The Book Of Yesterday | April 19
FORMER PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA WAS BORN
*April 19, 1937*
Despite being hit by COVID-19, former Philippine President and former Manila city mayor Joseph Ejercito Estrada was still able to celebrate his 84th birthday today. Jose Marcelo Ejercito was born on this day in 1937 in the Tondo district of Manila, the eighth of 10 children of the wealthy couple Emilio Ejercito, Sr. and Maria Marcelo. He moved to the city of San Juan where he grew up and became educated.
He was able to study at Ateneo de Manila University from elementary to 2nd year high school after he was expelled from school. Just to make his father happy, he moved to the Mapua Institute of Technology to study Civil Engineering, but also moved to the Philippines College of Engineering and as expected, he was expelled from school again.
After dropping out of college, he entered the world of acting at the age of 20, often acting as a villain, and there he became known as Joseph Estrada. He also worked in the industry with veteran actor Fernando Poe, Jr., where he earned his famous screen name “Erap” or inverted word pare.
In that industry, he not only became an actor, but also became a director, and even formed the Movie Workers Welfare Foundation or Mowelfund, which accompanies movie makers, producers and screem writers, whether financially or economically. He also co -founded the Metro Manila Film Festival which was first celebrated in 1975.
He first entered politics in 1967 when he was elected mayor of San Juan, a former town in Rizal province. Education and the welfare of students have been the priorities of Mayor Estrada's leadership. He served as mayor of San Juan from 1967 to 1986, and then he entered the Senate from 1987 to 1992. As the country's senator he was one of the senators who voted to end the stay of American military bases in our country in 1991. , and was able to enact laws for farming such as tightening irrigation and protecting buffaloes. He was elected Vice President by President Fidel V. Ramos, where he was also appointed Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission. Estrada was better known for his action against big-time criminal warlords and kidnapping syndicates in the country, but also retired in 1997.
Joseph Estrada was elected the 13th President of our country and the third President of the Fifth Republic in 1998, and was sworn in as President at the Barasoain church in Malolos, Bulacan, the second president to perform such a ceremony at that church, in commemoration of the centenary. of our national independence and the birth of the first Republic of the Philippines. President Estrada is known for his strict leadership and indifference to government corruption, even though he is still a political friend. He waged a "total war" against Muslim militants and bandits in Mindanao, and strictly enforced the death penalty, one of whom was hanged during his administration Leo Echegaray.
But scandals also enveloped his leadership, when he became involved in jueteng favoring and government corruption, which resulted in him being impeachment, the first President of the Philippines to sit on impeachment. President Estrada's administration ended EDSA II in January 2001, and was later charged with various cases related to his former corruption. But he was also released thanks to former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in 2007.
He returned to government when he was elected mayor of Manila against Alfredo Lim in 2013 to 2019, when he was replaced by Francisco "Isko" Domagoso.
DSTING PRESIDENT EMILIO AGUINALDO CALLS FOR FILIPINO RESISTANTS TO SURRENDER TO AMERICANS
*April 19, 1901*
Almost three weeks after the late President of the First Republic of the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo swore allegiance to America, he signed a peace manifesto on this day in 1901. At the request of the American colonel who arrested Aguinaldo, Frederick Funston. , former President Aguinaldo signed and promulgated the manifesto convincing Filipino generals and soldiers still fighting the Americans to surrender and submit to American sovereignty. In the manifesto, former President Aguinaldo declared that the bloodshed, the tears, and the devastation caused by the war were right, and he insisted that he had done everything to lead our country peacefully in the face of the Philippine conflict. in America.
Military Governor Arthur MacArthur added that he will guarantee amnesty to the first 1,000 Filipino prisoners of war who will swear allegiance to America as part of restoring peace in the country. Copies of former President Aguinaldo's peace manifesto were published nationwide.
Here is the full text of President Aguinaldo's manifesto in English:
I believe I am not in error in presuming that the unhappy fate to which my adverse fortune has led me is not a surprise to those who have been familiar with the progress of the war. The lessons taught with full meaning and which have recently come to my knowledge suggest with irresistible force that a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable but essential to the welfare of the Philippine Islands.
The Filipinos have never been dismayed at their weakness, nor have they faltered in following the path pointed out by their fortitude and courage. The time has come, however, in which they find their advance along this path to be impeded by an irresistible force, which, while it restrains them, yet enlightens their minds and opens to them another course, presenting them the cause of peace. This cause has been joyfully embraced by the majority of my fellow countrymen, who have already united around the glorious sovereign banner of the United States. In this banner, they repose their trust and believe that under its protection the Filipino people will attain all those promised liberties which they are beginning to enjoy.
The country has declared unmistakably in favor of peace. So be it. There has been enough blood, enough tears, and enough desolation. This wish cannot be ignored by the men still in arms if they are animated by a desire to serve our noble people, which has thus clearly manifested its will. So do I respect this will, now that it is known to me?
After mature deliberation, I resolutely proclaim to the world that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families yearning to see their dear ones enjoying the liberty and the promised generosity of the great American Nation.
By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippine Archipelago, as I now do, and without any reservation whatsoever, I believe that I am serving you, my beloved country. May happiness be yours!
(signature)
EMILIO AGUINALDO
PHILIPPINE AIRLINES FLIGHT 541 CRASHES IN SAMAL, DAVAO DEL NORTE
*April 19, 2000*
All 131 passengers and crew of Air Philippines Flight 541 were killed in what is considered the worst air tragedy in Philippine history, on this day in 2000. Flight 541 came from Ninoy Aquino International Airport, which flew past 5:30 p.m.
The Boeing 737-2H4 carrying 124 passengers and seven crew was unable to reach its destination at Francisco Bangoy International Airport in Davao City when the plane crashed into coconut groves on the island of Samal in Davao del North. The plane exploded and was consumed in just a few hours. Due to the intense fire that occurred after the plane crash, not even one entire body of the passengers was recovered, and only a few body parts were recovered. None of the passengers survived the crash of Flight 541.
