviets, but they were ambushed by an air attack by the British air force.
`April 25`
Soldiers of the 1st Ukrainian Front and 1st Belorussian Front permanently surrounded the whole of Berlin, when they met on the left side of the city. It completely cut off all passage of German reinforcements entering the city.
`April 28`
Hitler discovered the secret negotiations of his most loyal disciple and Reichsführer of the SS Heinrich Himmler with the Americans and British in northern Germany. Hitler angrily ordered the arrest of Himmler and he also removed him from his posts. He also arrested Himmler's adjutant Hermann Fegelein and executed him on charges of treason and desertion. Soviet forces were crossing the river Spree, entering the central district of Berlin.
`April 29-30`
Adolf Hitler and his girlfriend Eva Braun married inside his Fuhrerbunker, after dictating his last will and testament. The Soviets were just a few blocks away from the Reich Chancellery being bombarded by artillery, and they had entered the Reichstag. Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide, and then their bodies were burned.
`May 1`
Soviet soldiers Meliton Kantaria and Mikhail Yegorov hoisted the red Victory Banner at the top of the Reichstag, signaling that they had captured the building. Admiral Karl Doenitz was appointed President of Germany, announcing Hitler's death. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels became Chancellor, demanding a ceasefire with the Soviets, but insisting on surrender in Berlin. Goebbels declared that he would not surrender Berlin as long as he lived, then committed suicide with his wife.
`May 2`
The remaining German soldiers tried to flee to Berlin in the middle of the enemy line, but only a few of them crossed. The whole city fell to the Soviets after Berlin's chief defense officer, General Helmuth Weidling, surrendered. The Reich Chancellery and the Führerbunker fell into the hands of the Soviets. But fighting continued around Berlin until Germany finally surrendered to the Allies on 8 May.
Reference: https://battleofberlinwwii.weebly.com/timeline.html
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 2
CHIEF JUSTICE JOSE ABAD WAS KILLED
*May 2, 1945*
Chief Justice Abad Santos was one of those who showed courage, dignity and love for the country in the face of the Japanese occupation during World War II. On this day in 1942, in the small town of Malabang, Lanao del Norte, Abad Santos was martyred at the age of 56, when he was shot in front of a firing squad led by General Kiyotake Kawaguchi, at 2:00 p.m.
Before he was shot, he was given one last chance to be with his eldest son Pepito, and he even told his crying son the words, "It is an honor to die for the people. Not everyone is given this opportunity". After being shot while standing in a coconut tree by the river, Jose Abad Santos was buried in an unspecified grave until now, so his remains have not been found.
On March 17, 1942, President Manuel Luis Quezon appointed Chief Justice Abad Santos as acting President of areas in the country not yet occupied by the Japanese. This was after Abad Santos left our country when President Quezon invited him to leave the country. But on April 11, Japanese soldiers in Barili town, Cebu captured Abad Santos, his son Pepito, Colonel Benito Valeriano and two soldiers. The Japanese urged Abad Santos to join them, but he refused. So find someone to blame for Abad Santos to kill him. He was accused of destroying important buildings and bridges in Cebu to make it difficult for the Japanese to enter there. From the ship, Abad Santos was taken to Parang, Cotabato and then taken to Malabang.
After being detained there for two days, Abad Santos was sentenced to death in a speedy trial for the said accusations, which he willingly accepted.
A native of San Fernando, Pampanga on February 19, 1886, Jose Abad Santos served as secretary of Justice from 1928 to 1941, and became Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and when the war broke out he was appointed Chief Justice in December 1941.
THE UPRISING OF THE SAKDALISTS IN CABUYAO, LAGUNA
*May 2, 1935*
On this evening in 1935, as many as 68,000 Sakdal members from the provinces of Cavite, Laguna and Batangas began to revolt and captured 14 towns in southern Luzon, including Cabuyao, Laguna. In this town hundreds of Sakdalistas were successful under the leadership of Salud "General" Algabre. But this uprising came to a bloody end in Cabuyao, where early the next day, a group of Philippine Constabulary stormed, and outside the church in that town the blood of the Sakdalistas was shed. As many as 57 Sakdalistas were killed by the Constabulary that night, and their corpses were piled up in the church square to serve as a warning to other Sakdalistas. This time, the Sakdal was completely disbanded, and its membership was greatly reduced, for fear of the massacre in Cabuyao, Laguna.
The Sakdal, founded by writer Benigno Ramos in 1930, is a separatist group calling for the complete independence of the Philippines from the United States. Because Sakdal gained the pulse of the Filipino masses through its periodicals regarding their problems, such as unequal and equitable land distribution, education, tax payment and landlord management, many participated in the organization. it is mostly farmers and the poor in central and southern Luzon. They became a legal party and they also won seats in the National Assembly. When the plebiscite for the 1935 Constitution was proposed the Sakdalists pushed for a boycott of the plebiscite in the towns, because they believed the new Constitution was only in American interest. The boycott of the Sakdalists was considered illegal, and many of them were imprisoned. They were also deprived of the right to assemble, so many of them were convinced that their struggles would go through armed struggle.
THE SOVIETS CAPTURED THE ENTIRE CITY OF BERLIN, GERMANY
*May 2, 1945*
After the Soviets took over the Reichstag building, the last major Soviet offensive took place at the Reich Chancellery, the capital of Nazi Germany. This time, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels were gone, and after a few hours of fighting they also raised the Soviet Union flag at the top of the Reich Chancellery. The nearly abandoned Führerbunker also fell into their hands, where they caught up with the deceased Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda, and their six children, as well as Generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf who shot themselves in inside the bunker, but they did not immediately find the bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun. The last person to occupy the bunker, Rochus Misch, an SS telephone switchboard operator, surrendered to the Soviets. It was afternoon when German troops again called for negotiations with the Soviet High Command for a momentary ceasefire.
The city’s chief defense commander General Helmuth Weidling confronted Soviet High Command representative General Vasiliy Chuikov for ceasefire negotiations, but as he also told General Krebs they wanted an unconditional surrender. General Weidling agreed to surrender past 6:00 p.m., and by radio he announced the fall of Berlin to the Soviets and urged the remaining fighting soldiers to stop fighting.
More than 180,000 surrendered German soldiers fell into the hands of the Soviets, but a few more SS resisted while hiding in crumbling buildings. While Soviet soldiers were providing aid to German civilians trapped in the fighting there were several incidents of rape and theft by the Soviets in the city.
The battle in Berlin was the latest major offensive against Nazi Germany in the last days of the war in Europe. Within 17 days, as many as 100,000 German soldiers were killed in defense of Berlin, and more than 175,000 civilians were killed. As many as 75,000 Soviets and thousands of tanks were killed in their offensive in Berlin. Fighting continued outside Berlin until Germany surrendered to the Allies on May 8, 1945.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_in_Berlin
https://www.britannica.com/event/Sakdal-Uprising
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | May 1
THE VICTORY OF THE AMERICANS IN THE BATTLE IN THE MANILA AREA
*May 1, 1898*
The year 1898 saw the gradual collapse of the Spanish Empire due to the revolutions in Cuba and the Philippines, and the rise of another superpower, the United States. The Filipinos first saw the ferocity of the American military on the first day of May in 1898. Nine steel warships of the US Asiatic Squadron led by Admiral George Dewey sailed into our country's oceans to face the enemy. weaker and smaller Spanish fleet docked in Manila Bay.
On April 30 the Spanish naval fleet in Manila led by Admiral Patricio Montojo was alerted to the arrival of the American fleet off the coast of Subic, so even though he knew his outclassed ships had no panama they kept watch. in Manila Bay, in the region covered by the province of Cavite, to watch for the American invasion.
It was past 5:40 a.m. when American ships began firing on the Spanish fleet, initiated by the flagship of the American fleet USS Olympia. After the Americans destroyed many of the Spanish ships, the Americans rested for a while to prepare for their next offensive while other Spanish ships retreated to their naval arsenal in Cavite. The American offensive continued as of 11:30 a.m., where they bombed shore batteries in Cavite, and they damaged the ships Reina Cristina and Castilla, the flagship of Admiral Montojo. At 12:45 p.m., the American fleet successfully destroyed the last Spanish fleet off the coast of Manila. The USS Petrel also sent a telegram to Admiral Dewey's flagship that the Spaniards had surrendered in battle. Almost all the Spanish ships were destroyed in the battle, and more than 400 learned Spaniards were killed, while hardly any of the American ships were damaged and ten American sailors were killed.
Admiral Dewey's victory marked the beginning of the fall of Spanish power in our country, and it paved the way for the beginning of the United States' entry into the Philippines.
REICH CHANCELLOR JOSEPH GOEBBELS COMMITS SUICIDE
*May 1, 1945*
On this day in 1945, the one-day reign of Germany’s appointed Chancellor Joseph Goebbels ended at the age of 47, when he also committed the “hero’s death” of his Führer Adolf Hitler, along with his 44- year old housewife for 15 years Johanna Maria Magdalena or Magda Goebbels. According to witnesses, the Goebbels went to the Reich Chancellery garden from the emergency exit of the Führerbunker and said Joseph shot his wife with a pistol and then shot himself. At Goebbels' orders, their bodies were burned with the remaining petroleum that was also used to burn the bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun. While this was happening, the Victory Banner had been raised on top of the Reichstag building, signaling the Soviets taking over the entire city.
In the last days of the war, while Joseph Goebbels was with Hitler at the Fuhrerbunker, his wife Magda and their six children moved here. Magda even sent a final letter to her son to his first wife, who was a captive soldier in northern Africa, stating her purpose in her stay with Joseph Goebbels. He detailed here that he could not bear to let his family live in a world devoid of Nazi ideology, and apologized to his son for what he would do.
Before Hitler committed suicide, Magda begged Hitler to leave Berlin. When Joseph Goebbels became Chancellor, he ordered the sending of a message demanding a ceasefire to the Soviet High Command, but the Soviets insisted on the unconditional surrender of the Nazis in Berlin. When Goebbels' delegate, General Hans Krebs, announced this, Goebbels angrily said that he would not surrender for the rest of his life, and said that he would not devote his last time as Chancellor to signing Germany's surrender document. .
Meanwhile, Magda prepared to kill her children, with the help of an SS doctor, Ludwig Stumpfegger. They first gave them sleeping pills, and then Magda swallowed a cyanide capsule for her children one by one. When most of the occupants of the Führerbunker left, the couple prepared to commit suicide.
The Soviets investigating the Führerbunker found the burnt bodies of the Goebbels and their poisoned children, as well as two generals Hans Krebs and Wilhelm who committed suicide inside the bunker. Their bodies were first buried in an unspecified place after the war, and then re -exhumed and burned at the behest of the Soviets and then their ashes were dumped into the river Elbe.
From 1933, Joseph Goebbels served as Minister of Propaganda of the Nazi government, and became the district leader of Berlin. Of all those who became Hitler's followers, he was considered the most loyal follower, and he was almost at the forefront of the Nazi party's propaganda activities on behalf of Hitler. Until recently, he remained by his Führer’s side even though Goering and Himmler and other Nazi officials had turned their backs on him. Aside from Hitler, Goebbels can also be held responsible for violating the laws of war and for killing Jews, because of his propaganda propaganda.
`Exclusive:`
THE VICTORY BANNER
At the behest of Joseph Stalin, a Victory Banner would be hoisted in the city of Berlin, signaling the Soviets ’capture of the capital of Nazi Germany. Nine Victory Banners were quickly sewn and prepared for distribution to the 150th Rifle Corps of the 1st Belorussian Front scheduled to attack the Reichstag. At the command of the batallion commander of the 150th Rifle Corps, Stepan Neustroyev, Soviet soldiers Sergeants Meliton Kantaria, Mikhail Yegorov and Lieutenant Alexei Berest were given the responsibility of holding and lifting one of the prepared nine to the top of the Reichstag building. Victory Banner scheduled to be placed in such building. One is your red flag with the communism brand hammer and sickle and with Cyrillic texts written on the background of the flag which are: 150th Rifle Division, Order of Kutuzov 2nd class, Idritsa Division, 79th Rifle Corps, 3rd Shock Army, 1st Belorussian Front. This is an indication of which army division raised that flag.
