ZOONOTIC DISEASES

Zoonoses or zoonotic diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans and humans to animals.

According to a survey that total 2.5 billion cases of zoonotic diseases occurred in humans, 2.7 millions deaths and huge reproduction loss in livestock occurred due to 56 zoonotic diseases and huge number of livestock, poultry and companion animals are culled in order to prevent zoonotic diseases.

There are different ways to prevent zoonotic diseases but I will only write about

CONTENTS

A) PREVENTION OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES TO HUMANS BY VACCINATION OF HUMANS

In this portion , I tried to write about following zoonotic diseases causative agent , transmission and it's available vaccines and vaccination schedule in humans.

• RABIES

• ANTHRAX

• BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

• HEPATITIS E

• EBOLA

• MALARIA

• LEPTOSPIROSIS

• LOUPING ILL

• BRUCELLOSIS

• TOXOPLASMOSIS

• BIRD FLU or INFLUENZA

• DENGUE

• COMPYLOBACTER INFECTION

• GLANDERS

• GIARDIASIS

B) CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES BY VACCINATION OF ANIMALS

There are three strategies for vaccination of animals and their examples

• STRATEGY 1

• STRATEGY 2

• STRATEGY 3

PREVENTION OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES TO HUMANS BY VACCINATION OF HUMANS

1) RABIES

Causative Agent : Rabies Virus or Lyssa virus from rhabdovirus family.

Transmission : Dogs and some wild animals bite

Vaccines available : HDCV vaccine or PCEC vaccine

Dose rate : 1 ml intramuscularly ( deltoid)

1st dose : 0 day

2nd dose : After 3 days of first dose

3rd dose : After 7 days of first dose

4th dose : After 14 days of first dose

5th dose : After 28 days of first dose

2) ANTHRAX

Causative Agent : Bacterium Bacillus Anthracis

Transmission : Through aerosol , ingestion and skin during exposure with infected animals and animals by products.

Vaccination in humans : Available , prepared by FDA USA.

Vaccine name : Bio Thrax®

Dose rate , Route of administration & Age :

0.5ml intramuscularly for 18 to 65 years old people who are at risk of Anthrax.

Schedulerate : 5 doses then booster

First dose : 0 month

2nd dose : 1 month

3rd dose : 6 month

4 th dose : 12 month

5th dose : 18 months

Then annual booster dose.

3) BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

Causative Agent : Mycobacterium Bovis

Vaccination in humans : Vaccine for Bovine Tuberculosis is not used in normal routine in humans but can be used for those individuals who have high risk of bovine TB due to contact like Veterinary Drs.

Vaccine name: BCG Vaccine ( Bacillus Calmette Guerin)

Dose rate: Only once in whole life.

4) HEPATITIS E

Causative Agent : Hepatitis E Virus ( HEV)

Vaccination in humans : Available, HEV 239 vaccine by Hecolin® China

Vaccination schedule: 3 doses

1st dose: 0 month

2nd dose : 1 month

3rd dose : 6th month

Age : Only for individual more then 16 years of age

5) TICK BORNE ENCEPHALITIS

Causative Agent : Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus from Flaviviridae

Transmission : Tick borne

Vaccination in humans : Different vaccines like

TINOVAC approved by FDA USA

FSME-IMMUN ® vaccine & it's schedule :

1st dose : O day

2nd dose : 14 days later

3rd dose : 6-12 months

Encefur® vaccine & it's schedule :

1st dose : 0 day

2nd dose : 7 th day

3rd dose : 21 days

4th dose : 12 to 18 months later

6) EBOLA

Causative Agent: Ebola virus from Filoviridae family of viruses.

Vaccination in humans : No commercially available vaccines by two vaccines got approval against Ebola in humans for age above 18 years.

1) Vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV : Single-dose vaccine approved by FDA , USA.

2) Ad26. ZEBOV/MVA-BN-Filo: Two dose vaccine

7) MALARIA

Causative Agent : There are 5 species of plasmodium which causing malaria in humans

Transmission : Through mosquitoes

Vaccination in human : RTS,S/ASO1 Malaria Vaccine recommend by World Health Organisation for prevention of only Plasmodium Falciparum in childrens of 5 months age

First dose : At 5 months of age

Second dose : At 6th months

Third dose : At 7th month

Fourth dose : At 9 months of age

8) LEPTOSPIROSIS

Causative Agent : Genus Leptospira bacteria

Vaccination in humans : No commercially available vaccines for human but Doxycycline can be used as preventive treatment for short time.

9) LOUPING ILL

Causative Agent : Louping ill virus

Transmission : Tick borne

Vaccination in humans : No specific vaccination available

10) BRUCELLOSIS :

Causative Agent:

Brucella Abortus from cattle

Brucella melitensis from goat and sheep

Brucella Suis from Hogs

Vaccination in humans : No licensed vaccine for humans

11) TOXOPLASMOSIS

Causative Agent : Toxo plasma Gondi

Vaccine : No available livcenced vaccine but research work is goingon on it and there is high chance to develop an effective vaccine against T.Gondi.