THE BEGINNING OF THE WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING
*April 19, 1943*
On the eve of Passover Day on this Jewish day in 1943, a Jewish uprising broke out in their ghetto or walled sector in the city of Warsaw in Poland. Despite the lack of weapons and fighting skills, the armed Jews were not afraid to fight the large battalions of the Waffen-SS guarding the Warsaw Ghetto. At the behest of SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, the Jewish uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto was met with brutal violence, where thousands of Jews who were otherwise mercilessly shot by the SS were burned alive. , and they destroyed the buildings inside the ghetto where the rebels and other Jews were hiding.
The Jewish uprising in Warsaw was the first uprising of the Jews against the oppression of them by the Nazis during World War II. This was so that they could fight the SS's plan to deport them to Nazi concentration camps. From the time the Nazis invaded Poland and occupied Warsaw from September to October 1939, the Nazis rounded up hundreds of thousands of Jews living in Warsaw and imprisoned them in the designated ghetto or place where they would just stay, which did not reach the total area was one square kilometer, and they were even fenced off by high walls with barbed wires and heavy SS guards. They also control every move of the Jews in the ghetto, ultimately they can eat, so many of the ghetto prisoners get sick and starve to death every month, add to that the SS's relentless torture of Jews there and forced labor. theirs. July 1942 when more than 250,000 Jews living in the Warsaw Ghetto were exiled to the Treblinka extermination camp in the eastern part of Poland. During the uprising, more than 60,000 Polish Jews were left in the Warsaw Ghetto, some of whom were already planning an uprising and secretly receiving guns and other weapons from Polish guerrillas. . The Warsaw Ghetto is the largest Jewish ghetto in Poland.
The Jewish uprising lasted until 16 May, in which inexplicable violence and desecration of life prevailed, and the Nazis ended the rebellion there when they blew up the largest synagogue or church of the Jews in Warsaw.
As many as 7,000 armed Jews were killed by the Nazis, while Jews not included in the massacre were deported to concentration camps by train. The uprising failed, but it inspired other ghettos in Poland to strike against Nazi tyranny. A few months later, the Jews revolted in Treblinka.
Why History? https://read.cash/@GuyFromNowhere/the-book-of-yesterday-march-20-5bba4da4#why-history
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it affect our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places, and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high-tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just walk or ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2020 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | April 18
JOURNALIST AND FORMER SENATOR VICENTE SOTTO, SR.
*April 18, 1877*
Today is the 144th birthday of the former Senator of our Republic and ancestor of the current mayor of Pasay city Mayor Vico Sotto and current Senator Vicente “Tito” Sotto III, Vicente Yap Sotto, Sr. He is the son of Marcelino Sotto and Pascuala Yap.
He graduated from the University of San Carlos with a high school diploma, where he also studied a Bachelor of Laws and Judicial Science. While in college, he became the chief editor of the newspaper La Justicia, the first newspaper in Cebu with a Filipino as its chief editor, which was immediately suspended by the American military Governor of Cebu because of Sotto's writings in the newspaper about Philippine independence. He founded the newspaper Ang Suga (Ang Liwanag) in 1900 and published its first copy in 1901, the first newspaper written in the Cebuano language. He also passed the Bar Examination in 1907. Before that, Sotto had been a member of his city’s municipal council. Even in Hong Kong as a result of his involvement in the kidnapping case filed against him by the political opponent he was still elected as mayor of Cebu city.
While in Hong Kong, Sotto composed the newspaper The Philippine Republic which was written in English and Spanish, but the publication also stopped when Sotto was arrested. He requested his extradition to our country but was denied several times by a British court in Hong Kong, but only a month later Sotto was able to publish again. He only returned to the country in 1914. He began publishing in the weekly journal The Independent, campaigning again for the country's independence from America.
In 1925, he was elected congressman of the second district of Cebu, and ran for the position of Governor of his province but was defeated. It was 1946 when he was elected Senator of our Republic. His work Sotto Law or Republic Act no. Will be affixed to his name. 53, which protects the rights of journalists and media personnel, especially by not exposing their name in their news sources.
Senator Sotto is known as a principled and courageous public servant. Senator Sotto passed away at the age of 73 on May 28, 1950.
ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO OF JAPAN KILLED IN PLANE CRASH
*April 18, 1943*
If ever there was one person behind the assassination attack of the fleet of Japanese planes on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, it was none other than the Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy Isoroku Yamamoto. And on this day in 1943, the 59-year-old Admiral was killed when American planes crashed the plane he was on during the heat of the campaign in the Solomon Islands. The assassination of Admiral Yamamoto was part of a strategic U.S. operation Operation Vengeance. By intercepting and breaking American military intelligence into the Japanese secret code, they tracked down the whereabouts of Yamamoto’s plane, and American planes chased two Mitsubishi fighter planes of which one of them was aboard the Admiral.
The planes crashed in the forests of the Bougainville Islands in New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, and tracked down the dead Yamamoto in the wreckage on the island the next day. Yamamoto's remains were immediately cremated and transported to his final destination with full military honors in the city of Nagaoka in Japan on June 5, 1943.
Yamamoto was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum and the highest Japanese official was awarded the Knights Cross medal of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, the second-highest Iron Cross medal of Nazi Germany.
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto became the chief general of the Imperial Japanese Navy, assigned to oversee the Pacific War and the mastermind of the daring invasion of Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Admiral Yamamoto also led the Japanese Combined Fleet in the Battle of Midway in June. 1942. He also became captain of the ship Musashi. The assassination of Admiral Yamamoto left a huge breach in the morale of the Japanese Navy and became a huge advantage to the strength of the U.S. Navy. Japan lost one of its great naval generals during World War II.
RMS CARPATHA LANDS IN NEW YOK WITH RESCUED TITANIC PASSENGERS
*April 18, 1912*
Three days after the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the remaining 705 passengers and crew of the Titanic finally arrived at the Titanic's expected port in New York City aboard the rescue ship RMS Carpathia, on this day in 1912. Pass 9: 25 pm, despite heavy rain, Carpathia landed at Pier 54 to safely unload the first and second-class passengers of the Titanic, then unload the third-class passengers after undergoing immigration inspection. officer. At the harbor they were greeted by the influx of families, relatives and friends of those aboard the Titanic, hoping that among those rescued from the sinking would be the disembarking passengers. Emotions poured into the harbor. Carpathia crews then unloaded at the pier owned by White Star Liner the lifeboats of the Titanic that were temporarily unloaded on the Carpathia deck after rescuing the passengers of the wrecked ship in the middle of the sea. As many as 13 large wooden lifeboats were docked in New York, while seven others were left at sea because all the Titanic's lifeboats could no longer fit on deck. After performing his important mission the Carpathia continued on its journey to Rijeka, Croatia.