Kantaria, Yegorov and Berest carried the flag, and Kantaria and Yegorov climbed the large dome of the building, and then raised the Victory Banner on top of it. Many other Victory Banners were placed on the Reichstag but those of Kantaria, Yegorov and Berest were left standing. No photographs were taken of this historic raising as it was done at dawn on the first day of May, 1945. The Victory Banner was also lowered and hoisted on the Reichstag to be taken to Moscow and presented at the first Victory Parade, but the victims were wounded. person hoisted such a flag so it was not included in the parade. The Victory Banner was included in the Victory Day parade held on May 9, 1965.
Currently, on display at the Central Army Museum in Moscow, Russia is the exact copy of the Victory Banner raised on the Reichstag. That Victory Banner is included in the flags paraded whenever Victory Day is celebrated in Russia on the 9th of May.
Referrences:
https://www.rbth.com/history/330867-soviet-victory-banner-reichstag-photo/amp
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Banner
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels
https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/early-20th-century-us/battle-of-manila-bay
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
Welcome, month of May
Yesterday is the beginning of the month of May, the fifth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the third of the seven months with 31 days.
May is spring in the Northern Hemisphere, while autumn is in the Southern Hemisphere. The word ‘May’ is believed to have originated from the Greek goddess Maia, mother of Hermes (Mercury) and the goddess of prosperity and fertility. He oversees the flowering. According to Ovid, a Roman poet, May is derived from the Latin word 'maiores' which means 'elder'. May is followed by June, which is adapted for 'juniores' or children.
In the Philippines, May is the month of the respective festivals. It is also National Heritage Month.
The Book Of Yesterday | April 30
THE END OF THE VIETNAM WAR
*April 30, 1975*
After nearly two decades of bloody, violent and long fighting between the two divided Vietnam, the Vietnam War formally ended on this day in 1975 when South Vietnam’s capital Saigon fell into the hands of North Vietnamese communists and the President signed of South Vietnam of his country’s unconditional surrender to communist Vietnam. It signaled the end of the Vietnam War with the rule of the socialist regime in Vietnam, first propagated by Ho Chi Minh. The Vietnam War was one of the major battles that took place during the Cold War supported by the two superpower countries the United States and the Soviet Union.
After the end of the Japanese occupation of Indochina, which included Vietnam, in September 1945, Ho Chi Minh's supporters focused on expelling the French colonizers from Vietnam and overthrowing Emperor Bao Dai to control the entire country. Wanting to imitate the revolution led by Vladimir Lenin in Russia, Ho Chi Minh began the fight for control of Vietnam and successfully ousted the French occupiers there in 1954. But as in Korea, ideology divided capitalism. and communism the country of Vietnam for 20 years, with Ho Chi Minh ruling North Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem leading democratic South Vietnam, which was still in effect under the Geneva Conference in 1954, which set 17 degrees latitude is the border of the divide between the two Vietnam, but such a conference also set a special election for the reunification of Vietnam.
While the United States has expressed support for South Vietnam, the Diem government is working to suppress the communists in Vietnam with American military equipment and with the help of the CIA. Hundreds of thousands of Viet Cong or communists were killed by Diem, so North Vietnam retaliated and attacked South Vietnamese government officials. It was here that the fighting between the two countries began, which not only supported but also provided arms and soldiers by the American and Soviet Union countries to the two Vietnam.
The number of people killed in the Vietnam War expanded to three million people, most of them Vietnamese civilians and it also caused negative psychological consequences to the Americans who fought in the Vietnam War. Several stories of heinous violence have spread throughout Vietnam. The Vietnam War also divided the sentiments of Americans in their country, most of whom no longer wanted to be involved in the war and called for the removal of their soldiers there. It also affected the Philippines because of the same sentiment, especially when President Ferdinand Marcos approved the sending of our troops to Vietnam. After a brief ceasefire in 1973, the two rival Vietnamese ended up in peace negotiations, until the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam was announced.
At present, diplomatic and economic relations between the two former rivals, the United States and Vietnam, are strong.
ADOLF HITLER AND EVA BRAUN COMMIT SUICIDE
*April 30, 1945*
The sequel to the last moments of Nazi Germany’s dictator Adolf Hitler on this day in 1945 is detailed by Hitler’s last companions inside his Fuhrerbunker. A few hours after the wedding of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun, the two of them were just preparing for the death while they were together. From under his bunker, the sound of gunfire outside and the roar of bombs could be heard. Soviet forces were just a few blocks away from Berlin, from the Reich Chancellery, and Hitler knew it was all over with him and his dream “millennial Third Reich”. Hitler became increasingly praning, that even the poison he would use to kill himself he thought would only make him unconscious to surrender him to the Soviets. Hitler enlisted the help of an SS doctor Werner Haase for a more effective method of suicide; swallowing poison once self -shot. It also helped test the effectiveness of the poison on Hitler's pet dog Blondi, a German shepherd, and on its puppies and the dogs died. He also instructed his personal SS bodyguard Otto Gunsche to burn his and Eva's corpses with petroleum.
At 1 a.m. on April 30, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel reported in his telegram that the Soviets had intercepted defenses sent from General Walther Wenck, in order to break the Soviet encirclement of the city. The Soviets had already surrounded the central district of Berlin, including the Reichstag building and Reich Chancellery. The city’s chief defense commander, General Helmuth Weidling, reported to Hitler that the Berlin garrison would fall to the Soviets at any time, and again asked permission for the army to break out of the Soviet line in Berlin, but Hitler did not allow him at first, but in the afternoon General Weidling did as well.
Hitler even ate his last dinner with his cook and his secretary Traudl Junge, and then said goodbye to his faithful disciples and generals. It was past two o'clock in the afternoon when Hitler and Eva Braun entered Hitler's living room in the Fuhrerbunker, and outside his disciples were waiting. While this was happening, the Soviets began their offensive on the destroyed Reichstag building, which was guard-closed by the SS and some Wehrmacht soldiers. Meanwhile, the native city of Nazi ideology, Munich, fell to the Americans.
At 2:30 p.m., Eva Braun swallowed poison, and also swallowed poison and then Hitler shot her in the head with her pistol. After Gunsche and Hitler's valet Heinz Linge examined the dead bodies of Hitler and Eva, sitting on a sofa, Günsche declared to those waiting outside that their Führer was dead.
As Hitler had ordered, Günsche carried the bodies of the two out of the emergency exit of the Führerbunker and then burned them with more than 200 gallons [200 L] of gasoline in a small bomb crater. Those who brought and burned Hitler's corpse gave their last Nazi salute before re-entering the bunker.
Germany’s designated President Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz announced on Berlin radios the “hero’s death” of their Führer, and appealed to Germans to resist. On the first day of May, General Hans Krebs announced in front of General Vasili Chuikov of the Soviet High Command in Berlin the deaths of Hitler and Eva Braun, before General Krebs demanded a ceasefire. Although the ceasefire request was not granted, General Chuikov informed Joseph Stalin of Hitler's fate, but Stalin ordered that Hitler's body be found to confirm the news.
Meanwhile, many of the occupants of the Fuhrerbunker tried to break out of the city but many of them were otherwise killed were captured by the Soviets, and only a few escaped. While those left in the Fuhrerbunker otherwise committed suicide, such as Joseph Goebbels and Generals Krebs and Burgdorf were captured by the Soviets when the bunker fell on them. Two days later, the whole of Berlin fell to the Soviets, when its commander -in -chief, General Weidling, surrendered.
Hitler’s death in turn gave birth to conspiracy theories about what really happened to Hitler, initiated by Joseph Stalin, perhaps for political reasons. It did not die in Berlin, but it allegedly fled and hid with other Nazi officials in Spain or Argentina. But in 1956, a court hearing confirmed that Hitler had indeed committed suicide.
APPROVED FREEDOM OF VOTING FOR WOMEN IN THE PHILIPPINES
*April 30, 1937*
With 444,725 votes or 90.94% of the total 492,032 voters nationwide, a plebiscite held on this day in 1937 won the favor of empowering women to vote in local or national elections in our country. This time, Filipina women were given the opportunity to participate in the political arena that was previously dominated by men. It also provided an opportunity for women to also hold government positions.
Since 1905, Filipina feminists such as Pura Villanueva Kalaw of the Asociacion Feminista Ilonga, and Concepcion Felix Rodriguez of the Asociacion Feminista Filipina have been advocating for women's rights, including the freedom to vote and participate in politics. task. Not only male politicians in the National Assembly objected to women’s voting, but also some women, for fear that it might affect a woman’s traditional role in the family when given this opportunity. However, Filipina feminists garnered support from Governor-General Frank Murphy, especially when it signed the Women’s Suffrage Bill, in the hope that it would help achieve equal rights between men and women and fairness. treatment.
Article V of the ratified Constitution of 1935 states that women are allowed to vote, provided that it is passed in a plebiscite two years after the ratification of the Constitution, and will be attended by at least 300,000 people. Approved on September 30, 1936 Commonwealth Act no. 34 which sets the plebiscite for women's suffrage. Women have the same qualifications as men to vote.
The Philippines was one of the first countries in Asia in the early years of the 20th century to approve women’s voting, including India, Afghanistan, Turkey, Mongolia, and Thailand. Two years later, our country had the first woman to step into politics, when Geronima Pecson of Pangasinan was elected as our country's first female Senator.
PATROCINIO GAMBOA WAS BORN
*April 30, 1865*
Today is the 156th birthday of one of the great women in our country, who did not fight against the Spanish and American occupiers but gave her service to help our revolutionaries. He was Patrocinio Gamboa, born on this day in 1865 in the town of Jaro, Iloilo. Known by the alias "Tia Patron", she is the son of a wealthy couple Fermin Gamboa and Leonila Villareal.
Patrocinio was able to study under a private tutor, and was fond of reading Spanish literature, which also made him aware of the sentiments of those seeking reform in the country. He also read the articles of Filipino propagandists in Spain, which shaped his feelings of nationalism.
He joined the Filipino revolution against Spain, and was one of the organizers of the Comite Central Revolucionario de Visayas, which would become the revolutionary government in the Visayas region. He rendered service to the revolution by caring for and treating the wounded revolutionaries, raising money, food and medicine as his contribution to the revolution. There is a story in Patrocinio’s life that adds to his colorful struggle. Patrocinio was assigned to sew a replica of the Philippine flag first woven by Marcela Agoncillo. But there is a problem, the town where Patrocinio and the other women will deliver the sewn flag in Jaro where the headquarters of the Iloilo revolution's chief general Martin Delgado is guarded by the Spaniards and no one can get through the guards except if there is evidence to show that they are not revolutionaries. So Patrocinio enlisted the help of a lieutenant and pretended to be a quarrelsome couple in order to get through the soldiers' checkpoint. Not only were the soldiers convinced that Patrocinio and the lieutenant were really fighting, but they laughed, the two of the guards slipped through, and they also went to General Delgado's headquarters.
Until the time of the Americans Patrocinio did not cease his service. When the Filipino-American War ended, the government offered Patrocinio a pension, he refused and said that he did not become a hero just for money, and his love for the country was unmatched by money. Patrocinio passed away at the age of 88 on November 23, 1953 and was given an honorary burial at Balantang Veterans Cemetery in Jaro, Iloilo.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrocinio_Gamboa
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history
**Copyright © 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 29
YOUTH CITY OR THE CURRENT PHILIPPINE CHILDREN'S MEDICAL CENTER INTRODUCED
*April 29, 1980*
Today is the 41st birthday of the Philippine Children's Medical Center or formerly known as the City of Youth. This children's hospital was inaugurated in a simple ceremony on this day in 1980 in Quezon city, attended by former First Lady Imelda Romualdez Marcos and Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom.
