False News ( Fake News )

"Fake news" was chosen by Collins Dictionary as the word of the year due to its spread and "unparalleled use."

However, the terms are different, and sometimes contradictory. Here's a list.

According to the dictionary

In the Collins Dictionary, fake news is "false, often sensational information that is spread as fake news," while for Oxford Learner's Dictionary these are "false reports of events, written and read on websites. . "

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, fake news is "spread on the internet or using other media, often created to influence political views or as a joke."

According to an article in Time magazine, Dictionary.com will include "fake news" in its next update and will identify it as "fake news, often sensational, made to spread widely online to profit from advertisements through web traffic or damage to a public personality, political movement, company, etc. "

Meanwhile, Merriam-Webster did not include the term in the dictionary and said it was a "self-explanatory compound noun:"

"A combination of two unique words, both well-known, that when used in combination are easy to understand. Fake news is, very simply, news (" material reported in a newspaper or news newspaper or in a newscast " ) false ("false, false").

According to lawmakers

Two pending proposals in Congress seek to ban and punish the creation and spread of fake news.

Fake news in Senate Bill No. 1492. The author simply stated that Sen. Joel Villanueva said that his interpretation of the fake news would be better left to the courts.

The more recent House Bill No. 6022 filed by Camarines Sur Rep. Luis Raymond Villafuerte Jr. describes fake news in three different ways:

Incorrect quotation or inaccurate statement report

Audio or video editing resulting in distortion of reality and / or context

All are fabricated topics

According to media professionals and defenders of the press freedom

The Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (CMFR) identifies fake news by its source.

Sites that mimic legitimate news websites, without "About Us" or "Contact Us," pages that publish unauthorized aggregated content and share trending posts may be sources of fake news , says the CMFR.

In a televised interview, CMFR Chair Vergel Santos said a law against fake news could be used against journalists. Santos added that the country's libel laws are sufficient safeguards against fake news.

Sources of fake news, says Melissa Zimdars, a professor of communications and media at Merrimack College in Massachusetts, are those who "completely fabricate information, disseminate fraudulent content, or fraudulently distort true reports. of news. "

According to First Draft, a nonprofit media research group, "fake news" is a term "miserable," which combines mis-information, disinformation, and mal-information, or what the group calls "three type of disease information: "

"Dis-information is information that is false and deliberately created to harm an individual, social group, organization or country. Mis-information is information that is false, but not created with the intent to cause harm. Information is truth-based information, which is used to hurt a person, organization or country such as secretly leaking stories, harassment and hate speech. "

According to Facebook

Facebook, which has been criticized for spreading fake news, uses the word "false news" to describe fake news articles but "contains deliberate misrepresentations of facts to arouse feelings, attract people watch, or inward. "

Facebook says the spread of fake news "can be money-driven, personal political motivations, click clicks, or whatever it is."

According to the public

A study released in October by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford shows that most people think of fake news as a "vast and diverse category" and not just about fabricated works. report intended to deceive.

According to the study, fake news for the public could mean:

• Poor type of journalism: inaccurate, sensational and superficial reporting by prominent media organizations

• Propaganda: lying politicians and extreme content from loyal supporters

• There are several types of advertising: sponsored and promoted content, and pop-up ads