April 11, 1912 when the Carpathia also sailed under Captain Arthur Rostron, leaving New York and heading for Rijeka. While at sea, 12:15 a.m. on April 15 it received the distress signal from the sinking Titanic, and it also saw distress flares from a distance of 107 km, and it was the only ship nearby on the Titanic to respond to the disaster. More than four hours later, the Carpathia arrived at the site of the Titanic sinking to pick up the passengers in their lifeboats. They were supported by Carpathian passengers and crew, and provided with immediate necessities. It was 8:30 a.m. on April 15 when they picked up the last passengers of the Titanic, but they had not yet been able to immediately sail back to New York due to bad weather. On April 17, the American cruiser USS Chester set sail for New York to take the passengers of the Titanic to their destination.
Six years later, a German submarine sank the Carpathia in the waters covered by Ireland on July 17, 1918.
Why History? https://read.cash/@GuyFromNowhere/the-book-of-yesterday-march-20-5bba4da4#why-history
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wa lk or ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2020 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | March 31
THE OPENING OF THE EIFEL TOWER IN PARIS, FRANCE
*March 31, 1889*
On this day, in 1889, the inaugural Eiffel Tower in Paris, France was officially opened to the public through a ceremony presided over by Gustave Eiffel who designed such a structure, and attended by then French Prime Minister Pirard, some senior officials, and about 200 construction workers.
In 1889, the French government planned to launch an international exposition and also announced the existence of a design competition for the monument to be erected on the Champ-de-Mars city center of Paris to commemorate the centenary of the French Revolution. Of the more than 100 who participated in such a contest, the Centennial Committee selected Gustave Eiffel’s design as an “open-lattice wrought-iron tower” estimated to be 1,000 feet high that could be considered the tallest man-made structure in the world. Eiffel was a famous bridge builder trained in metal construction, and he was also behind the design of the Statue of Liberty in the United States.
Eiffel's design has drawn mixed criticism. Some expressed skepticism over the durability or structural integrity of its design, and some also said it could only damage the beautiful landscape of Paris. Eiffel did not send in these criticisms and completed his tower in just two years. One worker died during the entire construction period of such a structure. Its lightweight and "airy structure" can be considered an innovation in the field of architecture.
The opening of the Eiffel Tower was colorful and pompous. In early May of the same year, the tower served as the entrance gateway of the Paris International Exposition.
The Eiffel Tower was almost removed from its site after the International Exposition's 20-year lease expired in 1909 but it was saved because of its value as an antenna for radio transmission. Currently, the Eiffel Tower is a popular attraction for tourists coming to France.
AMERICANS TAKE OVER MALOLOS, BULACAN CAPITAL OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
*March 31, 1899*
After the revolutionary government of General Emilio Aguinaldo failed to capture Manila in August 1898, the revolutionary government's capital was temporarily moved to the town of Malolos in Bulacan, and the first congress of the revolutionary government was also inaugurated there. The church of Barasoain became the capital of the first Republic of the Philippines when it was inaugurated on January 23, 1899. But just two months later, the fall of the capital of the first Republic to the Americans took place on this day.
After the successful crossing of the Marilao river by American troops in Bulacan, the Americans could take the capitol in just one step, but the Filipino troops were determined to defend the capitol to the death. President Emilio Aguinaldo reappointed General Antonio Luna as head of the armed forces and was assigned to oversee the defense of Malolos from the Americans. On March 30, American troops entered Malolos, led by General Arthur MacArthur and Lloyd Wheaton.
The next morning, a large artillery barrage began in General Luna's defense line in Malolos. Intense clashes took place in the Malolos plaza between the two camps, and during the gunfire the Americans saw that the Presidency or the office of the President and the Hall of Congress were on fire. The offensive in the capitol lasted only two hours and General MacArthur and Wheaton, with the help of Colonel Frederick Funston, also drove General Luna's line to Malolos and they successfully raised the American flag over Malolos.
However, the capital of the first Republic in the town of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija had retreated before the invasion so the Americans also failed to capture President Aguinaldo in Malolos. It is uncertain how many Republican soldiers were killed but only eight Americans were killed in such an operation. Although they captured Malolos, they failed to break the morale of the Filipino army and in April while the Americans were advancing in Pampanga, the Filipinos confused them and recaptured Malolos.
THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES WAS HELD IN ONE LNG LIMASAWA
*March 31, 1521*
An important date in the history of the Christian religion in the Philippines is the last day of March, in the year 1521. On this day the first Christian worship was held in our country, the first holy mass and the first introduction of the Christian religion in the Philippines. Even before this, the two sides, the Spaniards and the natives of Limasawa, became friends, with the effect of the treaty between Fernando Magallanes and Raha Kolambu on March 29.
Along the coast of the island of Limasawa in the present province of Southern Leyte, this ceremony was held attended by Fernando Magallanes and approximately 50 of his staff, including chronicler Antonio Pigafetta. It was also attended by Raha Kolambu and Siagu and the mother of other indigenous people on the island of Limasawa who wanted to see what they considered foreign ritual worship. The Mass in Limasawa also took place on Easter Sunday, and the first mass ceremony was held on the shores of Limasawa under the leadership of Father Pedro Valderrama, the only surviving priest in Magallanes' expedition. Indigenous people, on the other hand, eagerly follow the foreign rituals they witness. After the simple mass, a wooden cross was erected on the hill on the island, attended by Padre Valderrama, Magallanes, Pigafetta and Raha Kolambu and Siagu. According to Pigafetta, they prayed Pater Noster (Our Father) and Ave Maria (Aba Ginoong Maria) simultaneously and repeatedly, and Raha Kolambu and Siagu also prayed together. It was in this event that the Christian religion was born in the Philippines, which will be part of our national consciousness and culture for future generations.