It was opened with the effect of Proclamation No. 1631 signed by former President Ferdinand Marcos on August 10, 1979. The existence and construction of a children's hospital like this in our country is a genius concept of Dra. Fe del Mundo, a Filipino pediatrician and pediatrician. On June 23 of the same year, the operation of this hospital began, and under the administration of former President Corazon Aquino, the name of this hospital was renamed the Philippine Children's Medical Center on January 12, 1987 with the effect of Memorandum Order no. 2.
PCMC’s operation began with 47 licensed pediatricians, pediatric surgeons practicing Ambulatory, In-Patient Care and Surgical and Critical Care. In 1985, it expanded its operations to patient care services, Residency and Fellowship training, and to continuing medical education. Also added to the Pediatric specialization branch are Neonatology, Pulmonology, Nephrology, Cardiology, Hematology, and Allergology under the Department of Pediatric Medicine, as well as Anesthesia under the Department of Pediatric Surgery.
PCMC is also a government-owned and controlled corporation under the Department of Health.
THE OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUTAL FOR THE FAR EAST
*April 29, 1946*
As was done with the accused Nazi officials in the Nuremberg Trials, Japanese officials involved in various war crimes and other violations of the law of war were also placed in an international war crimes tribunal, after Japan surrendered. . On this day in 1945, the International Military Tribunal in the Far East officially opened, held inside the War Ministry office in the city of Tokyo, Japan.
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, China, France, India, The Netherlands, the Philippines, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United States have provided judges, lawyers and prosecutors to focus on the prosecution and prosecution of the defendants. Kingdom. Japanese lawyers were also provided to serve as prosecutors and advocates. As many as 28 Japanese military and government officials were indicted in the trial to face charges such as crimes against peace, aggressive warfare, violation of the laws of war and crimes against humanity. These include occupation and invasion of sovereignty in Asia-Pacific countries, killing of surrendered prisoners of war, killing of civilians, launching and engaging in aggressive warfare. Among those tried here was former Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, while the accused Shumei Okawa was not in his mental capacity to join the trial, while two others died during the trial, Yosuke Matsukoa and Osami Nagano.
The trial of the other defendants ended on November 12, 1946 and the verdict for their crimes was read to the Japanese defendants. Seven defendants were sentenced to be hanged, including Hideki Tojo, while 16 defendants were sentenced to life imprisonment, including the signer of Japan's surrender document to the war General Yoshijiro Umezu, and 13 of those 16 were given of parole from 1954 to 1956. General Douglas MacArthur, who presided over the trial of the Japanese defendants, approved the sentences against them.
Thousands of other Japanese defendants were placed in separate war crimes trials conducted by countries that also participated in the War Crimes Trial in Tokyo, where 17 Japanese were tried in our own court. As with the Nuremberg trial, the Tokyo Military Tribunal received praise and criticism.
AMERICANS RELEASED NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP DACHAU
*April 29, 1945*
Simultaneously with the Soviet siege of the city of Berlin, American forces entered and liberated the first Nazi concentration camp, Dachau, built on this day in 1945.
Led by the 45th Infantry Division of the 7th U.S. Army the Dachau gate was destroyed and there was a brief encounter between the Americans and SS guards inside the camp. After that, other guards surrendered and the Americans released more than 30,000 dying inmates left inside the camp, but what was even more depressing for the Americans was the piles of decomposing corpses of the dead inmates inside the camps. railway carts. The Americans were devastated by the deplorable condition of the camp, so outraged at what they saw they shot their subdued SS guards numbering 30 to 50. They also forcibly invited German civilians to Dachau for witness the traces of the Nazi regime’s crime and bury as many as 9,000 corpses scattered inside the camp.
Dachau was the first Nazi concentration camp built in Germany in 1933, located a few kilometers away from the city of Munich. It was originally built for Hitler’s political opponents, such as the communists, Nazi rival parties, and other political dissents. Over the years, members of Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, Gypsies, and ordinary criminals were also imprisoned here. More importantly, Jews were also counted among those imprisoned in Dachau, especially Jews arrested after Kristallnacht in 1938. All prisoners in Dachau were subjected to inhumane treatment by the Nazis, such as forced labor, and had others starved to death, and worst of all, they were used as lab animals in sadistic experiments. Over the years as many as 31,000 people were killed by the Nazis inside Dachau during its more than a decade of operation from more than 160,000 prisoners held here, and some were transferred to other concentration camps. As the Americans advanced to Munich many of the prisoners in Dachau were forcibly evacuated to another camp, and the SS almost abandoned such camp.
After the war, Dachau was still used as a hotbed by accused SS officers who became its commander, and after also being used as an American military base the camp was closed in 1960. It is currently a Holocaust Memorial Site. Dachau concentration camp.
ADOLF HITLER AND EVA BRAUN MARRIED
*April 29, 1945*
After 15 years of togetherness of Nazi Germany dictator Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun, Hitler also gave Braun what he had most longed for. This was despite Hitler’s ban on Eva accompanying him to his underground bunker in Berlin, and as a sign of Eva’s loyalty to him. Early on this day in 1945, a simple single-breasted ceremony was performed by 56-year-old Hitler and 33-year-old Eva Braun. The Minister of Propaganda and loyal follower of Hitler Joseph Goebbels prepared the simple wedding ceremony, and he also served as the best man to his Fuhrer. In front of a Nazi lawyer, both swore that they were of pure Aryan descent and had no inherited disease. They were immediately declared married, and both signed a document validating their marriage; when Eva signed, she erased the letter B she had written and changed it to Hitler. Witnessing this wedding were the Reichsleiter of the Nazi party Martin Bormann, Goebbels, General Hans Krebs and Wilhelm Burgdorf. They also had a simple breakfast banquet, but Hitler had to go back to the dictation of his last will and political will, which he began to dictate to his private secretary Traudl Junge a few hours before his wedding.
In his political will, he once again blamed the Jews for Germany’s defeat in the war, and his political views since his involvement in the First World War. Hitler also stated in his political will his marriage to Eva and their intention to commit suicide, and he again thanked the German people for their loyalty to him, and urged them to fight to the end. He also declared Hermann Goering and Heinrich Himmler traitors to the state, and removed them from all government positions, and appointed Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz as his successor as President of Germany, and his faithful follower. that Joseph Goebbels as Chancellor, and dictated the new government cabinets. Hitler signed his last will and testament, and they also signed Bormann and General Krebs.
A day after the wedding and the signing of his last will, the Hitler couple committed suicide inside the Fuhrerbunker.
References:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/adolf-and-eva-marry
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/dachau-liberated
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Children%27s_Medical_Center
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 28
FORMER FIRST LADY MARIA AURORA QUEZON KILLED
*April 28, 1949*
Exactly 72 years have passed since the murder of the 61-year-old wife of former President Manuel Luis Quezon Doña Aurora Antonia Aragon Quezon, her daughter Maria Aurora, Quezon city mayor Ponciano Bernardo, the his son-in-law Felipe Buencamino III and eight others. On Baler-Bongabon Road in Quezon province, hundreds of Huk members ambushed the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines formerly Hukbalahap, 11 vehicles and two military trucks that make up the convoy of the former First Lady, and since Doña Aurora's vehicle was in front of the convoy, they were the first to be hit by the Huk's hunt from above. The ambush immediately killed 12 people from the convoy, including Doña Aurora, Baby or Maria Aurora, Mayor Bernardo, and Felipe Buencamino III. They also encountered the arriving escort soldiers of Doña Aurora, in which 10 Huk were killed by the military.
The whole country was shocked by the treacherous ambush on Doña Aurora, and sympathy poured out for the Quezon family left behind. President Elpidio Quirino declared nine days of mourning for the death of the former First Lady and at its funeral ceremony President Quirino emotionally blamed the Huk and its leader Luis Taruc for the shooting, but the other group denied it.
Prior to the assassination, Doña Aurora left Nueva Ecija for Baler town to inaugurate the Quezon Memorial Hospital there. The former First Lady was warned of the presence of the Huk on their way, and President Quirino even offered his plane, but Doña Aurora calmly said that the Huk would not hurt an old man like her.
Aside from being President Quezon's mistress, Doña Aurora has been a supporter of the advancement of women's rights in the country, such as freedom to vote, the activities of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines and one of those who helped establish the Philippine National Red Cross. Doña Aurora was first buried at the Manila North Cemetery in Manila, and in 2006 her remains were moved next to the bedside of her husband, President Quezon, in the Quezon Memorial Circle.
INAUGURATED THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
*April 28, 1611*
Today is the 410th anniversary of the oldest university not only in the Philippines but in the whole of Asia, the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the Catholic University of the Philippines or the University of Santo Tomas or UST. It was founded by Father Miguel de Benavides of the Dominican order, and it is also the largest and one of the oldest pontifical universities in our country, which has been recognized not only by the Pope but by the Spanish Crown.
In 1609, Padre de Benavides was given permission to build the foundation of such a university, with the blessing of King Philip III. UST was originally named Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario, and renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas. November 20, 1645 when Pope Innocent X elevated the Colegio de Santo Tomas as a university, the first institution to be given such recognition by the Pope. In 1785, the university was given a Royal title by the Royal decree of King Carlos III, and a pontifical title from Pope Leo XIII in 1902. In 1947, Pope Pius XII certified UST as the Catholic University of the Philippines.
Santo Tomas de Aquinas, a Dominican theologian, became the patron saint of this university. This university is headed by Dominican orders, and was originally located within Intramuros, and it was originally a school for seminarians wishing to enter the priesthood. Canon law, philosophy, theology, logic, Civil Law, grammar and art were the first courses taught at UST, and in 1871 they also included the course of medicine and pharmacy, the first university in Asia to offer such a course. This university shaped the education of some of our intellectuals and patriots such as Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, Emilio Jacinto, Antonio Luna and others. It has also been the alma mater of four of our former Presidents; Manuel Luis Quezon, Jose P. Laurel, Sergio Osmeña, Sr., and Diosdado Macapagal, former Vice President Aurelio Tolentino and several former senators and chief justices of the country, including Cayetano Arellano.
Wealthy Spanish youth and some privileged Filipinos were fortunate enough to enter this university. As the number of students studying at UST increased, the Dominicans expanded the campus, and they also built a new branch in Sampaloc, Manila in 1927 and in the same year also accepted female students at UST. UST also temporarily halted operations twice. the first was during the Filipino revolution of 1896 and the second was during the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, when it became an interment camp for foreigners living in Manila and American prisoners. And like many buildings in Manila, including the original UST campus in Intramuros that was destroyed by bombings, and also severely damaged the Sampaloc campus of UST, where many internees were imprisoned, until they were released in February 1945. After the war UST's Sampaloc campus was repaired but its original campus in Intramuros was never recovered.
During UST's 410 years of existence, it has been one of the centers of higher education in the Philippines, and has also excelled in the fields of academia, research, history, and even sports. Three Spanish monarchs and three Popes also had the opportunity to visit UST. The Very Rev. Fr. Gerard Francisco P. Timoner, III, O.P. the current Chancellor of UST.
ADMIRAL YI SUN-SHIN OF KOREA WAS BORN
*April 28, 1545*
Today South Koreans commemorate the 476th birthday of Admiral Yi Sun-shin, their National Hero and hero who rescued the Joseon dynasty of Korea from attempted occupation by Japanese foreigners.
