Albert Einstein (German: Albert Einstein) (14 March 189 - 18 April 1955) was a German-born Nobel Prize-winning physicist. He is best known for his famous theory of relativity and especially his discovery of the law of mass-energy equivalence. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. He was awarded the prize for his outstanding contributions to theoretical physics, especially for his research on photoelectricity. [1]
Einstein did a lot of research in various fields of physics and contributed a lot to new inventions and discoveries. The most famous special theory of relativity integrated mechanics and electromagnetism, and the general theory of relativity established a new theory of gravitation by applying the theory of relativity to unequal motion. His other contributions include the cosmology of relativity, capillary action, chronological perceptual chromaticity, the classical problems of statistical mechanics and their application to quantum theory, an explanation of the Brownian motion of molecules, the probability of molecular revolution, Photon formed the basis of the theory), a theory of radiation that also included the subject of stimulated emission, the first concept of an integrated field theory and the geometry of physics.
Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933, when he was a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Being Jewish, Einstein emigrated to the United States at that time and never returned to Germany. He settled in the United States and became a U.S. citizen in 1940. [2] Before World War II, he wrote a letter to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the letter, he warned that Germany could "make a different kind of impossibly powerful bomb" and urged the United States to launch a similar study. It was through this letter that the work on the Manhattan Project began. Although Einstein supported the Allies, he was against the use of the atomic bomb. Russell-Einstein later co-authored the Manifesto with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, outlining the dangers of the atomic bomb. Until his death in 1955, he was associated with Princeton University's Institute of Advanced Study.
Einstein's research is contained in more than 50 scientific papers and some non-scientific books. [3] In 1999, Time magazine named Einstein "the best man of the century." It is also known by a vote of eminent physicists that he has been recognized by almost everyone as the best physicist of all time. [4] That is, it is synonymous with merit. [5]
Early childhood and primary education
Einstein was born on March 14, 179 (the year of the death of James Clark Maxwell, the most famous theoretical physicist of the nineteenth century), in the city of Ulm. [6] He spent his childhood in Munich. Einstein's parents were secular middle-class Jews. Father Herman Einstein originally made and marketed bird feather beds. He later set up an electrical factory in Munich with considerable success. The name of this company was Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie which first electrified the Oktoberfest in Munich and connected Schwabing with the first electric wire. His mother Pauline Koch was in charge of all the internal affairs of the family. He had a sister named Maza.
He was born two years after Einstein. Two things in his childhood gave birth to immense wonder in his mind.
He first got a compass at the age of five and was amazed at its use. How is the spine of the compass changing direction due to invisible energy? From then on, he had a lifelong fascination with the unseen. [6] At the age of 12, he became acquainted with a book on geometry. He enjoyed reading the book so much that he called it the "book of sacred little geometry" for life. [6] The book was actually Euclid's Elements. His first school was the Catholic Elementary School. Despite his eloquence, he was one of the best students in elementary school. [9]
Albert Einstein (age 14) in 1893. Picked up before the family moved to Italy.
At the age of 12, Einstein suddenly became very religious. He mastered various songs and verses in school praising the Creator. His ability to speak was not very good, but he did very well in school. But after reading books on science, his religious consciousness began to wane. Because his religious beliefs were in conflict with scientific theory. And the theories of science were definitely proven.
In such a situation, the authorities of the then Jewish-controlled educational institution were not particularly pleased with him. In his mother's interest, Einstein took up the violin at the age of six. I didn't like playing the violin very much, so I gave it up. Later, however, he showed special interest in Mozart's violin tunes. At this time he used to make various equipments himself and show them to others. From this time onwards, his special interest in mathematics and his talent are known.
At the Luitpold Gymnasium, he became indifferent to Prussian style of teaching and practice, unable to keep up. That education was enough to destroy creativity and originality. One teacher, however, told Einstein that nothing great would happen to him. At the time, he was particularly influenced by Max Talmud, a medical student. From time to time he would go to their house to eat the invitation. At one point, Einstein took on the role of an unannounced instructor. [6] Talmud introduced him to higher mathematics and philosophy. At the age of 18, he became interested in a particular subject.