It was only in 1872 that the Spanish government recognized that the first mass in the country took place on the island of Limasawa, based on the support of Pigafetta's records in his journal. In fact, Republic Act no. 2733 on 19 June 1960, recognizing the island of Limasawa as the place where the first mass was celebrated. Former First Lady Imelda Romualdez Marcos even built a shrine on the top of the hill overlooking barangay Magallanes on the island, the Shrine of the First Holy Mass, in 1984 and spent millions of pesos. But over the years this belief has been challenged, when Filipino historian Sonia Zaide proposed that the site of the first mass in the Philippines took place not in Limasawa but in Butuan, in Agusan del Norte, also based on records by Pigafetta.
Conflicting historians also went through a lengthy debate asserting their arguments using the notes of Pigafetta and another traveler, Francisco Alvo, who in turn gave a more detailed description of the construction of the cross in Limasawa. According to Alvo, the three islands to the west and southwest can be seen from the hill, which corresponds to today's description of the southern part of Limasawa, unlike the Butuan side where only one island can be seen.
The National Historical Commission of the Philippines has intervened on the issue and a few years later the NHCP formally declared last year that the first mass in the country took place in Limasawa. This is also in preparation for the quincentenary anniversary of the birth of Christianity in the country and the arrival of Magallanes in our country.
Why History? https://read.cash/@GuyFromNowhere/the-book-of-yesterday-march-20-5bba4da4#why-history
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wa lk or ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2020 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | March 20
TRIAL OF FORMER FIRST LADY IMELDA MARCOS FOR RACKETEERING CASE BEGINS
*March 20, 1990*
On this day in 1990, a year after the death of her husband, former President Ferdinand Marcos, former First Lady Imelda Romualdez Marcos, along with co -defendant Adnan Khashoggi, were arraigned in a trial in New York City in the United States for in racketeering cases.
Racketeering is the possession or establishment of a business through illegal activity, invested with money from illegal activity, or the use of such business for illegal activity.
Attorney Gerald Spencer served as defense counsel for the two, arguing that a foreigner should not be tried in an American court. Marcos ’camp opposes their use of the Thornburgh Doctrine, which prosecutes anyone inside their country in cases prohibited by American law, whether American or foreign. Spencer also told the court that he would also call U.S. President Ronald Reagan himself to testify about his relationship with the Marcoses, and if necessary would file a subpoena.
Later, due to the weakness of the evidence, the case filed against the former First Lady was also dismissed.
THE HISTORICAL SPEECH BY GENERAL DOUGLAS MAC ARTHUR OF THE UNITED STATES
March 20, 1942
"I shall return!" This is perhaps the most famous line dropped in history, if not of World War II but in all of history, said the American general Douglas MacArthur. This historic statement happened in his speech today in 1942. It was when he was in Australia, in Terowie, South Australia.
In that speech, he detailed the fall of the Philippines, which he bravely defended, at the hands of the Japanese. At that time, the combined American and Filipino forces were retreating from Bataan and defending it from the more armed and stronger Japanese forces.
General MacArthur became a symbol of the Allies' struggle against the Japanese during times when America's war situation was dire. At the behest of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt himself, he evacuated General MacArthur to Australia but insisted that he would try to break the Japanese forces in Bataan. But as their condition worsened over the course of a few days, he and his family fled to Australia on a ship. It was March 11 when General MacArthur left and the general traveled to Australia for nine days. This was a critical decision for the USAFFE chief general.
The highlight of his speech in Australia was his sincere commitment, which became a symbol of hope and resilience in times of delirium, saying “I came through, and I shall return”. For two years the remaining Filipinos and other peoples of southeast Asia believed and believed in this statement by General MacArthur, which also inspired other guerrillas to continue to fight the Japanese occupation.
Two years later, in Palo, Leyte General MacArthur kept his promise. In March 1945, General MacArthur was able to return to Bataan and the island of Corregidor.
ADOLF HITLER HONORS HITLER YOUTH SOLDIERS FOR THE LAST TIME
March 20, 1945
During the final chapters of the war in Europe, thousands of German civilians volunteered to join the Wehrmacht to fill the dwindling German army. Also added to the volunteer soldiers were volunteer armed militias or the Volkssturm, as well as forced civilians to hold guns and fight, and members of Hitler Youth, the official youth organization of Nazi Germany. They were both determined to fight in the name of their Fuhrer to the death.
Some of the members of the Hitler Youth, aged from 12 to 18, became messengers, intelligence agents, and sometimes even took up arms and were sent into battle. In recognition of their bravery in the face of battle, they are awarded a medal. One of these honors took place in front of the Fuhrer himself Adolf Hitler on this day in 1945, which was the last tribute he made and the last time he would be seen by the public.
Approximately 20 members of the Hitler Youth from the ages of 15 to 18, who were invited to Berlin for such a ceremony, gathered in the garden of the Reich Chancellery to receive honor and recognition directly from their Fuhrer. Under the leadership of Hitler Youth leader Arthur Axmann he introduced Hitler to unique young people who showed courage in battle. The video also captured the entire scene, where the video shows Hitler arriving at the place of honor and he one by one shook hands and greeted the unique youth of Hitler Youth. Not only did the camera capture the Iron Cross medal, but the camera also captured the young people's narration of their experience in the battle. The Fuhrer himself also invited them to have lunch with him inside the Fuhrerbunker, after which Hitler left them a message of inspiration and sent them back to battle. This was the last time the public saw their Fuhrer, a few months before the battle in Berlin in April 1945 and his suicide.
Footage of the tribute would have been released on the official newsreel of Nazi Germany for propaganda, to show that Hitler could still rule. But the video footage itself also became controversial because it captured the unpleasant part of the ceremony, the uncontrollable tremor of Hitler’s right hand, which confirmed his hidden secret about his Parkinson’s Disease. This footage was thought to have been destroyed until the film containing the controversial footage was found in the 70s.
Why History?
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wa lk or ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2020 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | March 19
GABRIELA WAS BORN
*March 19, 1731*
This Women's Month, let's recognize one of the great women of our race, Maria Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang, or better known as Gabriela Silang, the first Filipina to lead a revolt against the Spanish occupiers.
He was born on this day 1731 in the present town of Santa, province of Ilocos Sur and the son of a merchant Anselmo Carino, and of a native Tinggian from the province of Abra.
Just to lift her out of their poverty, Gabriela's parents managed to reconcile her with a wealthy old Spaniard, but three years after their marriage Gabriela became a widow at the age of 20, and she inherited its wealth.