12) BIRD FLU or INFLUNLENZA :

Causative Agent : Influnza Virus H5N1 subtype

Prevention & Control:

1) Vaccination : No commercially available vaccines in market but US Government have vaccine against avian flu in Nation's National Stockpile.FDA licenced this vaccine in 2007 for H5N1 influenza or bird flu.

2) Don't contact with sick birds is best to prevent it.

13) DENGUE

Causative Agent : Dengue Viruse ( DENV) .

Vaccination in humans: Vaccine are available for for childrens age 9 to 16 in USA but vaccine is not available commercially in Pakistan and many other countries.

14) COMPYLOBACTER INFECTION

Causative Agent: Campylobacter Jejuni bacteria

Vaccination in humans : No available vaccinecat scratch fever

15) GLANDERS

Causative Agent : Burkholderia Mallei bacteria

Transmission : Contact with infected horses

Vaccination for human : No vaccine available for glanders

16) GIARDIASIS

Causative Agent : Protozoan Giardia Lamblia

Transmission : Ingestion of contaminated food, water or from person to person

Vaccination for humans : No available livcenced vaccine for human

B) CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES BY VACCINATION OF ANIMALS

There are vaccine based strategies for controlling of Zoonotic diseases from animals to humans.

1) STRATEGY 1 :

In this strategy those zoonotic diseases and their vaccines are included which transmitted from wild animals but domestic animals and humans are dead end host and don't contribute in transmission of disease.

For first strategy , vaccination of humans and domestic animals is necessary to prevent disease but vaccination can not stop transmission of zoonotic diseases.

It's examples are following.

WEST NILE DISEASE

Causative Agent : West Nile Disease Virus from flavivirus

Transmission : Mosquitoe bite

Vaccination in humans : Not available but Chimerivax-wn02 vaccine clinical trial completed but not licensed the vaccine.

2) STRATEGY 2 :

In this strategy these Zoonotic diseases and vaccines are included which transmitted from domestic animals to humans and other domestic animals.

For seccond strategy vaccination of domestic animals is necessary to protect humans from zoonotic diseases and also stop transmission of disease from domestic animals to humans or domestic animals to other domestic animals.

It's examples are following.

a) E-COLI

Causative Agent: E.Coli bacteria

Transmission : Food borne

b) CAT SCRATCH DISEASE

Causative Agent : Bartonella Henselae bacteria

Transmission : By cat flea bite, Contact with cat like paw scratches

c) HENDRA VIRUS DISEASE

Causative Agent : Hendra Virus from Paramyxoviridae.

Transmission : Contact with sick horses

d) RIFT VALLEY FEVER

Causative Agent : Rift Valley Fever from Bunyaviridae.

Transmission : By all three ways of vector mosquitoes , contact , aerosol routes from livestock.

e) VENEZUELIAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS

Causative Agent : VEE virus from Togaviridae

Transmission : Through mosquitoe vector bite from equids

f) BRUCELLOSIS

Causative Agent : Brucella Mellitensis from sheep & goats

Brucella Abortus from cattle

Brucella Suis from pigs

Brucella Canis from dogs

Transmission : Contact borne, aerosol borne and ingestion of under cooked meat or unpasteurised milk

3) STRATEGY 3 :

In this strategy these zoonotic diseases and their vaccination is included which are transmitted from wild animals to humans and domestic animals and diseases transmission remains constant in cycle to wild animals.

For third strategy immunization of wild mammals and birds can be applied to prevent transmission but can not be applied for all diseases due to different barriers in vaccination of wildlife.

This strategy examples are following.

a) LYME DISEASE

Causative Agent : Spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi

Transmission : Through ticks vector

b) BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

Causative Agent : Mycobacterium Bovis

Transmission : Through aerosol route or ingestion of poor cooked meat and raw milk from humans or animals

c) RABIES

Causative Agent : Rabies virus from

Transmission : Dogs and some wild animals bite.

Doctor claim :

I tried to write about vaccination of most important zoonotic diseases and it's vaccination in humans and animals according to my knowledge.

May be I am wrong or miss typed some knowledge so errors and emissions will be accepted and don't claim that all knowledge is 100 percent correct because as Doctor I may commit mistakes.

This is biggest pleasure for me to transfer the knowledge to you all which I have & hope you all will get benefits from it.

My request is to remember me in your prays and May GOD made me a successful Doctor.

Further you can take help about Veterinary & Medicine and zoonotic diseases transfer to humans and it's vaccination.

1) World Veterinarians Page

2) WORLD VETERINARIANS GROUP

3) WORLD VETERINARIANS GROUP-NEW