Biography of Nelson Mandela part 01

Mandela was born into an aristocratic family in Amway, British South Africa. He studied law at Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand and began his career as a lawyer in Johannesburg. There he became involved in anti-colonial activities and African nationalist politics. He joined the African National Congress in 1943 and played an active role in the founding of the Youth League in 1944. He took an active part in the anti-apartheid movement as the leader of the armed group Umkhanto Wei Siao. He was arrested by the South African government in 1962 and sentenced to life in prison for various crimes, including sabotage.

Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison. Most of the time he was in Robben Island, Palsmur Prison and Victor Worster Prison. In the face of national and international pressure and in the wake of the racist civil war, President F. W. De Clarke ordered his release on February 11, 1990. After his release, he took part in peace talks with the white government of South Africa in an effort to eradicate racism. As a result, general elections were held in 1994 with the participation of people of all castes. In this election, Mandela participated in the election on behalf of his party ANC and won the presidency. This marked the end of apartheid in South Africa and the establishment of democracy.

Considered a symbol of democracy and social justice, Mandela has received more than 250 awards. Notable among these are the Bharat Ratna award given by the Government of India in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. [2] He also jointly won the inaugural award of the Shakharov Prize in 1986. In South Africa, Mandela is known to his tribe as Madiba, which means "Father of the Nation".

Birth and family contacts

Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in the village of Mvejo, near Umtata, in the cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty in the then Cape Province of South Africa. [3] [4] He came to be known as "Madiba" of his dynasty. [6] His great-grandfather Ngubenchuka (died 1832) was the king of the Incosi Enkhulu, a Thembu tribe in the Transkei region of what is now the South Cape Province of South Africa. [6] [7] Grandfather of Nelson Mandela. Nelson's ancestral name, Mandela, is derived from this ancestor. [9] However, as Nelson's paternal grandmother is from the Ixhiba clan, none of his cadet descendants have the right to ascend to the Thembu dynasty, but inherited royal advisers.

Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mpakanisa Mandela (180-1926), served as the village chief and adviser to the ruler. Gaddafi was ousted by a white magistrate in 1915 after his predecessor was ousted for corruption. [11] [12] He then settled in the village of Kunu with his family. Despite being ousted, Gadla was a member of the Privy Council of the Incosis and was instrumental in electing Jongintaba Dalindyebo as ruler of Thembur. [13] Gadla was a follower of the god Katama. [14] He had four wives, four sons and nine daughters. [13] Lived in the village. Mandela's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny. Fanny was the daughter of Nakedama of the Mpembhu Khosa tribe. [15]

Childhood: 1917-1934

None of my family ever went to school ... On the first day of school, my teacher named each of us English in Middingan. It was a custom among Africans at the time and it was undoubtedly due to British bias in our education system. My new name was Nelson. I have no idea why this name.

Mandela, 1994 [16]

Mandela later stated that his early life was shrouded in traditional Thembu customs and prohibitions. [17] He spent his childhood with his two sisters in his grandfather's home village of Kunu. [18] Both his parents were uneducated. His mother was a Christian and sent him to a local Methodist school when Mandela was seven years old. He is the first member of his family to attend school. Mandela attended a missionary school near the palace. Mandela, who was aspiring to be a Methodist, was nicknamed "Nelson" by his teacher in Madingan when he was in school. [19] When Mandela was 9 years old, his father came to Kunu. There he died of an incurable disease. Mandela's idea was that he had died of tuberculosis. [20] Mandela later said that he had inherited his father's "rebelliousness" and "stubborn knowledge of impartiality." [21]

After Mandela's father's death, his mother took him to McKenzie. There, according to Thembu tradition, Mandela was officially adopted into his tribe at the age of 18. Thembu ruler Jongintaba Dalindyebo was then appointed his guardian. [13] He did not see his mother for many years thereafter. Jongintaba and his wife Noengland loved him as their own child and raised him with their son Justice and daughter Namafur. [22] Mandela went to church every Sunday with his parents, so Christianity became an important part of his life. [23] Studied at the Methodist Mission School. There he learned English, shells, history, and geography. [24] His love of African history grew when he heard stories from elderly visitors to the palace, and he was influenced by an anti-imperialist visitor named Joey. [25] At the time, he was a European colonialist. Rather, they found it useful because they brought education and other facilities to South Africa. [26] At the age of 18, he, Justice, and a few other boys went to Tiharlarha to circumcise Ulwaluku. This practice was considered part of the transition from boyhood to adulthood. Mandela was later renamed Dalibunga. [26]