Yi Sun-shin came from a family of court bureaucrats of the Joseon dynasty, and was born in the city of Hanseong (now Seoul, South Korea). His father Yi Jeong was a former bureaucrat who was among the aristocrats in Korea. As a child, Yi Sun-shin was already seen as a leader, something he could use to his advantage in the years to come.
After passing the government examination in 1576, Yi Sun-shin became a military officer and commanded several land and naval forces. Although implicated in false allegations by people who envied his position as a reason to be fired twice, Yi Sun-shin was still appointed as the commander-in-chief of the navy in Jeolla province to deal with the impending invasion of the forces. Japanese in Korea. During those times, the status of the kingdom was threatened by the Japanese occupation as Jurchen warriors invaded the north.
General Yi Sun-shin well led the interception of the Joseon fleet against the Japanese fleet under the leadership of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, even though it had no maritime skills. He was also the mastermind in building what is considered to be the first iron warship in history, the gobukson which means turtle ship.
In addition to its iron armor, they also equipped it with cannons to make it more resistant to the larger fleet of the Japanese. Aside from these steel ships, General Yi took advantage of his strategy over the geography of the southern Korean ocean. He also raised the morale of soldiers fighting in wars against the Japanese, thanks to his charismatic leader. Since the beginning of the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, Korean guerrillas have successfully sunk Japanese ships without a single Yi Sun-shin ship being damaged.
In 1593, Admiral Yi was given command of the entire Korean fleet, but he was again involved in the false accusation that he was removed from the rank as an ordinary soldier. But when the Korean fleet fell again against the Japanese in the second wave of the Japanese campaign Admiral Yi was restored to command of the battle, and continued his long successful record in naval warfare. The Koreans regained control of its oceans, but on December 16, 1598, as his ships chased the Japanese fleet, a stray bullet struck the valiant Admiral whom he killed.
Aside from being the national hero of the the Korea, Admiral Yi Sun-shin is considered one of the great naval commanders in history, due to the 23 naval battles it won and never lost in battles during the Japanese invasion, though that he had no maritime skills and sometimes ran out of ships loyal to the enemy.
ITALIAN GUIDELINES KILL FORMER DICTATOR BENITO MUSSOLINI
*April 28, 1945*
The gradual closing of the war chapter in Europe also saw the fall of two of the lofty dictators. Sensational was the end of the 61-year-old dubbed “Il Duce” and formerly ruled Italy as dictator and Prime Minister for two decades, wanting to be the new Julius Caesar in his new Roman Empire with Benito Mussolini.
On this day in 1945, he and his 33 -year -old lover Clara Petacci were confronted against a wall and then shot with a machine gun by Italian guerrillas, at Villa Belmonte in the small sitio Giulino di Mezzegra, in the town of Azzano. Fearing that the Nazis might rescue him again, the Italian guerrillas temporarily hid Mussolini in a farmhouse in Giulino di Mezzegra, and the next morning the guerrillas evicted their hated prisoner. Italian guerrillas captured Mussolini and his lover in the town of Dongo, while attempting to flee Italy after he was intercepted by a guerrilla checkpoint. His impersonation as a Nazi official did not work so as not to be recognized by the guerrillas.
The next day, the bodies of the slain Mussolini, Petacci and 14 other fascist supporters of the dictator were loaded onto a half truck and then dumped like garbage in Piazzale Loreto, a plaza in the city of Milan, Italy. Celebrating and furious people mobbed the corpse of their dictator, where they kicked, punched, urinated on, spat and even stuffed rotten vegetables into Mussolini's face, and others shot in the face and body. of the dictator. Mussolini's desecrated bodies were hung upside down at a gasoline station in Milan. But American forces also demolished Mussolini's bodies.
Aside from the betrayal of Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler also heard of the tragedy of the dictator's ally and considered him an idol in the idea of fascism, so this is also the reason why he committed suicide on April 30 and burned his body so that he would not. suffer what the people did to Mussolini. The bodies of Mussolini and Petacci were buried in a cemetery in Milan, and Mussolini's opponents were looking for them to dispose of his remains. Unbeknownst to them, Il Duce supporters dug up his body and hid it for four months before finding it in a monastery in Milan in 1946. When the government recovered it, they hid it again until gave a decent burial of his bones in his family’s musoleum in his hometown of Predappio in 1957.
References:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/news/mussolinis-final-hours
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yi-Sun-shin
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas
https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/assassination-of-dona-aurora-quezon-a00293-20190429-lfrm
**Copyright ©️ 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 27
SAMUEL F.B. MORSE WAS BORN
*April 27, 1791*
Today is the 230th birthday of one of the great inventors of the Industrial Revolution who provided a unique innovation in communication, Samuel Finley Breese Morse or Samuel F.B. Morse. He was born in Charleston, Massachusetts in the United States, and was the eldest child of a pastor and geographer Jedidiah Morse and Elizabeth Anne Finley Breese.
He attended Yale University where he became interested in art and electricity, things that would give him a colorful career. Morse first became an artist, and while in Europe in 1832 he heard about the new electromagnet innovation, and it was there that his idea of making the electric telegraph entered, though he was not the first person to come up with such a concept.
Morse spent a long time developing the prototype of his electric telegraph, with the help of two companions Alfred Vail and Leonard Gail. January 6, 1838 when he successfully demonstrated and demonstrated his invention telegraph system at Speedwell Iron Works in Morristown, New Jersey. His invention was a communication machine in which each press of a button sent it electric impulses, and each impulses generated by short and long presses represented a series of dashes and dots, with corresponding letters and numbers. . His invention enabled long-distance communication.
It was 1843 when Morse sought the support of the American Congress to fund and patent his invention. On condition that Morse be granted, Morse himself must lay the telegraph wires from Washington DC to Baltimore in Maryland, America. May 1844 when its first electric telegraph transmission "What hath God wrought" was sent to Maryland, adapted from the Bible verse Numbers 23:23.
Since then, many private companies have supported Morse's invention. The importance of the Morse telegraph was first seen during the American Civil War, in the year telegraph wires were spread throughout America, and later it also reached Africa, Europe to Australia, for greater long-distance communication anywhere in the world. This invention also inspired many other inventors to further improve the invention for communication.
But the 20th century saw a gradual decline in the use of the telegraph with the advent of modern telephones, faxes, and e-mail.
Samuel Morse died wealthy in New York City at the age of 80.
THE BATTLE ON THE BRIDGE OF THE RIVER BAGBAG
*April 27, 1899*
The victory of the army of the First Republic of the Philippines against the United States in the battle of Quingua (now Plaridel, Bulacan) under the leadership of General Gregorio del Pilar was only short -lived. town of Calumpit.
Even before this, the Americans had captured Quingua after the first victory of the Filipinos there. President Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the demolition of the bridge over the Bagbag river so that American forces could not pass through the line of Filipino trenches on the banks of the river. While this was happening, General Antonio Luna left his position in Bagbag with many soldiers to confront General Tomas Mascardo in the town of Guagua in Pampanga because of his stubbornness. General Luna wanted General Mascardo to send a reserve soldier to accompany the defense on the Calumpit-Apalit line which includes Bagbag, but General Mascardo was in Guagua to infect the soldiers there. So Bagbag was left almost defenseless and only General del Pilar and a few colonels were left to guard the mouth of the river.
Several Chinese porters helped push the train over the damaged rail to move the Americans' Vickers machine gun. Even though the bridge was damaged, the Americans went down the Bagbag river and attacked the Filipino line there. It was too late for General Luna to return to Bagbag because the Americans had already crossed the river. He could no longer prevent the advance of the enemy, so he was forced to leave his camp at Bagbag and it fell to the Americans.
This was also the scenario on the Pampanga river, when Colonel Frederick Funston led the Americans to cross the river using rafts. They attacked Filipinos on both sides. They also drove away the lines of the Filipinos and broke down the trench defenses on the banks of the river.
This was one of the greatest victories of the Americans in the Filipino-American war. Other Filipino defenses collapsed one after another in Santo Tomas, Pampanga and San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, as President Aguinaldo's forces retreated north. According to General Luna, 700 Americans were killed in the two -day offensive in Bagbag and Quingua, and 200 were killed among Filipinos.
THE FIRST SPANISH COMMUNITY ESTABLISHED IN THE PHILIPPINES
*April 27, 1565*
Exactly 34 years after Lapulapu's victory in Mactan in Cebu, the Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded the first Spanish community in our country, in the province where Fernando Magallanes and Raha Humabon once met, in Cebu. This community became the ancestor of the present city of Cebu, which is also the first and oldest city in the Philippines.
On April 15, 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi's fleet arrived in Cebu, now led by Raha Tupas, Raha Humabon's nephew, and after a short battle, Raha Tupas surrendered to the Spaniards and submitted to the flag. of Spain. Raha Tupas gave a piece of land there, on which the first Spanish community had already been established. This community was later named "Villa de San Miguel de Cebu", which de Legazpi claimed on behalf of King Felipe II.
This community expanded, and to protect the area the Spaniards built a concrete fort called Fuerza de San Pedro. It was a triangular fortress built in the center of this community, as the main fortress, guarded by thousands of Spanish soldiers. This community later grew as a port for Spanish ships arriving from Mexico, and a starting point for Spanish travelers who wanted to explore other lands to be conquered.
August 1595 when Pope Clement VII declared this community as a diocese under the leadership of the Archdiocese of Manila. This community became the city of Cebu, the oldest city in our country, where the country's first street, Calle Colon, is also located.
THE VICTORY OF MACTAN
*April 27, 1521*
From Cebu, Ferdinand Magellan's fleet went to the island of Mactan, to confront one of the island's two indigenous leaders, Lapulapu. It was at the request of Raha Humabon and another Mactan leader Zula, to subdue Lapulapu, who refused to submit to the Spanish flag and complied with the wishes of Raha Humabon, Zula and Magellan to pay tribute for them. Also under Magellan's influence on Raha Humabon, the Raha himself ordered all the leaders in Cebu to pay tribute on behalf of the King of Spain, and to submit to the Christian religion, which Zula immediately approved except just to Lapulapu.
So early on this day in 1521, aboard boats, the combined Spanish army led by Magellan himself, armed with guns, swords, axes, and iron armor and shields, and some native soldier who converted to Christianity, to force Lapulapu to surrender to Magellan's wishes. Raha Humabon wanted to help Magellan, but the latter told them to just let the Spanish warriors fight. But as soon as they descended into the waist-deep sea, they were met by raining arrows, spears and stones, which hit some of the armed Spaniards. When Magellan was surrounded by about 1,500 Lapulapu warriors and they were attacked on both sides. Magellan could not fight well in the waist-deep waters and rocky shores of the island, nor could they get their cannons close enough to support the Spaniards against Lapulapu. The guns and crossbows of the Spaniards also had no effect on Lapulapu's soldiers because they were far away from their boats. While the Spaniards and Lapulapu were fighting, Magellan was hit in the thigh by a poisoned arrow, paralyzing him and was followed by the stabbing of one of Lapulapu's warriors. When Magellan could no longer fight, he was struck by the spears of Lapulapu's soldiers. Antonio Pigafetta, who also sustained a wound as a result of the fighting, described all that happened, and the death of what they considered their “light, guide, and protection”. The rest of Magellan's soldiers scrambled back to their ships, when they found their leader dead as well as their comrades and their native allies.
The surviving soldiers of Magellan retreated back to Raha Humabon in Cebu, and while they were at a party prepared by Raha Humabon, the foreigners were suddenly ambushed, killing up to 30 soldiers. Juan Sebastian Elcano and Pigafetta escaped the massacre, and left Cebu. It is possible that the massacre was perpetrated by Magallanes' former slave Enrique de Malaya, who conspired with Raha Humabon. No one heard anything from Enrique after that. Before the remaining soldiers of the expedition left, they burned the ship Concepcion because no one was maneuvering it.