Earlier, Talmud introduced him to a series of pediatrics written by Aaron Bernstein (Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher, 18-7). In this book, the author talks about the experience of traveling with electricity as well as moving through a telegraph wire. Einstein then asks himself, what would happen if light could be traveled in this way? This question kept revolving in his mind for the next 10 years. He thinks that if he travels at the same speed as light, the light will look stable, just like a frozen wave. Since light is composed of waves, then static light waves will appear. But static light waves have never been seen or cannot be seen. This is where a helium is born that makes him think.
It was Talmud who introduced him to Euclid's Elements and Emanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. By reading Elements Einstein can know the process of descending because of the search process. After mastering Euclidean geometry at school level, he turned his attention to calculus. Einstein's father wanted his son to be an electrical engineer, but he was interested in pure knowledge. He is a great scientist.
Emigration
When Einstein was 15, his father was constantly losing business. At the time, his company failed to reach a lucrative deal to electrify large parts of Munich. Herman and his family had to move to Milan, Italy. There he started working with a relative. They lived in Pavia for a few months after Milan. It was at this time that Einstein wrote the first scientific paper in his life, entitled "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields." [10] His father left him at a boarding house in Munich to finish his studies. Alone, his life became miserable.
The monotonous schooling of Ake overwhelmed him at the age of 18, and the pressure of military service overwhelmed him. Just six months after being separated from his family, he left Munich to move to his parents in Pavia. Suddenly one day they were quite surprised to see Albert present at the door. Parents can understand the pressure of school on him. They did not enroll him in any school in Italy. So Einstein lived a free life. No one thought his qualifications were very promising. He dropped out of school on the pretext of a doctor's prescription.
The home of the Winterlers in Arau. From where Einstein finished school.
The days of Zurich
At this time Einstein had an opportunity. The Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, located in Zurich, Switzerland) was upgraded to full university status in 1909 and renamed Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in 1911 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He was admitted only if he passed the entrance examination, although he did not have a high school or equivalent degree.
He took the entrance examination. In order to do very well in mathematics, he was admitted to the Polytechnic on one condition, that he must pass the general school stages, which is what he did. There he studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, and at the same time served in the military. To avoid this, he officially renounced his German citizenship, as his father had said. After that he was not a citizen of any country for about 5 years. He received Swiss citizenship on 21 February 1901, which he never renounced. [11]
Einstein and his family developed a special bond with the Wintella family. Winter's daughter Sofia Marie-Jeanne Amanda Winteler (nicknamed Mary) was his first love. However, while studying mathematics at ETH Zurich, Mary moved to Wrzburg to teach. He married Paul, son of his younger sister Maza Wintler, [12] and his close friend Michelle Besso married their eldest daughter, Anna. His days in Zurich were spent happily. There he met many friends with whom he had a good time. Such as the mathematicians Marcel Grossman and Besso with whom he regularly discussed space-time. There he met Mileva Merrick. Mileva was a physics fellow from Serbia.
Mileva was, in fact, the only student in the university's mathematics department. They fell in love and later married Mileva. Three children were born in their house. Einstein's mother, however, did not like Mileva at first because of her poor appearance, being non-Jewish, and old. [13] Their daughter, Lieserl Einstein, was born before their marriage in 1902. [14] She died young. The exact cause was not known. Einstein graduated from ETH in 1900 with a bachelor's degree in physics. During this time, Michelle Besso introduced him to the writings of Ernst Makh. Shortly afterwards, his research paper, Annalen der Physik, was published on capillary f
orce through a tube.
Patent office editing
After graduating, Einstein found no teaching job. He wandered around for a job for about 2 years. Two years later, the father of one of his former classmates offered him a job at a Bern office. It was a patent office called the Federal Office for Intellectual Property. His job was as an assistant examiner. [15] His job was to examine incoming patents for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, his job in the Swiss Patent Office became permanent. However, it was stated that he would not be promoted until he had mastered the art and technique of the instrument. [18]
Michelle Besso, Einstein's college classmate, also worked in the patent office. They met regularly with two other friends at a place in Bern. The purpose of their meeting was to discuss science and philosophy, thus a club was born. They jokingly named the club "The Olympia Academy". The people who read the most there were Henry Poincare, Ernst Makh and David Hume. These were the main influences on Einstein's scientific and philosophical thought. [18]
General experts and historians think that Einstein's talent was wasted in his patent office days. Because the job had nothing to do with his interest in physics, and he could have gone much further at that time. [18] But science historian Peter Gallison disagrees.
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