He first met Diego Silang, who was then traveling back and forth to Ilocos Sur from Manila, and Diego fell in love with the young widow. But because Gabriela was still mourning the death of her husband and she had not met Diego before, she did not pay attention to it. But because of Gabriela's avid lover and feeling that the young man's love for her was sincere and pure, they also agreed to be together five years later, and in 1757 they got married. It is not clear whether their love has produced offspring, but what is clear is that Diego and Gabriela have become partners, not only in their love life, but also in revolutionary work.
When news of the fall of Manila to the British in October 1762, Diego took this opportunity to revolt against the brutality of the Spanish rule in the province of Ilocos, and the British promised to accompany them in their rebellion. against the Spaniards. Diego Silang's rebellion against the Spaniards would have been a success, if not only had he been killed not by the Spaniards but by his fellow Ilocanos, and his friends Pedro Becbec and Miguel Vicos had killed him in May 1763.
The widowed Gabriela resumed her husband's unfinished battle, and was later nicknamed General, and is often described as riding a horse and mentally armed. Together with several thousand native Tinggians and his uncle Nicolas Carino they led the rebellion against the Spaniards in the town of Vigan, Ilocos Sur on September 10, 1763 but were easily defeated by the Spaniards and their native allies as well. . Gabriela Silang, Nicolas Cariño and their other supporters were arrested. And before the public on the 20th of September, 1763 the revolts of Vigan against the Spaniards were hanged one by one, and Gabriela, at the age of 32, finally put her neck in the gallows.
The Order of Gabriela Silang is the highest recognition in the Philippines given only to women who have made a unique contribution to the country. A Philippine Navy warship was also named after her and the women's party list GABRIELA established in April 1984 also followed her name. And did you also know that an asteroid discovered by astronomer Eleanor Helin in 1993 was also named after her, the 7036 Gabrielasilang.
THE NERO DECREE WAS IMPLEMENTED
*March 19, 1945*
Who would have thought that German dictator Adolf Hitler would destroy his own country, in front of his own people as his Third Reich gradually collapsed. In the decree entitled Decree Concerning Demolitions in the Reich Territory, or what he called "Nerobefehl" or the Nero Decree which he approved on this day in 1945, Hitler ordered the destruction by any means of all important infrastructures such as of for transport and communications, and supply depots, ports and large industries in Germany. It aims to prevent Allies forces from using such facilities and structures. For Hitler, if the Allies could only defeat Germany, there would be no reason for such a country to survive, and for him, Germany had failed him so it should only die as soon as he also died. At that time, American and British forces were entering western Germany, while the Soviets were rapidly penetrating the capital in the east. Even before the Nero Decree was issued, a similar order was issued by Hitler ordering the destruction of the whole of Paris upon the retreat of the Germans there in August 1944, but it was not complied with.
The German chief official who would enforce the order was Hitler’s architect and Arms Minister Albert Speer, but Speer deliberately did not follow this order, as he could not afford to do so in front of the German people and was losing he also had faith in his Fuhrer. He also convinced all the generals of the army and of the SS, and heads of every district in Germany not to follow Hitler’s Nero Decree. Hitler was unaware of what Speer had done until he admitted it the last time he visited Hitler at the Fuhrerbunker. With Gross Admiral Karl Doenitz succeeding Hitler as President of Germany he repealed the Nero Decree.
Why History?
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wa lk or ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2020 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | March 16
NICHOLAS II COMES DOWN TO THE THRONE AS TSAR OF RUSSIA
*March 15, 1917*
After more than two decades of Tsar Nicholas II's rule as Tsar of Russia, it was the Russian people who decided to remove from him the mandate given to him by God to rule the third largest empire in the world. On this day in 1917, he accepted what the people had long demanded of him, the demotion of his position as Tsar of Russia. This was one of the victories of the February Revolution, in which women workers participated. He agreed to resign on behalf of his son Tsarevich Alexei, on the condition that his brother Grand Duke Mikhail would succeed him as Tsar of Russia. But this request was also immediately rejected by the provisional government that was established only after the abdication of Nicholas II.
At that time, the situation in the capital St. Petersburg and other cities, triggered by respective demonstrations by students and workers demanding a complete change in government. Soldiers who were supposed to quell the commotion sympathized with the protesters' cry and joined them. They burned the effigies of their Tsar and they destroyed the statues of Nicholas II and imperial emblems. Within weeks Nicholas II had lost control of the capitol. Nicholas II could do nothing but accept the request of members of the Duma or the Russian parliament that he abdicate, for the sake of the peace of the whole country and to prevent the domination of anarchy.
Nicholas II was the last Tsar of imperial Russia and with his resignation the throne also ended more than three centuries of Russian empire. The Russian people reacted differently to the abduction of Nicholas II. After his demotion, he and his family were arrested and temporarily detained at the Governor’s palace in Tsarskoye Selo, a few kilometers away from St. Petersburg. Petersburg, and when the civil war in Russia broke out between the Bolshevik communists and supporters of the fallen monarchy Nicholas II was transferred to the town of Tobolsk in the Ural region where they were guarded by the Bolsheviks, and in April 1918 they moved to Yekaterinburg. In this area the dynasty that ruled Russia for 300 years will eventually end in brutal rule.
Nicholas II was crowned Tsar of Russia in May 1896 succeeding his father Alexander III, and like his father Nicholas II became an autocratic and conservative leader. But in reality the new Tsar was not ready for the heavy task entrusted to him, and he also inherited the problems faced by his father. External and internal problems tested Nicholas II's leadership, such as its conflict with Japan, its economic and political problems. However, he suppressed any reform the people demanded of him, even when the parliament or the Duma was established in 1905 and promised reform and establishment of the Constitution.
As the father of the Romanov family, he was struck by the serious blood disease of his youngest son and prince heir Alexei, whom he sought cured with the help of the Siberian faith healer Grigori Raputin, who was looked down upon by the people. dragging the Romanov family into the scandal involving it. Russia's problems worsened when the Tsar participated in World War I against Germany and Austria, which resulted in successive defeats in battle and resulted in the deaths of nearly two million Russian soldiers due to his weakness in leadership, while the left to lead the government Tsarina Alexandra was found incapable of leading. The public became increasingly sour and lost confidence in the weakness of the imperial leadership. Anti -government actions became increasingly active, culminating in the February Revolution that removed Nicholas II from office.
GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR WAS KILLED
*March 15, 44 BCE*
Twenty -three stabs. The then 55 -year -old famous Roman general, dictator and consul of the Roman Republic Julius Caesar sustained so many stab wounds, after he was assassinated by about 60 senators while inside the Senate in Rome.
At noon on this day in the year 44 BCE, as Julius Caesar was leaving the Senate, a senator approached him to demand the freedom of his exiled brother. Suddenly the other senators began to surround him, and at the signal of one of them they drew a knife from their robes and attacked Caesar. The valiant conqueror of the Mediterranean and who won wars for Rome had no opponent at the hands of fellow Romans, and though having sustained stab wounds to various parts of the body Caesar still struggled. When Caesar was sprawled on the floor and bathed in his own blood, he did not think that his supposed son Marcus Brutus would give him the last stab, even saying the words, "Et tu, Brute?" (And you too, son?). The senators celebrated Caesar's assault, shouting outside the Senate "The tyrant is dead! We are free!".
Julius Caesar was one of the First Triumvirate, the alliance of three influential political personalities in Rome, including Crassus and Pompey. But control of the government eventually led to civil war, which Caesar won. From being a general, Julius Caesar brought the Roman Republic to its greatness to the extent of the Mediterranean lands he conquered. At the same time he was also endowed with titles such as Consul, the highest position in the republic, and Dictator or the position in government that grants him emergency powers when in times of crisis. As a result, Julius Caesar was the richest and most powerful personality in Rome.
As consul of Rome he justly led the territory of the Republic and implemented important reforms in the Republic. More importantly, Caesar centralized the bureaucracies in Rome, thus giving him the title of “lifelong dictator”. Along with the sprinkling of honors on Caesar including the dedication of the temple for him and a full moon to him, some senators worried that Caesar’s further strength would lead the republic to its fall and install himself as king. So the senators conspired on how to prevent Caesar’s rise and save the Republic. Among the conspirators was Brutus whom Caesar tried to save from death during the civil war, at the instigation of Longinus.
With Caesar's death what those who killed him wanted to happen did not happen. The power struggle in Rome culminated in civil war, which led to the fall of the Republic and the establishment of the Roman empire.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN RABA SIKATUNA AND MUGURL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI TAKES PLACE IN BOHOL
*March 15, 1565*
On this day in 1565, as marks the friendship of two foreign rulers, the Spanish conquistador Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the ruler of Bohol Raha Sikatuna. More than a month after the arrival of de Legazpi's fleet on the island of Samar, the wind pushed them back to the Visayas when they tried to land in Mindanao. The wind carried them to the island of Bohol, where a brief battle ensued between the natives and Legazpi's soldiers because the foreigners who landed in Bohol were mistaken for Portuguese. But with the help of a Malay interpreter who mediated between the natives and Legazpi, the trouble subsided and Raha Sikatuna and Raha Sigala of Loboc were convinced that peace was Legazpi's goal.
As a sign of the agreement and friendship between Raha Sikatuna and Sigala and Legazpi, the two sides made an alliance that bound the relationship between the indigenous leaders and Legazpi. After a short party, Legazpi left Bohol to look for new lands to be conquered in the name of King Felipe II of Spain.
A famous work was painted by Filipino painter Juan Luna featuring the historical covenant between Legazpi and Sikatuna, which is currently on display at the Malacanang Palace. This historic covenant is celebrated in Bohol as the Sandugo Festival every March.
Why History?
***What is the significance of our study of history? Does it have an effect on our lives today? The truth is that there is. It is important to know the history of our past so that we can understand what will happen in the present. We can also learn the difference between then and now by comparing events. Take for example people, places and equipment or things. Back then, people did not know much about what was going on in the world. It's just like what the real shape of the world is, why are there events that are mysterious to them that are actually only natural. People back then gave meaning to the things that were happening around them.***
***Perhaps also out of their curiosity, they discover objects or equipment that help them to make their lives easier. It can also be considered an ancient technology. Just like today, people now know a lot when it comes to technology. Using computers, cellphones, or high -tech things. I guess all the work is now using technology. You used to just wa lk or ride animals used for transportation, but now there are vehicles. You can pay for its service, and if you are able or rich, you can buy your own.***
***They are just one of the importance of why we need to know history.***
**GuyFromNowhere 2020 © All Rights Reserved**
The Book Of Yesterday | March 2
CONTROVERSIAL ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM PUBLISHED IN AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS
March 1, 1917
In a movie, the salop is already full so it should be cleaned. This was the situation in the United States today in 1917. A decrypted telegram from Germany, called the Zimmerman Code, appeared in the headlines in newspapers throughout the United States. The telegram contained the secret relations between Germany and Mexico, sent by a German diplomat and foreign secretary Count Arthur Zimmerman, the German proposal that it would assist Mexico in Mexico's war against the United States. former territory of the Mexicans lost to them, on the condition that Mexico help Germany mediate through Imperial Japan to convince the Japanese to side with Germany. From Zimmerman the message was sent to the German ambassador to Mexico Heinrich Von Eckardt to be given to the Mexican foreign relations agency.
British intelligence seized Zimmerman's secret telegram on January 16, 1917, and when it thwarted Germany's plan, they handed it over to the United States government on the last day of February. Japan, mentioned in the telegram and then at war with Germany, stood firm against the Central Powers and opposed America. It was only on the first day of February in the same year that the diplomatic relations between Germany and the United States were severed due to the re-enactment of the reckless use of the submarine in the Atlantic.
In Zimmerman's speech at the Reichstag on March 3, he admitted that the telegram was true and authentic. This revelation further increased the sentiment of the Americans against the Germans, showing that the true color of the German imperial government. But there are other Americans, especially those with German blood, who still want to avoid the possibility of war. But the former American government, led by President Woodrow Wilson, withdrew from the war in Europe, wanted to confront Germany's aggression. The collapse of the Zimmerman Code was one of the main factors in the United States' entry into the war against Germany in April 1917.
FILIPINOS MESTIZO APPEALS PETITION TO REMOVE PRAYLES
March 1, 1888
A few years after the execution of the secularization leaders, the Spanish friars again challenged the authority of this day in 1888.
