Currently, most digital computers are based on silicon circuits and obey Moore's law. But in Advanced world Technology required much more.
Requirement,
In technology advancement in the past few years has begun to slow down from its frantic pace in the previous decades, and some have posited an extreme scenario in which Moore's law collapse and seriously disrupts the world economy, which has came to depend on the nearly exponential growth of computing power. Imagine if this happens so the majority of the land will become Rustbelt to heads of these potential crises, physicists around the world are seeking a replacement for silicon, they are working on an assortment of alternative computers, including molecular atomic, DNA, quantum dot, optical, and protein computers.
Present most advanced computing
Currently, a standard Pentium chip may have silicon layers with a thickness of twenty atoms or so. Within a decade, these chips may have layers only five atoms deep, and if so electron may begin to leak out, as predicted by quantum theory, creating short circuits.
Revolution
A revolutionary type of computer is necessary, molecular computers, perhaps based on graphene, may replace silicon chips. but one day, perhaps even these molecular computers will encounter problems with effects predicted by quantum theory.
At that point, we may have to build the ultimate computer, the quantum computer, capable of operating on the smallest transistor possible: a single atom.
Working mechanism
Now consider replacing silicon with a row of individual atoms. Atoms are likely tiny magnets, which have a north pole and a south pole. when atoms are placed in a magnetic field, you might suspect that they can be pointing either up or down. In reality, each atom actually points up and down simultaneously until a final measurement is made, in a sense, an electron can be in two states at the same time. this defies common sense but is the reality according to quantum mechanics. its advantage is enormous. you can only store so much data of the magnets are pointing up or down. but if each magnet is a mixture of states, you can pack for greater amounts of information onto a tiny cluster of atoms. each "bit" of information, which can be either 1 or 0, now becomes a "qubit" a complex mixture of 1's and 0's with vastly more storage.
Performance
Quantum computers would be vastly more potent than ordinary digital computers, digital computers might need several centuries to crack code based on an exceptionally difficult math problem, such as factorizing a number in the millions into two smaller numbers. but quantum computers, calculating with high number of mixed atomic states, could swiftly complete the decryption.
Given the excitement and hubbub over the quantum computers
when might we expect to have them?
Fact: the world record for a quantum computer involves about twenty qubits. this may not seem so impressive, but it is truly an achievement.
Physicist Perception: it may take several decades or perhaps until late in this century to attain a high - functioning quantum computer, but when the technology arrives, it will dramatically augment the power of AI.