Clarkbury, Heldtown and Fort Hare: 1934-1940



Mandela in a picture taken in Umtata in 1938. </ref>

Mandela was admitted to Clarkbury Methodist High School in Angkobor in 1933 for secondary education, with the aim of acquiring the skills needed to become a Privy Councilor at Thembu Palace. The Western-style institution is the largest school in Thembuland for black Africans. [26] [29] There, Mandela passed the junior certificate examination in just two years instead of three years. [30] [26] In 1938, Mandela was admitted to Heldtown, a missionary school in Fort Buffort. . Most members of the Thembu royal family, including Justice, studied here. [31] The school's headmaster emphasized English culture and government, but Mandela was interested in local African culture. Here he befriended someone outside his first Khosa clan, who was a Sato speaker. Here, too, he was influenced by one of his favorite teachers, who broke the tradition by marrying a Sato, even though he was of Khosa descent. [32]

After graduating from school with the help of Jongintaba, Mandela enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts course at Fort Hare University. Fort Hare is an elite educational institution for blacks located in Alice, Eastern Cape. About 150 students used to study here. In his first year at the university, he studied English, anthropology, political science, local administration, and Roman Dutch law. His goal was to become a translator or clerk for the Interior Ministry. [34] Mandela lived in the Wesley House dormitory, where his own tribal K. D. He befriends Matanjima and Oliver Tambo. Tambo and Mandela were lifelong close friends and became comrades for the next decade. [35] Kaiser (KD) Matanjima inherited the throne of Transkei. [36] However, Mandela and Matanzima disagreed on these policies. [36]

Mandela learned ballroom dance, [36] and starred in a play about Abraham Lincoln on stage. [39] He also taught the Bible to the local community as part of the Student Christian Association, [40] although his friends were involved with the African National Congress. And seeking South African independence from the British Empire, Mandela avoided coexistence with the anti-imperialist movement, [41] and verbally supported British war efforts when World War II broke out. [42] At the end of his first year at university, Mandela complained about food standards against university authorities. Student representatives became involved in the movement called by the parliament. As a result, Fort Hare told him to leave. Provided that he could return only if he became an elected member of the Student Parliament. [43] However, he did not return to pursue his degree. [44]

Arrived in Johannesburg: 1941-1943

Shortly after Mandela left Fort Hare in December 1940, Jongintaba announced that he was arranging the marriage of his son Justice (heir to the throne) and Mandela. Mandela and Justice did not agree to marry in this way. So the two moved to Johannesburg via Queenstown. [45] They arrived in Johannesburg in April 1941. [46] There Mandela initially worked as a watchman in a mine. There he saw for the first time the capitalist activities of South Africa. Shortly afterwards, the mine owner, Iduna, learned that Mandela had fled Jongintaba to avoid marriage. Upon learning of this, the mining authorities fired Mandela. [46] He moved to George Goach Township with one of his relatives, who introduced him to Walter Sisulu, an African National Congress activist involved in the real estate business. Sisulu helped Mandela get a job as a clerk at the Johannesburg law firm Witkin, Siedelsky & Edelman, run by the Jewish liberal Lazarus Sedelsky. [46] He worked with Gaur Radebe and Natya Bragman. Radebe was a member of the ANC and the Communist Party, and Bragman was a Jewish communist who was Mandela's first white friend. [49] Mandela attended Communist Party rallies, where he was fascinated by the mix of Europeans, Africans, Indians and people of different races. He later stated that he did not join the group because the group's atheism was in conflict with his Christian faith and that he believed the root cause of South Africa's struggle was racism, not class conflict. [50] At the time, Mandela was studying at the University of South Africa. Admitted to the program. [51]

Mandela, who had a low-paying job, lived in a room in the house of a Khoma family in Alexandra, a city north of Johannesburg. Poverty-stricken and crime and pollution made the city a special place in Mandela's mind. [52] Despite his poverty, he briefly fell in love with a Swaziland girl. [53] He started living with the miners of the tribe. The complex was frequented by dignitaries, so he once met with a representative of the Queen of Bastoland. [54] In late 1941, Jongitaba arrived in Johannesburg and forgave Mandela for fleeing before returning to Thembland. He died in the winter of 1942 after moving to Thembland. Mandela and Justice arrived a day after the funeral. [55] After graduating in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg and pursued his political career as a lawyer, rather than as the Privy Councilor of Thembaland. [56] Didn't get the arrival message, but he found himself involved in this work and couldn't seem to do anything else