Several Filipinos and mestizos marched towards the house of a Jose Centeno, and there a petition was presented demanding the expulsion of the friars' orders in our country and the Archbishops in the country, which they said were no longer appropriate. stay in the country.
Jose Centeno is an acting civil Governor of Manila and a mining engineer who also sympathizes with the petitioners.
The petitioners tried to push their proposal to the Governor-General, and they also demanded the secularization and the return of religious orders to the lands formerly owned by the Filipinos. The mestizo Doroteo Cortes wrote the petition, accusing the friars of agreeing to the death of Father Jose Burgos.
Approximately 810 people signed the petition, but most of them did not know what they had signed and the opposite of the petition they wanted.
Authorities arrested Centeno and Cortes and all others who led the petition against the friars. Many of them have been imprisoned and deported to remote areas within our country. Once again, we saw how powerful the friars were in the government.
The Book Of Yesterday | February 23
Passed The Law Mandating The Construction Of The National Monument By Andres Bonifacio
*February 23, 1918*
The big monument of the city of Caloocan in Metro Manila is the large monument of the Supreme of the Katipunan and father of the Filipino Revolution Andres Bonifacio. Today is 103 years since the Philippine Congress passed Act No. 2760. This is the law ordering the construction of a monument to be dedicated to the heroism of the heroic father of the revolution. Former Katipunero and Bonifacio's close friend Guillermo Masangkay proposed the law.
As with the Jose Rizal monument in Luneta, there was also a contest for choosing the best design of Bonifacio's monument. The design of sculptor and National Artist Guillermo Tolentino was chosen, which is said to look exactly like Bonifacio in his sculpture. He was even rumored to consult a spiritualist to talk to the soul of your alleged supreme. Tolentino, however, chose to design Bonifacio's monument, which features scenes from our country's history, from the martyrdom of Gomburza, to sculptures representing the plight of the Filipino masses under Spanish occupation, and in the middle is Bonifacio, wearing a Barong Tagalog and holding a revolver and mentally, and his young right-handed Emilio Jacinto.
The wife of the then President of the Senate Manuel Luis Quezon presided over the groundbreaking ceremony at the monument erection site, while Governor-General Frank Murphy presided over the inauguration of Bonifacio monument on October 23, 1933. May the monument of the supremo is 45 feet high, and at the height of the monument obelisk is a statue of a woman depicting our Motherland. On the pedestal of the monument is the big sun with eight rays, representing the eight provinces subject to Martial Law in August 1896.
Since then, Bonifacio's monument has witnessed historical events in our country, including the American-Japanese conflict in Metro Manila, and the gradual industrialization and modernization of the city of Caloocan.
General Tomoyuki Yamashita Of Japan Executed
*February 23, 1946*
At the age of 60, the so-called "Tiger of Malaya" General Tomoyuki Yamashita ended his life in the gallows inside the Los Baños Prison camp in Laguna. On this day in 1946, General Yamashita was sentenced to death by the United States military court, when he was found guilty of war crimes as responsible for the massacre of civilians in Manila during the American-Japanese conflict in the city. , and other crimes of Japanese soldiers in the Philippines. As the last Japanese Governor-General of the Philippines, Yamashita is said to be responsible for the sins of the Japanese army in our country under his leadership. Yamashita vehemently denied the accusations leveled against him by the court, but instead pointed to the Rear Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy Sanji Iwabuchi who was responsible for the massacres of civilians in Manila. He also has no control over the soldiers who fought in Manila or, nor does he command the crimes committed by the Japanese in the country. His American lawyer also defended Yamashita. However, he was still sentenced to death for charges related to violating the law of war. Yamashita appealed his case to the Supreme Court of the Philippines and the United States, but it was President Harry S. Truman himself who dismissed his appeal. Even some American witnesses to Yamashita's trial questioned the progress of the general's case, and the unfair court hearing in defense, which violated the defendant's human rights.
After being hanged in Los Banos, he was buried in a Japanese cemetery in the town of Laguna, and was later transferred to a cemetery in Tokyo, Japan. Two years later, General Yamashita's chief-of-staff Akira Muto, along with former Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, was also hanged for war crimes.
General Tomoyuki Yamashita has been dubbed the "Tiger of Malaya" because of his strategic and rapid leadership in the conquest of the Southeast Asian region, including Malaysia and Singapore. There he subdued so many British soldiers defending their colony in the region. He was also appointed the fourth and last Japanese Governor-General of the Philippines from 1944 to 1945, and was also assigned to defend Luzon from American aggression. General Yamashita retreated to northern Luzon, and took refuge in the mountains of Ifugao. On September 3, 1945, a day after Japan surrendered in the war, Yamashita descended the mountain and formally surrendered to the Americans in Baguio City. It is now recognized in our country as a celebration of Philippine Victory Day.
References:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoyuki_Yamashita
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/952/today-in-philippine-history-february-23-1918-an-act-was-passed-to-build-a-national-monument-for-andres-
The Book Of Yesterday | February 22
German activist brothers Hans and Sophia Scholl were hanged
*February 22, 1943*
If there has ever been a most popular picture of activism and fighting against the abusive and oppressive regime of Adolf Hitler, it was the German student activists Hans Fritz and Sophia Magdalena Scholl. Today is 78 years since the brothers, along with another White Rose movement activist Christoph Ananda Probst, became martyrs in their struggles.
On February 18, 1943, at the same time as Joseph Goebbels' "Total War" speech, the Scholl brothers circulated a series of pamphlets denouncing the Nazi government throughout the campus of Ludwig Maximilianus University in Munich, Germany, a university janitor who accused them of the Gestapo. The Gestapo arrested the brothers, but despite intense interrogation of the brothers, they denied the allegations against them. Other White Rose members Christoph Probst, Wilhelm Graf, Alexander Schmorell and professor Kurt Huber were also arrested in the following days. The brothers also confessed to their actions, but they refused to reveal their accomplices to the Gestapo.
On February 22, Hans and Sophia Scholl along with Christoph Probst were indicted in the Volksgerichtshof or "People's Court" moro-moro trial, in which Roland Freisler presided. They were charged with treason, military morale and collusion with German enemies, but despite Freisler's humiliating and brutal remarks to the youth, they upheld their principles and their struggle against the abusive regime. . Robert Scholl, the father of sisters Hans and Sophia, came to trial to defend his children, but they were dismissed. Three of their cases were still convicted and sentenced to death. The three were immediately sentenced to death, but Scholl and Probst were allowed to see their loved ones for the last time.
