The Book Of Yesterday | April 22
VLADIMIR ILYICH ULYANOV LENIN WAS BORN
April 22, 1870
Today marks the 151st birthday of the so-called Father of Communism in Russia and first Premier of the communist Soviet Union Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin.
He was born on this day in 1870 to a middle-class family in Simbirsk, Russia and the third of eight children of Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov and Maria Alexandrovna Blank, all of whom were Orthodox Christian conservatists and supporters of imperial rule in Russia. Two of Vladimir's younger brothers died early, while his father died of a brain haemorrhage, and he even witnessed government repression of its opponents, when one of his older brothers, Alexander, was hanged for joining the conspiracy to oust Tsar Alexander III. However, Vladimir still continued his studies at Kazan University, where like his hanged brother he also participated in anti-government activism.
Vladimir was temporarily imprisoned, where he first discovered Karl Marx’s Das Kapital political manifesto, and later embraced and began publishing that ideology in Russian. Even though he was expelled from Kazan University for his activism, he continued to practice law at St. Petersburg where he became an active Marxist, but also as expected he was arrested for sedition and exiled to a remote town of Shushenskoye in Siberia for three years, where he met his wife Nadezhda Krupskaya. Returning to the capitol, he became a political theorist of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, but the socialist members of such a party split into two factions; the Bolsheviks he would later rule and the Mensheviks. He first left for Switzerland where he not only led the other Marxists there under his Bolshevik party, but began to use his Lenin surname.
During the revolution in Russia in 1905 he encouraged the Bolsheviks to revolt, until Tsar Nicholas II established the Duma or the parliament, but this was still not enough government reform. When Russia entered the First World War against Germany Lenin opposed his so-called "war of the imperialists", which only resulted in the deaths of millions of Russian soldiers and civilians. Lenin wanted Russia to break free from war, which was one of the three essential points of his slogan: LAND, TINAPA AND PEACE; distribution of lands to landless peasants, enough food for all and lasting peace from war.
Lenin returned to Russia in April 1917 to lead the Bolsheviks to their position in Russia's provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky. Lenin strongly opposed Russia's continuation of the war despite its defeats, and even accused Lenin of being paid spies by the Germans to sabotage Russia's fighting in the war. Lenin once again fled to Finland under the fake name Konstantin Ivanov, along with Joseph Stalin. While in Finland Lenin planned to seize the power of the provisional government and promote the “dictatorship of the proletariat”.
October 1917 when Lenin returned to carry out his plan, and on November 7 the Bolsheviks under his leadership successfully seized the provisional government, signaling the beginning of the communist regime in Russia. But the communists had to face the struggle of White Russians or supporters of imperialist Russia and anti-communist Russians, which culminated in a five-year civil war that even resulted in millions dead. Hundreds of thousands more Russians are being killed by the secret police of the Bolshevik Chekas, who are chasing and prosecuting those suspected of opposing the communist idea.
The Bolsheviks won the civil war against the White Russians, and in December 1922 Lenin founded the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or USSR or the Soviet Union, the first communist country in the world. Lenin promoted his own version of Marxism, Leninism, and under the New Economic Policy intensified industrialization in the country and fulfilled the promises he had made in his slogan. But over time Lenin's health deteriorated and on January 21, 1924 he died at the age of 53 due to a brain hemorrhage. Lenin wanted Leon Trotsky to be his successor, but Stalin seized the position and removed Trotsky from the Politburo.
Lenin's preserved remains currently lie in his musoleum in Red Square, Moscow city, and remain open to the his grave public until the fall of communism in Russia in 1991.
PACO CEMETERY IN MANILA INTRODUCED
April 22, 1822
On this day in 1822, the Paco cemetery was formally opened in the Paco district, Manila city. But just two years before the inauguration, the cemetery was operational.
Construction began on the original location of the cemetery in 1807 for the burial of victims of the cholera epidemic, but this cemetery was reserved for the principals and the prosperous Spaniards. Maestro de Obras Nicolas Ruiz designed the construction plan of the cemetery, who chose the circular design of the plan, and made of adobe the walls of the entire perimeter of the cemetery, as well as its tombs. It also has a small chapel for the saint San Pancratius. Don Jose Coll supervised the construction of the cemetery. In 1859, when Governor-General Fernando Norzagaray y Escudero ordered an increase in the size of the cemetery, a Chinese man won the bidding for the expansion of the cemetery. . In those days, three -year rent for a tomb was 20 pesos.
Later, it also became the grave of Filipinos who had just been hanged by the Spanish government, such as the Gomburza priests in 1872 and our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal was secretly buried in Paco in 1896. Here also the remains of Governor-General Ramon Maria Llanderal Solano, and Rizal's girlfriend Leonor Rivera were laid to rest in 1893. In August 1898, Jose Rizal's sisters exhumed the body. of their brother, before being laid to rest inside his monument at Luneta in 1912. In the same year the use of the cemetery ceased, and the relatives of those buried there transferred the other bones of their dead to other cemeteries. During World War II, Paco's cemetery was used as a fort and arsenal by the Japanese, and as elsewhere in Manila, Paco was among those destroyed in the bombings and many of those buried there have disappeared, including the remains. by Leonor Rivera.
After the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the Paco cemetery, in 1966 it was turned into a National Park and public landmark, and under the care of the National Parks' Development Committee (NPDC).
Apart from the sights, historical places and gatherings, the Paco cemetery is also shrouded in fairy tales.
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