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The racing bicycle can also be referred to as Road Bike. It is designed for a competitive road cycling which is a sport wlth rules governed by the UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale).
Moreover what determines the efficiency of a road bike is its weight and stiffness of the pedal. For speed to be achieved, comfort must be sacrificed. The handlebars are positioned lower than the saddle in order to make the rider more streamlined. The wheels are close together for quick handling. The derailleur gear ratio are closely spaced so that the riders can pedal at their optimum pulse.
Road bicycles are just that bikes made for efficiently riding on roads.