The victory of the Lapulapu in Mactan marks our history, the first battle between European forces and our ancestors, and the first struggle of our ancestors from the attempted foreign conquest.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu_City
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Calumpit
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/morse-demonstrates-telegraph
**Copyright © 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 26
THE AMERICANS FREED BAGUIO CITY FROM THE JAPANESE
*April 26, 1945*
On this day in 1945, the city of Baguio, Benguet province, was also liberated from Japanese occupation. The town of Tuba, 35 km away from Baguio, was also liberated today.
December 1944 when the headquarters of the Japanese army under General Tomoyuki Yamashita moved to Baguio, and when large numbers of American forces invaded Luzon, the army was divided into two, one to Manila and the other to northern Luzon. . The 33rd Infantry Division of the United States led the campaign to Baguio, along with several units of Filipino guerrillas. The last tank-on-tank battle between the Americans and the Japanese also took place in the mountains of northern Luzon.
While fleeing Baguio, General Yamashita appointed Major General Noakata Utsonomiya to serve as the chief commander of the Japanese who would defend Baguio, but he was also ordered to leave the city. The Americans captured five of the cabinets of the Second Republic of the Philippines who fled to Baguio, while President Jose P. Laurel fled the country.
On April 24, when the Americans entered the city, and in front of the civilians who were waiting for the arrival of the Americans, they declared Baguio free from Japanese occupation. An estimated 3,000 Japanese soldiers were killed in the more than two -month American campaign in northern Luzon to Baguio, but their campaign in northern Luzon did not end there. The Japanese remained in the mountains of the Cordillera until August 15, 1945. In Baguio City, General Yamashita surrendered to the Americans on September 3 of the same year.
EMILIO AGUINALDO ORDERS ARREST OF ANDRES BONIFACIO
*April 26, 1897*
On this day in 1897, the personnel of the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo raided the town of Indang, Cavite to arrest, on the orders of General Aguinaldo himself, the Supreme of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio.
At first, General Aguinaldo did not want to do this because he still needed Bonifacio for the unity of the movement, even though one had seceded and formed his own revolutionary government due to the controversial convention in Tejeros. But a report was brought to General Aguinaldo from Severino delas Alas, that Bonifacio's men were forced to ask for solicitation such as food in the town of Indang, and without reaching the people living there, Bonifacio allegedly set the town on fire, including its church. So General Aguinaldo did nothing but order General Mariano Noriel, Colonel Agapito Bonzon and General Jose Ignacio Paua to arrest Bonifacio.
When General Paua and Bonzon arrived at Bonifacio's camp in Indang, the Supremo welcomed them, but Bonifacio did not expect what happened next. General Paua's men fired their guns earlier, and a small civil war broke out at Bonifacio's camp in Indang. Even though Bonifacio begged his men not to fight with their fellow Tagalogs, Andres was still shot in the arm, while his brother Procopio was hit by a gun. Unfortunately, Andres' younger brother Ciriaco was killed, and General Paua even cut Andres in the neck.
General Paua's men arrested the wounded Procopio and Andres, whom they carried in a cradle while sustaining tearful wounds to the arm and neck, and his wife Gregoria de Jesus. From Indang, they brought the three to the town of Maragondon, Cavite for Bonifacio to face his crimes against the revolutionary government of General Aguinaldo.
THE TRAGEDY OF THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN UKRAINE
*April 26, 1986*
Today is the 36th anniversary of what is considered the most devastating nuclear disaster in peaceful history after Hiroshima, when a nuclear power plant exploded at Chernobyl, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine). When just because of a mistake in the regular testing of one of the reactors at the plant, it created a very powerful explosion in the reactors of the plant, which immediately killed 31 people, and even peeled off nearly a ton of concrete roof that serves as protection. plant. The explosions at the reactors lasted more than four hours, which also created a fire.
Firefighters arrived to put out the blaze but their protection was not enough to prevent radiation from spreading around the plant. It was past 5:00 pm when the remaining unaffected reactors of the plant were shut down, but this did not prevent the fallout. Over the course of a few months another 28 people would die, including responding firefighters, caused by the spread of radiation. The military also arrived at the scene of the tragedy to assist in rescuing the wounded and helping to control the spread of radiation.
The explosion and nuclear meltdown were most affected by the nearby town of Pripyat, a few kilometers away from the damaged plant. This is where the plant workers and their families live, and when the Chernobyl tragedy happened more than 50,000 people living in Pripyat were evacuated, and they were all afraid to go back there so now Pripyat is an abandoned place.
Also as a result of the Chernobyl explosion, cement and steel quickly buried the damaged Chernobyl reactor at the same time as its permanent closure because it is still dangerous to stay in it for a long time, and every year the cover of the damaged plant is strengthened for the diffused radiation did not increase further.
By 1995, as many as 125,000 people had died from diseases caused by the nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl.
RUDOLF HESS WAS BORN
*April 26, 1894*
On this day in 1894, Adolf Hitler’s Deputy Führer and one of the highest officials in the Nazi party Rudolf Walther Richard Hess or simply Rudolf Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was the eldest of three children of Johann Fritz and Klara Hess who lived in the British colony in Egypt.
His family left Egypt and settled in Germany, where he volunteered to join the German army during World War I, and just like his would -be bossing Hitler, Hess also earned an Iron Cross 1st Class for his bravery. Even after the war ended he still remained in the army as an army reserve.
Hess studied at the University of Munich in the geopolitics course, where he became aware of the idea of lebensraum or living space for larger Germany. While in Munich he met Hitler, and after Hess was impressed by the rhetoric of Hitler's speeches, and because they shared the same beliefs about what happened to Germany after the war, Hess joined the Nazi party in July 1920. The party was Hess organized activities to raise funds for the party, and also joined the Sturmabteilung or Storm Troopers. Hess was among those who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich led by Adolf Hitler in November 1923. Hitler was arrested on November 11 and Hess followed, and they were both imprisoned on treason. While in prison with Hitler, they began writing what became the bible of Nazi ideology, Mein Kampf, in which Hess wrote what Hitler dictated. After the two were released, Hitler's book was published in 1925 and 1926.
From being Hitler's private secretary Hess's rank in the party increased, and when Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 Hess became Deputy Führer, and became Reichsleiter or chairman of the party and also held a position in the SS, with the rank of SS. -Obergruppenfuhrer, and host of Nazi party rallies. As a member of Hitler’s cabinet Hess was also involved in the passage of the oppressive Nuremberg Laws, against the Jews. Hess was also involved in the illegal Nazi occupation of the Rhineland, Danzig in East Prussia, and also enforced oppressive regulations on Jews living there.
When war broke out in September 1939 Hitler appointed his right-hand man Hess as his successor, followed by Hermann Goering. But while Germany was at war with Britain Hess made a secret trip to Great Britain, with the aim of negotiating peace with the British. But his plane crashed in Scotland, and he was captured by the British in May 1940. He remained in British custody until the end of the war in 1945. Hess was among the indicted senior Nazi officials in the Nuremberg Trials in November. in the same year, in which he was charged with crimes against peace and humanity for his role in Germany’s aggression in Europe, and his involvement in the Holocaust. Although he defended he had amnesia while imprisoned in Britain the court did not uphold it and still convicted him of his crimes, and was sentenced to life imprisonment in Spandau Prison in Berlin, Germany along with Karl Doenitz and Albert Speer.
Hess was the latest Nazi war criminal to be imprisoned in Spandau after Doenitz and Speer were released. At age 93 Hess hanged himself inside his jail on August 17, 1987.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/1980s/chernobyl
https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/andres-bonifacio-execution1-a2212-20190515-lfrm
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baguio_
**Copyright © 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserved**
iPhone In An Old Painting Back From 1860
Would you believe it?
When you saw by yourself that in an old painting in 1860 a woman was "holding an iPhone?"
Is this evidence of so-called time travel?
The Expected One
In a famous painting made by an Austrian artist Ferdinand George Waldmuller, a young woman can be seen bent over and seemingly staring at the Bottom as she walks. The woman noticed something she was holding as she walked down a road. According to Internet users, the woman's hand looks like a small and rectangular object that when viewed closely looks like an iPhone. With this explanation, many say it is a form of time traveling.
When you look closely at the picture, the woman seems to be lost as she holds a mysterious object in her hand, which is why some say that it is evidence of time travel.
But this statement by some is not agreed by some art experts who say that the woman allegedly holding the painting is a Prayer Book. In a Vice interview, Gerald Weinpolter himself, who is CEO of Art Agency Gerald Weinpolter said: “The woman in the painting is not playing with an iPhone X, but she is going to a church while she is carrying a prayer book. . "
So for art experts, a woman can't hold an iPhone. It was only in January 2007 that Apple Inc. first released. led by its CEO Steve Job, the iPhone, which is a touchscreen mobile phone that includes an iPod.
Do you think it is true that a woman is holding an iPhone in an old painting or just a prayer book? What can you say?
Comment your views and opinion below.
**GuyFromNowhere 2021 © All Rights Reserve**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 25
THE CLAIM OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE SULTAN OF SULU BEGINS IN NORTH BORNEO OR SABAH
*April 25, 1962*
On this day in 1962, the long history of claim to the region of Sabah or North Borneo, between the Republic of the Philippines and the Sultanate of Sulu, was revived.
In the presence of former President Diosdado Macapagal, the representative of the Sultanate of Sulu Princess Tarhata Kiram held a dialogue on the issue of ownership in the Sabah region in Malaysia. As a result of that meeting, a legislative-executive commission was formed which initiated the claims process in Sabah.
As a result of the committee's deliberations on August 16, 1962, the heir of Padukka Mahasari Maulana Sultan Hadji Muhammad Jamalul Kiram II, also represented by Princess Tarhata, and the Philippine government signed a waiver of the Sultanate's right to Sulu in Sabah, in favor of our government.
A resolution was signed on September 12 of the same year stating the transfer of the rights and sovereignty of the Sultanate of Sulu in Sabah to our government, and our Philippine government will serve as the Sultanate's attorney-in-fact for negotiate with the British government regarding the claim to Sabah.
But the following year 1963, February 8 the Sultanate suddenly changed its tone, when Datu Mohammad Jal Asbi Sultan Jamalul Kiram of Jolo declared that he was the heir to the territory of Sabah, and protested our government’s claim in such region.
THE MEETING OF UNITED STATES FORCES IS SOVIET UNION ON THE RIVER ELBE IN GERMANY
*April 25, 1945*
Exactly 76 years ago, over the river Elbe in Germany, a historic encounter of two allied forces took place. Contrary to earlier records, in the town of Strehla in Germany American and Soviet soldiers first met, when American lieutenant Albert Kotzebue met with some soldiers of the U.S. Reconnaissance Platoon and Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Gordoyev of the rifle regiment. of the 1st Ukrainian Front, past 11:30 p.m. On the same day in the town of Torgau, American patrols led by soldiers William Robertson, Frank Huff, James McDonnell and Paul Staubat and Soviets led by Lieutenant Aleksandr met on the damaged bridge in that town. Silvashko.
There was a warm welcome between the two allied forces over the Elbe, where they shook hands, exchanged their belongings, and were able to converse with others who were fluent in English and Russian. This encounter became important because Germany was eventually split in two. The Americans were the first of three Western Allies to enter the eastern region of Germany.
On the same day of the battle in Berlin, a few days after the Soviets entered the city districts, the historic meeting of the forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front from the south and the 1st Belorussian Front, in the western part of the city, also took place. Potsdam. The Soviets had completely surrounded Berlin, cutting off all possible routes for reinforcements to keep up with the Nazis in Berlin. The Soviets began to besiege Berlin on all its sides while the Nazis were desperate to throw away all its remaining reserves to defend the city.
The meeting between the Americans and the Soviets proved that even if they have different ideologies, people can still unite for one and greater purpose.
