Sir Isaac Newton (January 4, 1843 - March 31, 1826) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. According to many, Newton was one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. [3] These formulas and basic principles have served as the basis of classical mechanics, and the classical mechanics that emerged from his research have dominated the world of scientific thought over the next three centuries. He was the first to show that the earth and all the objects in the universe are governed by the same natural laws. By combining Kepler's theory of gravitation with his theory of planetary motion, he was able to give a clear explanation. As a result of his research, even the slightest doubt behind the idea of a solar-centric world was dispelled and the scientific revolution was accelerated.
Newton laid the foundations of mechanics. He constructed this foundation through the preservation formula of linear and angular momentum. In the case of optics, it is actually a reflection telescope made by his hand. At the same time he put forward a theory on the color of light which he confirmed through an observation. The observation was on the scattering of light passing through a triangular prism through which the visible spectrum was created. He also conducted research on the speed of sound and the cooling process from which Newton's cooling formula came.
Newton's pair also matched in the world of mathematics. Newton and Gottfried Leibniz jointly founded a new branch of mathematics called calculus. This new branch has played a major role in revolutionizing the world of modern physics. Newton also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, invented the so-called Newtonian method of appearing the zeros of a function and played a special role in the study of power series.
In 2005, the Royal Society held a referendum on who had the most influence in the history of science. The results of the vote show that Newton is more influential than Einstein. [4]
Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1843, according to the modern calendar. He was born in Ulstersthorpe Manor, Lincolnshire. The Manor region is located in Ulstertherp-by-Colstworth. Even when Newton was born, the use of the most modern contemporary Papal calendar did not begin in England. So his date of birth was registered as Christmas Day 1842. He was born three months after the death of his father Isaac. His father was an ordinary farmer in the village. Newton was very small at birth. His mother, Hannah Escoff, often said that Newton, as a child, could be easily inserted into a quart mug. At the age of three, her mother remarried and moved in with her new husband, Reverend Bernabeus Smith.
Newton was not with his mother at the time. Granny Marjorie spends her days caring for Escoff. Newton could not like his honest father. He was also angry with his mother for marrying him. Newton published a list of his sins until he was 19 years old. Evidence of his resentment towards his mother can be found from that list. The list read: "Intimidate my parents by telling them I will burn down their house." Newton's mother's second marriage resulted in three children.
Newton's primary education was completed in a small school next to his house. At the age of 12 he was sent to study at Grantham's grammar school. There he lived in the home of a drug dealer and seller. Newton was unrivaled in this school from which his talents are known. At first no one could compete with him but at one point another boy was able to compete well with him. From the very beginning of school life, Newton's greatest inclination was towards making various kinds of instruments. At that age he made windmills, water clocks, kites and sun-dials. Also important construction was a four-wheeled vehicle that the rider could pull by himself. Newton's honest father died in 1858. Then his mother came back to Ullsthorpe and picked him up from school. The purpose was to teach the farm work at home and make arrangements for the future. But he soon realized that Newton had no inclination to work on the farm. Newton's uncle was the rector of Burton Caglis. Following his uncle's advice, his family sent him to study at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Newton Edition at Trinity College
Statue of Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge
He passed matriculation from Newton Trinity College in 181 AD. While studying in college, he worked as a servant in different places of the college to cover the cost of his studies. There is no documentation from Trinity College that he has done anything big as a student. However, it is known that he mainly studied mathematics and mechanics. At Trinity College, he first studied Kepler's theory of optics. He then turned his attention to Euclid's geometry. Because he could not understand some of the diagrams mentioned in a book of astrology bought from the fair. To understand these, Euclid needed to know geometry.
Nevertheless, Newton did not understand anything in the book. Angered by this, he removed it as a trivial book. But later his teacher Isaac Barrow asked him to read the book again. The book was written on Descartes' geometric research and work.
While graduating, Newton kept all his books in a small bookshelf or some other place. From that shelf are found several articles written by Newton at that time. Topics include: angular splits, classification of curves, some mathematical calculations about the unique melody of music, geometric problems of Vita and Van Scuten, some comments on Wallis's book Arithmetic of Infinity, the result of friction of spherical glass The formula to do. On the eve of his bachelor's degree in 185, Newton proved his famous two-dimensional theorem and at the same time provided the first theory of the discovery of the method of fluxion. These days at Trinity College were very important to him. But in 175 AD the plague epidemic took shape in Cambridge and London. As a result, the college was declared closed indefinitely. Newton returned to their farm home in Lincolnshire.
