While scientists can discover many formulas or scientific objects without much effort, Shref unexpectedly comes across many scientific discoveries. This is not the case, it is suddenly discovered from the air. Yes, but there are many examples in physics of discovering one thing and discovering another.

Extensive research on cathode rays was going on all over Europe at that time. Electrons and later protons have been discovered since the beginning of this study. 1895 Even then the cathode ray was not confirmed to be the flow of electrons. The day was November 8. Wilhelm Conard Rজntgen is preparing to return home after completing his work at the laboratory. There is a cathode tube on the table. Next to it is a paper coated with barium platinosyanide around the cathode tube. The work is over like that day. So he covered the cathode tube with a black cloth. Then he turned off the light in the house. But did not stop the flow of electricity connected to the cathode tube. Maybe forgot to turn off the switch.

As soon as the lights went out, Roentgen saw a flash of light. He saw the flash on the paper coated with barium platinosyanide. Rন্টntgen stopped. He was shocked. Turned around again. Repeatedly turned the cathode tube switch on and off. The same thing is happening again and again. What is the explanation of this incident?

Rontgen knows for sure that the light is not coming from inside the cathode tube. Because, he knows, the cathode ray does not have the ability to penetrate the black cloth placed on the tube and come out and flash on the screen of barium platinosyanide. Then this new glimpse is definitely something else. And it's coming from inside the cathode tube. So is it the work of another ray? Is there any ray other than the cathode ray inside the cathode tube?

After that R রntgen did a lot of experiments for some time. Didn't know much. Just one thing is for sure, increasing the current flow rate increases the penetrating power of that ray. It can even penetrate thick walls. The ray is unknown in scientific society then. Rontgen therefore gave the name X ray.

Rontgen did not immediately open his mouth to the scientific community about it. No one will want to believe his words. So he worked quietly. Various experiments began. It did not get any new results. By that time, he had learned the process of taking pictures using X-rays. He has made his own photographic plate.

So far he has not spoken to his wife about this issue. But at one point he decided to inform his wife. That too dramatically. One day he called his wife Bertha to the lab. Bertha came. Rন্টntgen then asked to place his hand on the photographic plate. Then he threw X-rays on the plate. Nothing is going through Bertha's head, she is looking at her husband with inquisitive eyes. Asking Bertha to wait, R ontgen developed the photographic plate and brought it. Caught in front of Bertha's eyes. Bertha was shocked to see the picture, scared and screamed. That is normal. Rজntgen photographed Bertha's healthy-looking hands; But the skeleton of the hand can be seen in the picture! Every bone, a pair of bones is clearly recognizable. Bertha had a ring in her hand. That is also very well understood in the film. But the flesh of the hand, the picture of the skin is quite light.

That picture of Bertha's hand is the world's first X-ray photograph. Then Rontgen started writing an essay. Scientific essays on X-rays. X-ray pictures of Bertha's hand were included in that article. R৮ntgen first discovered this radiation on November 6, 1895. But he told the news science world on December 27. However, the article was published later. After the article was published, Rতিntgen became famous overnight. X-rays caused a stir all over the world.

Rontgen received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery. He was the first physicist to win the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901.

Speculation also started with X-rays. As with the cathode ray. What is X-ray? Waves or particles? Some thought it might not be a ray of light. Longitudinal waves like sound.

Ropntgen's article was published on 23 January 1896. That draws the attention of JJ Thomson. He is also said to have known about X-rays. He did not make a fuss about it for unknown reasons. However, he put his student behind the X-ray. That student later proved that X-rays are actually electromagnetic waves, that is, true light rays. That student is the famous scientist Ernest Rutherford.

Rutherford jumped up with the X-ray. But others are not sitting then. Especially the French scientist Henry Becquerel.