THE FIRST USE OF GUILOTINE AS AN ANSWERING TOOL
*April 25, 1792*
On this day in 1792, a modern guillotine, the guillotine, was first seen in public. Originally called louisette, adapted from its original designer Dr. Antoine Louis, it first used a beheading on a highwayman Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, and carried out a quick beheading of him at the Place de Hotel de Ville in Paris, France. He was convicted of theft and murder in October 1791. He was arrested and after the trial he was sentenced to death on Christmas Eve of 1791 and then acquitted on New Year's Eve of 1791. Pelletier's execution was temporarily suspended due to the incident. further deliberations on the legal method of imposing the death penalty in France.
After re-approving the death sentence on Pelletier for the third time on 24 January, 1792 the Legislative Assembly approved the use of the guillotine as a legal means of execution on 24 March of the same year. It was afternoon when the beheading of Pelletier took place in public, and the executioner Charles-Henri Sanson carried it out. But not as expected, those who watched the first use of the guillotine did not like it because of the speedy killing of the convict, who even said that they would just return the hanging.
Even before the guillotine, beheading with an ax or sword was used in France for the nobility, and the hanging of the common people. When the French revolution broke out the death penalty was one of those who wanted to abolish France as a renunciation of the old regime, but it was later reinstated and the guillotine was quickly accepted as the only method of execution in France, in accordance with the principle of equality. Because the killing is quick with only a heavy and sharp blade that quickly falls on the victim's head, the guillotine is guaranteed to be painless and humane, although there is no proof that this is true.
The guillotine became a notorious symbol of the French revolution, of which thousands of French fell victim especially during the Reign of Terror. It was still used legally in France, and was imitated by neighboring European countries such as Nazi Germany. After its last victim, Hamida Djandoubi, was executed by guillotine in 1977, the death penalty was abolished in France in 1981, signaling the end of the bloody guillotine era.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Jacques_Pelletier
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Day
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1453/today-in-philippine-history-april-25-1962-the-sultan-of-sulu-and-macapagal-initiated-the-claim-over-north-
**Copyright © 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 24
MACLI-ING DULAG WAS KILLED
*April 24, 1980*
After several years of struggle by the indigenous Butbut of the Cordillera region against the planned construction of the Chico Dam, An assassination shooting took place on this day in 1980. The victim of this shooting, the 50 -year -old tribal leader of Butbut who Macli-ing Dulag.
That night, ten soldiers came to Dulag's house in Brgy. Bubung, Tinglayan town, Kalinga along with another tribal leader of the other tribe, Pedro Dungoc, and when Dulag did not allow the armed men to let him out of his house, they shot him with their assault rifles. Dulag sustained 10 gunshot wounds that he died instantly, while Dungoc sustained only a few bullet wounds. The instigator of the shooting was identified as Lt. Leodegario Adalem of the 44th Infantry Division. Due to the pressure exerted by the international media to resolve the murder of Dulag, Lt. was indicted in a military court. Adalem and seven of his accomplices, but the accused lieutenant was able to return to service and was promoted to the rank of Major. In the same month that he killed Dulag he was killed in an ambush in 2000.
The killing of Dulag sparked widespread action against the construction of the Chico Dam, which resulted in the abandonment of the World Bank and the mastermind of this project President Ferdinand Marcos in the dam construction plan.
There is little information about Dulag's youthful life, except that he never went to school and served as a messenger for guerrillas in the Cordillera during the Japanese occupation. In 1960, he became the pangat or tribal leader of his tribe in the town of Tinglayan, Kalinga and he also served three times as the captain of Brgy. Link. Their peaceful lives were disrupted when representatives of NAPOCOR or the National Power Corporation arrived to observe the construction of a large dam, which would supply irrigation and electricity to the province. Because the project will affect their ancestral lands and more than 300,000 indigenous people in Kalinga, and they were not even consulted in the feasibility study of the project, Dulag strongly opposed it.
He organized meetings to oppose the construction. Although they received support from the Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines, the government's militarization of the ancestral lands on which the dam was to be built intensified, especially with the enactment of Martial Law in 1972. The authorities tried to bribe Dulag in exchange for he approved of the project, but he was willing to stand by his principles. Many other tribal leaders joined Dulag, so they went through intimidation and imprisonment without an arrest warrant, where Dulag and his comrades were twice imprisoned.
Macli-ing Dulag's name is among those listed in the Bantayog ng mga Bayani as one of the victims of the Marcos regime, who fought for their lives and livelihoods FROM the open usurpation of those in power. Beginning in 1985, the anniversary of Dulag's assassination was commemorated as Cordillera People's Day.
COSMONAUT VLADIMIR KOMAROV DIED
*April 24, 1967*
A tragic death befell a Russian cosmonaut while performing his duty on this day in 1967.
The then 40-year-old ccosmonaut and member of the Soviet Air Force Colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov was descending back to our planet aboard the spacecraft Soyuz I when his parachute suddenly failed to open, causing his body to gradually burn. in the atmosphere while gushing down to the ground. His burnt and mutilated body was found near the city of Orsk in the province of Orenburg, Russia. After the autopsy on the miserable body of Komarov his remains were immediately cremated and placed inside the walls of the Kremlin in Moscow. Thousands flocked to Komarov's funeral who were considered martyrs for fulfilling his duty.
Komarov also flew into space in 1967, and then returned there when he was selected to try to fly the spacecraft Soyuz I, the first cosmonaut to fly twice into space. After 16 orbits on our planet for more than 24 hours, Soyuz I had to return to earth because the spacecraft's rocket brakes failed to activate. And tragic were the ensuing events when Komarov failed to open his parachute from a height of 23,000 feet. He was the first cosmonaut to die in service while in space. His fellow cosmonaut and friend Yuri Gagarin would next die in 1968. However, the Soviet government remained unmoved to continue space missions.
Komarov became a two-time Hero of the Soviet Union, and a memorial service was offered to him at the site of his fall. Before Neil Armstrong left the Moon in July 1969 they left a memorial plaque in memory of Komarov, Gagarin and three deceased Apollo I astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. A crater named after the Moon and asteroid was named after Komarov in 1971.
ARMENIAN GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE DAY
*April 24, 2021*
While we are well aware of the mass murder of Jews by the Nazis during the Holocaust in the middle of World War II, a genocide that took place during World War I has almost been forgotten by many. The victims of this mass murder, were the indigenous Armenians who were mercilessly persecuted and victimized by the brutality of the forces of the Ottoman Empire. Today marks the Remembrance Day of the Armenian Genocide, to also mark the 106th anniversary of the capture by Ottoman authorities of hundreds of Armenian intellectuals, which marked the beginning of the Armenian Genocide.
Armenians have long lived in Ottoman territory, and because most Armenians are Christians they discriminate against Muslims. Their persecution intensified during the First World War. It began when the Ottoman authorities became suspicious of the Armenians, who were collaborating with their Russian opponents. Although it is true that there were native Armenians in the army of Imperial Russia, many Armenians in Ottoman territory were tortured even though they had no connection with the Russians. The Armenians were driven from their land and then marched under the hot sun. The Ottoman Turks ’oppression of the Armenians lasted for almost two years. Many of them were otherwise shot by death squads, raped and even made into harems by Muslims. It is estimated that more than 330,000 Armenians were left behind after the war out of about two million indigenous Armenians. The recorded number of Armenian casualties at the hands of the Ottoman Muslims varied, and no one was held accountable for this crime against them because the Ottomans involved fled their ally Germany. And to this day despite the international community’s recognition of the Ottoman Turks ’massacre of Armenians the Turkish government continues to deny that a genocide was committed by their ancestors on the Armenians.
Together with the constituents of the SocSciclopedia in commemorating and honoring the memory of the Armenians who perished at the hands of the Ottomans, today is Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. We wish that there would be no more violence of this kind, and that there would be no more people like Armenians, or Jews, or any other race, to be caught up in wars or oppressed by those in power.
References:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/world-war-i/armenian-genocide
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/soviet-cosmonaut-is-killed
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag#:~:text=Macli-ing%20Dulag%20was%20assassinated
**Copyright © 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 23
GEORGE CANSECO WAS BORN
*April 23, 1934*
How Often Once ?, Borrowed, I Wish There Was No Tomorrow, Until The End Of Eternity, Only Yesterday, Is It Here ?, Sand Castle, Should I Love You ?, I Worship You. These are some of the classical Filipino songs that not only accentuate the original Filipino music but were raised by Filipinos who lived in the 70s to 90s, and even became the theme song of some popular teleseries.
If there is one person behind these songs, it is none other than composer and songwriter George Masangkay Canseco, who is now in his 87th birthday.
He was born on this day in 1934 in the town of Naic, Cavite. After attending Naic Elementary School and Jose Abad Santos High School, he entered the University of the East with a journalism course and then worked as a news editor for the Philippine Herald and Associated Press newspapers. While he was an editor he also started writing and composing his own songs, and later he used his talent for Vicor Music after discovering the talent of the owner of the recording studio and his cousin. . He also worked part-time as a screenwriter at Manila Broadcasting Company and Eagle Broadcasting.
When there was Martial Law throughout the Philippines almost all newspapers and TV networks in the country stopped, so he also stopped his job, but not his writing and making songs, when he was commissioned by former First Lady Imelda Marcos who made the song Ako Ay Pilipino. It was 1978 when his songs started to become popular with the release of the song "Ngayon at Kailanman", sung by veteran singer Basil Valdez. During his more than three decades of career as a songwriter and composer, he has produced more than 300 songs in Filipino and English, rendered by famous singers such as Regine Velasquez, Kuh Ledesma, Pilita Corrales, Zsazsa. Padilla, Sharon Cuneta, and Martin Nievera, but Basil Valdez was the best at renditioning his songs. Canseco has been the President of the Filipino Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers or FILSCAP since 1973.
Canseco also entered politics when he was elected congressman of the fourth district of Quezon City. Her songs have won many awards such as the FAMAS Awards and awards abroad.
Canseco passed away at the age of 60 on November 19, 2004.
ORDERED THE DESTRUCTION OF THE GALLEON TRADE
*April 23, 1815*
After 250 years of trade relations between the Philippines and Mexico, the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade, King Fernando VII of Spain on this day in 1815 implemented a royal decree abolishing the Galleon Trade. This was the result of the spreading revolution in Mexico for their independence from Spanish colonial occupation, and the emerging free trade with Britain and the United States. And by virtue of this edict of the king, the Galleon trade finally ended on September 14, 1815, when the last galleon left the port of Manila from Acapulco.
During the 250 years of trade between the Philippines and Mexico, the two countries exchanged not only products, but also cultures and traditions, language and food. The Chinese also became partners in this trade as attractive Chinese silk flowed into the Pacific Ocean from Manila and China to Mexico. Many of the original Mexican-brand crops have been introduced in our country and in China, particularly corn, sayote, chili and others.
Although the British occupied Manila in 1762 this trade continued. However, the galleon trade did not fully help the economy because Spanish officials and even the Governor-General were too focused on enriching this trade, and only wealthy Spanish residents of Manila benefited from this trade. The King of Spain directly controlled Philippine international trade, when Spain directly ruled our country in 1821.
HERMANN GOERING AND HEINRICH HIMMLER TREAT ADOLF HITLER
*April 23, 1945*
On April 23, 1945, as the German forces dwindled in the battle in Berlin against the Soviets, Nazi German dictator Adolf Hitler tasted on this day in 1945 the most painful betrayal committed in him two of his most trusted officers; Hermann Goering chief of the Luftwaffe or air force and Heinrich Himmler chief of the Schutzstaffel. They were the ones Hitler hoped would succeed him, deciding to take extraordinary steps without permission from Hitler. They both convinced Hitler to leave Berlin.