Before she died, Sophia Scholl is said to have left the words, "How can we expect righteousness to prevail if no one is willing to dedicate himself to a just cause? I am leaving for a good day, but the important thing is to my death, thousands of people will wake up and stand up ". At around 5 pm, a few hours after being sentenced to death, Sophia, age 21, and Hans, age 24, and Probst, age 23, were beheaded with a guillotine at the Stadelheim Prison in Munich, Germany. Alexander Schmorell and Kurt Huber in July, and Willi Graf in October of the same year.
From June 1942 to February 1943, the White Rose movement published six pamphlets condemning Hitler's abusive and brutal regime, and the futile waste of life in the fight against the abominable "Total War" policy. ". And thanks to the generosity of a German diplomat Helmut von Moltke, the movement's sixth pamphlet was smuggled into Scandinavia and thousands of copies were delivered from the air throughout Germany from the United Kingdom, entitled "Manifest der Münchner Students ". It was only after the war that the true identity, story and bitter fate of those young people were revealed to the public.
Seventy-eight years ago, three German youths, who by words stood up and fought against the dictatorship and excesses of the Nazi regime in Germany, became martyrs at an early age because of their struggles. Decades after their execution, it is still a challenge in our society to uphold and uphold the beliefs of others and deviate from the beliefs that many people follow.
In this day and age when those in power and their blind fanatics take a stand for what is right, it takes sufficient courage and sacrifice to maintain the light of darkness, justice in wickedness and immorality, and honor and dignity to blind fanaticism and false beliefs. Even though they did not see with their own eyes the liberation of their country from Hitler's regime, the spirit of White Rose members continues to evolve in youth-led activism all over the world, including the Philippines. I hope that today's youth will also emulate the example set by the Scholl brothers and young members of the White Rose, that through their abilities they can do useful, just, humane and dignified work that will not only improve in society but for the world we will leave behind.
Why does Valentine's Day Celebrate?
It celebrates "Valentine's Day" every 14th day of February called "Saint Valentine's Day" or "Feast of Saint Valentine" which is believed to have begun as a 'minor Western Christian feast day'. It is a tribute to two Christian martyrs of the same name Saint Valentine.
Valentine's Day has no concrete and clear origin but according to historical records that Valentine's Day was POSSIBLE from Roman pagans in the 4th century BCE, it is called the "Festival of Lupercalia" celebrated every day from 13 to 15 of February. This is in honor of Lupercus, the god of health and fertility.
Lupercus is a mixture of goat and human. Its legs and head with horns belong to the goat and the body to the human. He is the protector of the farmers and gives them a good harvest.
Lupercalia is a tradition that is believed to help women get pregnant or have children one day. This is done by slapping slippers on young women while sitting or standing, while the slaps are on young men wearing the skin of a goat with blood. This blow is painful and can injure. The plague of these slippers was 'holy' and they were called "holy men".
During Pagan Valentine's Day, people have fun, they are naked, they drink, they love and they perform certain rituals. One of the fun things about it is the sex lottery where men draw a woman's name on a jag and the name of the woman they choose will be their partner throughout the day of that festival, they can be together, love, have sex and sometimes this work leads to a wedding where they will be together for a long time.
Historians say that Christians at that time did not like this kind of tradition so they tried to get rid of this work, Lupercalia. Here the lottery for the name of women is changed to the name of the saints, and the saints they choose will follow.
The festival of Lupercalia was later renamed "Saint Valentine's Day" in honor of the two martyrs of St. Valentine (led by Pope Gelasius l in 496 AD), although more than 50 Valentines appeared in the history of Christianity. , and in this number two of them are superior but the lifestyle and behavior of the two are mixed with some questions and doubts.
There was a story or speculation of the early Christians about a saint St. Valentino who MAY have been the first to begin Valentine's Day throughout the history of Christianity.
The martyr San Valentino was secretly conducting a wedding for the military. Marriage to the military was strictly forbidden by the emperor Cladius ll for fear that this matter would hinder their missions because he believed that marriage would weaken the heart and personality of the military.
But Valentino did not obey this order and bravely continued the marriage according to the wishes of the military. Whenever someone wanted to get married, they only approached Valentino, but, later on, this secret wedding was discovered by the emperor and caused Valentino to be arrested.
According to the story, while Valentino was inside the jail, there was a blind miracle that Valentino allegedly cured. This was proven by the emperor and he greatly admired Valentino. But the emperor later killed Valentino because of his continued desire to still perform marriages with the military.
Another story related to Valentino that when he was in prison there was a woman (son of the emperor) who he said he loved came to him and then Valentino gave him a love letter card with the signature "From your Valentine ".. and this is where Valentine's Day begins.
However, Valentine's Day is still vague. Some Historians say that it is from Lupercalia, but some say that there is no exact evidence that it came from here. Historians contradict each other. It is said that Valentine's Day originates with Valentine's saint but it is not possible to determine the origin of Valentine, although it has been celebrated by Christians until the 17th century.
In 1776 Valentine's Day was abolished in France because of the unrest there. It has also been removed in some countries such as England, Austria, Hungary, and others, and throughout Europe, this thing is rarely celebrated. But it continues in different ways nsa like Britain, in the Philippines or all over America.
Valentine's Day has been a powerful influence since 1840 when a businessman decided to sell a Valentine card, Esther A. Howland, as it has been followed by other merchants to this day.
Valentine's Day is currently celebrated by two lovers, with love cards, flowers, chocolates, gifts and more. They enjoy loving each other, eating together, watching movies, roaming, laughing and whatever other romantic scenes they want to do together.
But 'Valentine's Day' is not just about the love between two people, it can be celebrated by anyone, whether single or taken, whether you are a widow or married. In Finland, they celebrate February 14 but instead of calling it Valentine's Day they call it "Friend's Day" because they value friendship more than two lovers.
Let us remember that love is not just about two people gardening, Love is about giving, to others, to family, to friends and so on. Love is forgiveness, cooperation and unity, so hopefully on Valentine's Day we will remember it together with LOVE, HAPPINESS and PEACE.
@GuyFromNowhere