Editing research work in Lincolnshire
Newton did not stop when Ulsthorp returned. There he continued his experiments on chemistry and optics, as well as his mathematical research projects. Newton marked the beginning of his diary of the discovery of the theory of gravitation in 18 AD, the year he had to leave Trinity College. He says:
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In the same year I began to think about the broad gravity in the orbit of the moon, ... comparing the force required to hold the moon in its own orbit and the gravitational ball existing on the surface of the earth and being able to identify the value of these two balls as almost equal.
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At the same time he completed one of his basic experiments in optics. Through this experiment he was able to discover the structural parts of white light. Newton himself commented on his early work on optics:
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I did all this in just two years, between 175 and 16 AD, because I was at a more significant stage than at any other time in my life, at a time when innovation and mindfulness mathematics and philosophy were developing.
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Newton in 1802. Illustration by Godfrey Neller.
Editing research on optics
Trinity College was reopened in 18 AD. The college elected Newton a Fellow, [5] and two years later, a few days before his 26th birthday, he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics. Prior to that, his friend and teacher Dr. Barrow held this position at Trinity College. To be a Fellow at Cambridge and Oxford at the time, one had to be an established Anglican missionary. Again Lucasian professors were forbidden to have contact with the church, as it could harm scientific research.
Newton wanted to free himself from this condition when he was a Lucasian professor. The then King Charles II accepted his demand and appointed him as a professor. This put an end to Newton's conflict with the Anglicans over religious thought. Meanwhile, in 17 AD, Newton made a reflection telescope. In December 161, Newton II built another telescope and presented it to the Royal Society. Two months later, as a Fellow of the Royal Society, he publicized his discoveries about light and thereby initiated a debate about light. This debate continued for many years. The debate was attended by Robert Hooke, Lucas, Linus Pauling and many more. Newton, of course, always disliked such debates. He blamed his own wisdom for giving rise to a controversy over his position on such an important theory of light. Most of his research papers on optics were published by the Royal Society between 162 and 184 AD. These research papers were compiled in 1804 in his book Optics.
Principia Mathematica Publishing Edit
Pictures from the book Principia Mathematica
Newton did not feel the urge to publish his research on gravitation before 184 AD. Of these, Hooke, Edmund Haley and Sir Christopher Ren discovered some theories or information about gravity in isolation, although none of them were able to provide any definite theory about the orbit of the planet. That year, scientist Edmund Haley spoke to Newton about the matter and was surprised to see that Newton had solved the problem so far. Newton proposed to Haley four theorems and seven problems that have been identified as key parts of his research work. Between 175 and 18 AD, for about seventeen or eighteen months, he wrote the most famous book, the Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which was given the English name Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. This book has three parts. Newton wanted to shorten the third part. But Haley encouraged him to write the third part in detail. The Royal Society expressed inability to publish the book.
This time too Haley came forward. He bore all the expenses of publishing the book and as a result this book was published in 18 AD, an unforgettable book in the history of physics and mathematics. After its release, it was able to garner a huge response throughout Europe. Following this, Christian Higgins, then known as the most famous scientist of the time, went to England in 169 AD to meet Newton in person.
Editing research on government jobs and theology
Newton became more active in the work of the university while working on the principles mentioned in the Principia text. At this time King James II decided to reject the oath of allegiance and allegiance to the University. Newton was elected a Member of Parliament from Cambridge for protesting and opposing his decision. When he returned to the university after completing his political career, he became seriously ill. Due to this illness, from 1892 to 1893, he was unable to perform almost any work. This caused great anxiety among his colleagues and friends. After recovering, he left the university and started working for the government. In collaboration with his friends Locke, Ren and Lord Halifax, he was first appointed Warden of the Mint in the Government of England in 1895 and later Master of the Mint. At the time of his death he held the post of Master of the Mint.
On the other hand, Newton was interested in studying theology from the very beginning of his life. He began to study religious prophecy as early as 1890.
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Great Inventor in the world