While Goering was in Obersalzburg in southern Germany, he sent a telegram to Hitler who was in his underground bunker, asking for Hitler's permission to take the position as leader of Germany, as he was expected to replace it. Goering added that if Hitler did not respond before 10 pm, Goering would think that the Fuhrer was dead and would take the position. Nazi party Reichsleiter Martin Bormann received such a message and read to Hitler Goering's request for the Führer to resign. Hitler angrily regarded Goering’s message as an attempted coup against him, which was endorsed by his loyal Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.
While this was happening, Himmler, whom Hitler had sent to northern Germany to monitor the defenses there, secretly met with British and American officials in the town of Lubeck to negotiate peace with them, with the help of Count von Bernadotte.
On 25 April, Hitler sent a reply to Goering accusing him of treason, and resigning him from all his government positions, in exchange for his life. Goering did retire as head of the Luftwaffe for "health reasons", and Hitler in turn chose General Robert Ritter von Greim as the new Chief of the Luftwaffe and promoted him to the rank of Generalfeldmarschal. Bormann ordered Goering's arrest and house arrest. He was arrested by the Americans after the war in May 1945.
On April 28, Hitler discovered the "greatest betrayal" committed by what he considered to be his most loyal disciple, Himmler. As he did with Goering, he considered Himmler a traitor and resigned him from his posts in exchange for his life. Hitler also searched for Himmler's adjutant SS-Gruppenfuhrer Hermamn Fegelein, who was discovered trying to flee Berlin without Hitler's permission. He ordered the immediate shooting of Fegelein on charges of desertion and treason.
The British caught Himmler fleeing with fake papers, and poisoned himself during interrogation on May 23, 1945. Goering was among those tried in the Nuremberg Trials to face charges such as the crime against to humanity and sentenced to be hanged, but he also poisoned himself an hour before his execution on October 16, 1946.
The original copy of Goering's controversial telegram was found inside the Fuhrerbunker in July 1945, and after coming into the care of a history professor in South Carolina in America, the copy of the telegram was auctioned for $ 54,675 or over 2.6 million pesos.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ring_Telegram
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/604/today-in-philippine-history-september-14-1815-the-galleon-trade-between-the-philippines-and-mexico-ended
http://ph.china-embassy.org/eng/sgdt/t1487808.htm#:~:text=In%201815%2C%20galleon%20trade%20was,trade%20in%20Britain%20and%20America.
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1662/today-in-philippine-history-april-23-1934-george-canseco-was-born-in-naic-cavite
**Copyright © 2020 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 22
VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOV LENIN WAS BORN
*April 22, 1870*
Today marks the 151st birthday of the so-called Father of Communism in Russia and first Premier of the communist Soviet Union Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin.
He was born on this day in 1870 to a middle-class family in Simbirsk, Russia and the third of eight children of Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov and Maria Alexandrovna Blank, all of whom were Orthodox Christian conservatists and supporters of imperial rule in Russia. Two of Vladimir's younger brothers died early, while his father died of a brain haemorrhage, and he even witnessed government repression of its opponents, when one of his older brothers, Alexander, was hanged for joining the conspiracy to oust Tsar Alexander III. However, Vladimir still continued his studies at Kazan University, where like his hanged brother he also participated in anti-government activism.
Vladimir was temporarily imprisoned, where he first discovered Karl Marx’s Das Kapital political manifesto, and later embraced and began publishing that ideology in Russian. Even though he was expelled from Kazan University for his activism, he continued to practice law at St. Petersburg where he became an active Marxist, but also as expected he was arrested for sedition and exiled to a remote town of Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he met his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya. Returning to the capitol, he became a political theorist of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, but the socialist members of such a party split into two factions; the Bolsheviks he would later rule and the Mensheviks. He first left for Switzerland where he not only led the other Marxists there under his Bolshevik party, but began to use his Lenin surname.
During the revolution in Russia in 1905 he encouraged the Bolsheviks to revolt, until Tsar Nicholas II established the Duma or the parliament, but this was still not enough government reform. When Russia entered the First World War against Germany Lenin opposed his so-called "war of the imperialists", which only resulted in the deaths of millions of Russian soldiers and civilians. Lenin wanted Russia to break free from war, which was one of the three essential points of his slogan: LAND, TINAPA AND PEACE; distribution of lands to landless peasants, enough food for all and lasting peace from war.
Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 to lead the Bolsheviks to their position in Russia's provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky. Lenin strongly opposed Russia's continuation of the war despite its defeats, and even accused Lenin of being paid spies by the Germans to sabotage Russia's fighting in the war. Lenin once again fled to Finland under the fake name Konstantin Ivanov, along with Joseph Stalin. While in Finland Lenin planned to seize the power of the provisional government and promote the “dictatorship of the proletariat”.
October 1917 when Lenin returned to carry out his plan, and on November 7 the Bolsheviks under his leadership successfully seized the provisional government, signaling the beginning of the communist regime in Russia. But the communists had to face the struggle of White Russians or supporters of imperialist Russia and anti-communist Russians, which culminated in a five-year civil war that even resulted in millions dead. Hundreds of thousands more Russians are being killed by the secret police of the Bolshevik Chekas, who are chasing and prosecuting those suspected of opposing the communist idea.
The Bolsheviks won the civil war against the White Russians, and in December 1922 Lenin founded the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR or the Soviet Union, the first communist country in the world. Lenin promoted his own version of Marxism, Leninism, and under the New Economic Policy intensified industrialization in the country and fulfilled the promises he had made in his slogan. But over time Lenin's health deteriorated and on January 21, 1924 he died at the age of 53 due to a brain hemorrhage. Lenin wanted Leon Trotsky to be his successor, but Stalin seized the position and removed Trotsky from the Politburo.
Lenin's preserved remains currently lie in his musoleum in Red Square, Moscow city, and remain open to the his grave public until the fall of communism in Russia in 1991.
PACO CEMETERY IN MANILA INTRODUCED
*April 22, 1822*
On this day in 1822, the Paco cemetery was formally opened in the Paco district, Manila city. But just two years before the inauguration, the cemetery was operational.
Construction began on the original location of the cemetery in 1807 for the burial of victims of the cholera epidemic, but this cemetery was reserved for the principals and the prosperous Spaniards. Maestro de Obras Nicolas Ruiz designed the construction plan of the cemetery, who chose the circular design of the plan, and made of adobe the walls of the entire perimeter of the cemetery, as well as its tombs. It also has a small chapel for the saint San Pancratius. Don Jose Coll supervised the construction of the cemetery. In 1859, when Governor-General Fernando Norzagaray y Escudero ordered an increase in the size of the cemetery, a Chinese man won the bidding for the expansion of the cemetery. . In those days, three -year rent for a tomb was 20 pesos.
Later, it also became the grave of Filipinos who had just been hanged by the Spanish government, such as the Gomburza priests in 1872 and our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal was secretly buried in Paco in 1896. Here also the remains of Governor-General Ramon Maria Llanderal Solano, and Rizal's girlfriend Leonor Rivera were laid to rest in 1893. In August 1898, Jose Rizal's sisters exhumed the body. of their brother, before being laid to rest inside his monument at Luneta in 1912. In the same year the use of the cemetery ceased, and the relatives of those buried there transferred the other bones of their dead to other cemeteries. During World War II, Paco's cemetery was used as a fort and arsenal by the Japanese, and as elsewhere in Manila, Paco was among those destroyed in the bombings and many of those buried there have disappeared, including the remains. by Leonor Rivera.
After the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Paco cemetery, in 1966 it was turned into a National Park and public landmark, and under the care of the National Parks' Development Committee (NPDC).
Apart from the sights, historical places and gatherings, the Paco cemetery is also shrouded in fairy tales.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Park
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/russia/vladimir-lenin
**Copyright © 2021 GuyFromNowhere, All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 21
THE ARRIVAL OF PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
*April 21, 1899*
When the American occupiers came to the Philippines to rule our country, they also brought their religion with them when the Presbyterian missionaries arrived in Manila on this day in 1899. They were the first Protestant missionaries to come to our country.
Led by Rev. Dr. James B. Rodgers, introduced to our country a separate sect of Christianity in our country, and also driven by the desire of Filipinos for freedom of worship and to choose another religious organization, Presbyterian missionaries were quickly accepted in the Philippines. Assistant Rev. Dr. Rodgers on the establishment of the Philippine Evangelican Union in 1901.
A year later, Episcopalian, Methodist, Baptist and other missionaries came to our country. Their established churches multiplied here and so did their followers. The entry of Protestant missionaries allowed the Filipinos to form their own sects separate from the Catholic Church, such as Aglipayan, and Iglesia ni Cristo, the most successful Christian sect founded by a Filipino.
In addition to spreading the gospel in the country, these new sects also assisted in charitable activities and the construction of sectarian schools, hospitals and centers for social service.
The proliferation of Protestant missionaries intensified calls for freedom of worship and choice of religion, previously strictly forbidden by the Catholic church without their approval.
GERMAN AIR FORCE "RED BARON" MANFRED VON RICHTHOFEN KILLED
*April 21, 1918*
The so -called “Red Baron” of the Imperial German Air Force Manfred von Richthofen, who was one of the best air aces of the German air force, was killed in a dogfight or air battle in a battle in France on this day in 1918. At the age of 25, his red biplane was shot down by Canadian planes in the battle of Vaux-sur-Somme, France after being shot in the chest. Germany lost one of its most talented and ornate pilots who shot down 80 enemy planes during his two -year pilot career, from 1916 to 1918.
QUEEN ELIZABETH II WAS BORN OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
*April 21, 1926*
Today marks the 95th birthday of Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom. She was born in 1926 as Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor, to former King George VI and Consort Queen Elizabeth.
After serving in Auxiliary Territorial Services during World War II, she married in November 1947 the Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip and they had four children: Charles, Prince of Wales (the heir to the Queen’s throne), Princess Royal Anne , Andrew, Duke of York and Edward, Earl of Wessex.
After the death of her father King George VI, Elizabeth was crowned at the age of 25 as Queen of the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and sovereignty of the remaining British colonies in Asia, Africa and the Commonwealth states. and British Dominions Australia, Canada and others. The reign of Queen Elizabeth II saw dramatic changes in the British monarchical government, such as the decolonization of Asia and Africa by the British from 1947 to 1997, when China handed over the leadership of Hong Kong, and other political changes. in the monarchy. His time also saw Britain’s withdrawal from membership in the European Union. However, public support for the monarchy, especially the British royal family, was not lost. Her husband Prince Philip recently passed away at the age of 99.
Queen Elizabeth II is the longest -serving monarch of the United Kingdom, the oldest female head of state of a sovereign nation and the longest -serving monarch of a kingdom in the world, even surpassing the regime of her ancestor Queen Victoria. Currently he is also the head of state of 16 British Commonwealths such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Bahamas, Papua New Guinea and others.
HENRY VIII APPOINTED KING OF ENGLAND
*April 21, 1509*
At the age of 18, King Henry VII's son Henry Tudor was entrusted with a heavy responsibility as king of all England, when his father died on this day in 1509. Henry VII's supposed heir Prince Arthur died early at the age of 15, thus passing to Henry Tudor the inheritance of the royal throne, as well as the wife of the late prince Catherine of Aragon of Spain. Henry Tudor and Catherine of Aragon were also married on 11 June of the same year, and on 23 June, Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VIII, and his Spanish wife as Queen Consort of England.
Although he was one of the great Kings of England during the Tudor dynasty, he was also one of the controversial monarchs who ruled England. While he opposed the emerging Reformation of Christianity in Europe initiated by Martin Luther, Henry VIII's conflict with the Catholic church severed England's ties with the Catholic Church, citing the disapproval of then Pope Clement VII. to approve the separation of Henry VIII from Queen Catherine. Henry VIII could not be given a son, who was Queen Catherine's only role as the king's wife. They had just given birth to a daughter who would be the first female ruler of England, Mary. At first the Pope only opposed Henry VIII's marriage to his brother's wife because it was against the doctrine of the church, and now the gap between England and the Catholic church has widened because of the Pope's refusal to allow it. the request of Henry VIII's separation from Catherine of Aragon. Later, with the establishment of the Church of England or Anglican Church and the appointment of Henry VIII as head of this church, England's relationship with the authority of the Pope and Rome was completely severed.
Henry VIII was best known for his marriage
he had six women; Catherine of Aragon whom he divorced, Anne Bolyne whom he married after divorcing the former but later beheaded by him, Jane Seymour whom he gave her a son Edward but Jane also died after giving birth, Anne of Cleves whom he divorced him because he didn’t look good here, Catherine Howard cousin of Anne Bolyne whom he also beheaded for infidelity, and Catherine Parr who cared for old Henry until widowed. Henry VIII had three children of his six wives, Mary, Elizabeth and Edward.
Henry VIII can also be considered a man full of contradictions; a scholar supporter who kills scholars, and devotee of the luxurious arts. He was also a patron of sports, and fond of fancy shows of knights, and fought in futile battles which plunged England into debt, and killed any of his officers who hindered his leadership. However, it is also undeniable that Henry VIII did much to pave the way for the reformation of the monarchical government, and is considered by contemporary historians in England to be one of the most charismatic leaders in England. Henry VIII's regime as King of England lasted 37 years and was succeeded by his son Edward after he died at the age of 58 on January 28, 1547.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.history.com/.amp/topics/world-war-i/manfred-baron-von-richthofen
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1083/today-in-philippine-history-april-21-1899-the-first-presbyterian-mission-came-to-the-Philippines's
**Why History?**
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wwalkor ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2021 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 20
SERVILLANO AQUINO WAS BORN
*April 20, 1877*
Today is the 144th birthday of the general of the Filipino revolution against the Spaniards and the Americans during the Filipino-American War, and grandfather of former Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and ancestor of former President Benigno Aquino III, Servillano Aguilar Aquino. He was born on this day in 1877 in the town of Angeles, Pampanga province, to Don Braulio Aquino and Dona Petrona Hipolito Aguilar. After studying with a private tutor in Mexico, Pampanga, he moved to Manila to study at Colegio San Juan de Letran and the University of Santo Tomas. He married Guadalupe Quiambao and they had three children, Gonzalo, Benigno, and Amando, and had three more children with his sister-in-law.
He joined the Katipunan and fought under the leadership of General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac. He also joined General Emilio Aguinaldo's group and joined Aguinaldo's exile in Hong Kong. After returning to the Philippines, he served as a delegate to the Malolos Congress and represented the province of Samar in 1899. He joined the ranks of General Antonio Luna during the Filipino-American war. September 1902 when General Aquino was arrested and imprisoned in the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila. He was almost sentenced to death, only to be granted a presidential pardon by American President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904.
General Aquino died on February 3, 1959 at the age of 84 due to a heart attack.
NAZI GERMANY DICTATOR ADOLF HITLER WAS BORN
*April 20, 1889*
Today is the 132nd birthday of one of the most hated and controversial personalities in history, who was behind the Holocaust and World War II Adolf Hitler. He became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party or the Nazi, rose to power in 1933 as Chancellor or Prime Minister of the Republic of Germany and was Fuhrer or leader of the whole country from 1934 to 1945. On this day in 1889, born the fourth child of cousins Alois Hitler, a civil servant, and Klara Pozl. Three of his older siblings died early, and his younger brother even died of measles.
Adolf's young life did not go well, especially at the hands of his own father, but despite this, he became his mother's support during those times. At the age of 10 he became aware of the idea of nationalism, as a result of which he became a teacher who taught about being one of all German -speaking people as a nation.
Alois wants Adolf to follow in his footsteps as a customs servant, but he prefers to be an artist from his former dream of becoming a priest. His father died when he was only fourteen years old. Hitler left for Linz to continue his education, and entered the art academy in Vienna. He was twice rejected, and added to this failure was the sudden death of his mother in December 1907. Hitler became a wanderer in the streets and dormitories, along with other beggars and the unemployed there. To support himself, he sells his works. He also became interested in politics and in the streets of Austria his anti -Semitism first took shape.
In 1913, a year before he moved to Germany, he still received the remaining pension from his father. When World War I broke out, he joined the German army despite being an Austrian, and enlisted in the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment. In recognition of his unique courage in delivering the message in the midst of battle, he was promoted to corporal rank and awarded the Iron Cross medal. Above all, Hitler was known as an uncompromising soldier. But while fighting at Ypres in 1918, he fell victim to a poison gas attack and was temporarily blinded.
After the war, he was still able to serve in the army, but he was disillusioned with the penalties imposed by the Treaty of Versailles on Germany, and here his anger against the Jews intensified for the alleged "backsliding" of the Jews. in their demand for armistice with the enemies of Germany. He joined a small German Workers Party in 1919, where he was known for his eloquence as he delivered the party’s message, disobeying the provisions of the treaty and hating communists and Jews. The number of party members swelled through him, and he eventually became its leader. His supporters increased, from businessmen to former soldiers who like Hitler also hated Jews. Hitler was inspired by the emerging political faction in Italy that were fascists led by Benito Mussolini, who successfully seized the government in 1922, so he wanted to do that in Germany.
He led a coup attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government, but he failed and was sentenced to prison for treason. While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf, which was a mixture of Hitler’s autobiography and political manifesto, and served as the bible of Nazi ideology. For Hitler, the German race was from the great Aryan race, and as a master race, the German race had the right to conquer and control all other races and if necessary exterminate the lower races. He also wanted to expand Germany’s territory from France to Russia as a lebensraum or living space, for a larger, more powerful Germany.
Upon his release he reformed the party again, and thought that the seizure of power should be done in a democratic way, but they still continued to use force against those who opposed them. The Nazi party already had seats in parliament or the Reichstag, and supported their ally General Erich Ludendorff as the presidential candidate but lost to General Paul von Hindenburg. Hitler also became a citizen of Germany in 1932, and then ran for the presidency against Hindenburg but was also defeated. However, the number of Nazi seats in parliament increased.
By his influence in parliament convinced Hitler to become Chancellor even though Hindenburg disliked him. Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, signaling his rise to power. He had already used his position to become a more powerful person in German politics, when he enacted the Enabling Act after the fire at the Reichstag building. He used fire to give him emergency powers and he made Germany a police state, just a step towards dictatorial rule in Germany. He was also able to kill all of his political enemies, including anyone who had the potential to challenge his authority on the ensuing Night of the Long Knives in June 1934.
When President Hindenburg died in August 1934, Hitler appointed himself supreme leader of Germany under the title Führer. As Fuhrer of Germany, Hitler wanted through him to restore the country’s former glory, saying that his Third Reich would last for a thousand years. He openly violated the Treaty of Versailles when he re-occupied the Rhineland and re-energized the army, and enforced oppressive laws against the Jews. He successfully revived the country’s dying economy, and intensified Nazi propaganda in almost every aspect of German life. The Nazis' oppression of the Jews intensified, especially when Kristallnacht took place in 1938.
It was in the middle of his reign when he planned the start of war in Europe as part of his fulfillment of his promises to Mein Kampf. After his treaty with the Soviet Union, Hitler invaded Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II, and within three years, Hitler had been a great and successful conqueror of almost all of Europe. After suffering the first defeat in Britain in May 1941, he focused his army on the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. He also wasted no time in establishing the "New Order", under the system of intimidation, and murder. to those he considered inferior races.
By 1942, the situation had gradually turned against him, and Germany was under attack on both sides. He even became the victim of an attempt on his life by some of his own generals. By 1945, his dream millennial Third Reich was collapsing and he could only find himself hiding under his bunker in Berlin, while being invaded by the Soviets. He already knew it was all over with him, but he was still stubborn not to surrender himself to opponents. After marrying Eva Braun and appointing her successor German Navy commander Karl Doenitz as President of Germany and Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels as Chancellor, Hitler committed suicide at the age of 56, with Eva Braun on the th April 30, 1945. A week later, Germany surrendered to the Allies.
THE BEGINNING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS
*April 20, 1792*
A few years after the end of the conflict between France and Austria as a result of the marriage of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette of Austria, the rivalry between the two countries resurfaced. The French revolution was in its third year, when a declaration of war was made by revolutionary France against the country of origin of Queen Marie Antoinette on this day in 1792. By urging the faction in the Legislative Assembly Girondins, the whole assembly was allowed to vote the declaration of war against the Austro-Hungarian Empire. And in front of the Legislative Assembly, King Louis XVI declared a state of war against Austria. This declaration marked the beginning of nearly a decade of war between France and the whole of Europe, the French Revolutionary Wars.
For the Girondins, the war of France would enable the French to unite as an independent nation, and through it they would be able to fight the liberal ideas of revolution. And in those days, the revolution faced a great threat from foreign monarchies in Europe, concerned with the intense political experiment going on in France, that the liberal ideas of the revolution would overthrow their imperial rule.
In 1791, Louis XVI attempted to flee France to seek help from Austria to restore his power, but failed. Even before the declaration of war, Marie Antoinette's brother, Emperor Leopold II of Austria, issued a manifesto. that there would be great chaos in case the revolutionaries hurt the royal family of France. Now, the king wanted to use this war in his favor, so that the throne could be returned to him in case the Austrians defeated the French.
France tasted its first defeat to Austria on the northern French border, and in the following months France only saw itself successively losing to the more powerful Austria. June 1792 when the kingdom of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire sided with Austria against France. France's position was further deteriorated in the war it had begun, owing to its internal problems and the absence of capable military leaders, and the army was composed only of zealous revolutionaries almost without military skills.
September 1792 when the coalition of Austria and Prussia was almost at hand in Paris, but soon France also got its first victory in the town of Valmy against Prussia, and victory against the Austrians at Jemappes in November. By 1793, Great Britain, Spain, and the Dutch Republic had joined the coalition against France, exacerbating the problem of the emerging rebellion of leftist and royalist groups within France. The worst of all counter-revolutionary rebellions took place in the Vendee region of western France, which had almost spread throughout the country. For lawyer and revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre, the use of force and intimidation was the key to rescuing the revolution from its enemies.
As the war intensified on the borders of France, thousands of French people suspected of being enemies of the revolution were beheaded by guillotine. From mid -1793 to 1794, the situation again favored the French, when the French recaptured Toulon, which had been held by the British for several months due to the wise leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, and it achieved France’s greatest victory over Austria and Prussia at the battle of Fleurus.
Although the Terror in France ended with the death of Robespierre, it still did not quell the rebellion in the Vendee, and once again the activity of the royalists in Paris returned, which was quickly suppressed until 1796. By now Bonaparte's leadership, gradually France was gradually recovering from its defeats, and was able to occupy the Netherlands. He successfully kicked Spain and Prussia in the war against France, and subsequently kicked Austria when Napoleon occupied Vienna.
As a result, France’s reputation with the public was sealed, especially in its successful campaign to Egypt. Britain and Austria formed a coalition again against France in 1798, and Russia and the Kingdom of Sicily joined the coalition. Napoleon seized power of the Directory in November 1799, and he successfully again overthrew the Second Coalition in the years 1801 to 1802, signaling the end of the French Revolutionary Wars.
This war lasted nearly a decade, once again lengthening Napoleon's coronation as Emperor.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1080/today-in-philippine-history-april-20-1874-servillano-aquino-was-born-in-angeles-pampanga
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servillano_Aquino
Why History? https://read.cash/@GuyFromNowhere/the-book-of-yesterday-march-20-5bba4da4#why-history
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wwalkor ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2021 © All Rights Reserved**
@GuyFromNowhere