Two

Light particles or waves have been the subject of much debate for three centuries. Newton said light particles, contemporary scientist Higgins said light waves. Both had arguments in theory. But two hundred years later another British Thomas Young proved through double slit experiments that light is actually a wave. Scientists were also hesitant about it after the discovery of the Roentgen X-ray. Scientists also had doubts about cathode rays. In the end, it turns out that the cathode ray is actually a stream of electron particles. So it was not possible for Rontgen to come to a conclusion with X-rays. However, once the X-ray is discovered, only the Roentgen is concerned about it

Don't worry, one by one many scientists got down on the ground after drinking Adajal.

Rontgen, the discoverer of the X-ray, thought that the ray was a wave. Then new problems arose in front of the waveists. If it is a wave, then what kind of wave? Longitudinal waves like sound, or transverse waves like light? Controversy is created about it. R রntgen himself thought X-ray waves. He began research on a much wider scale. Why and how is X-ray first made?

X-rays are made from the cathode tube. The cathode ray hits the wall of the airless cathode tube, producing X-rays as a result of that injury. But because of the injury or why the X-ray was produced?

The cathode ray is the current of electron particles. All those electrons are very high speed. When these fast-moving electrons hit the wall of the cathode tube, they become obstructed, resulting in reduced speed. So the kinetic energy of the electron also decreases. Where will this lost momentum go? The principle of conservation of energy says that no energy can be completely destroyed. Only one energy is converted into another energy. The electrons that hit the cathode tube reduce their kinetic energy, converting the lost kinetic energy into electromagnetic energy, in the form of X-ray radiation. That is, scientists are convinced that X-rays are actually a type of electromagnetic wave.

This phenomenon, from this explanation, convinced scientists that even clear matter like glass is capable of slowing down the speed of strong electrons. Then new ideas came to the minds of scientists. What would happen if the cathode ray, the electron, was allowed to pass through something thicker and thicker than glass?

Surely the speed of the electron will decrease faster? So if the electron loses more kinetic energy, will the energy of the X-ray that will be generated with the more lost kinetic energy be more?

Scientists thought of examining this matter. What could be heavier and denser than glass? What could be more ideal material than metal sheet in this case? Scientists reduced the speed of electrons generated from cathode tubes by using metal sheets. He did the experiment with different metal sheets, not just one metal sheet.

These tests are done inside the cathode tube. From the path that emits the cathode ray, a metal sheet is placed next to it. That is, the metal sheet is placed in the same way that the current of the cathode ray or electron emanates from the cathode plate and travels. Thus the flow of electrons emitted from the cathode plate is easily blocked by the metal plate. These metal sheets are called anti-cathode. When this anti-cathode is interrupted, the current of electrons loses momentum. This produces strong X-rays.

In 1918, the British scientist Charles Grover won the Nobel Prize in Physics. What he did was to win the Nobel Prize. Berkeley made a historic discovery in 1911. He sees that X-rays have a penetrating ability. This discovery is not new. Rজntgen saw the matter. The discovery of Berkeley is different. He noticed that the permeability of X-rays depended on the metal used in the anti-cathode. That is, the piercing potential of the X-ray generated for each metal used in the anti-cathode is specific. To better investigate this, Berkeley discovered X-rays of a specific wavelength from a specific metal.

Berkeley's surprises don't end there. He saw that some metals were radiating two different types of X-rays. The wavelengths are different, so the two types of penetration are also different. Berkeley did not stop there, he also discovered X-rays of different wavelengths and differentiations.

Henry Mosley, another British scientist, took Berkeley's work a step further. In 1913, with the help of X-ray crystallography, he explained the nature of different types of X-rays emitted from different sources.

Three

The dilemma of X scientists has been mentioned at the beginning of the chapter. Some thought X-rays were particles, some thought waves. But as the days go by, as research progresses, the fear of wavegoers becomes stronger. Scientists are forced to accept that X-rays are actually tight. Double slit test is required to establish waveform. The first experiment was performed in 1802 by the British scientist Thomas Young. Before that, scientists were confused about the light itself. Newton thought that light was a particle, and the German scientist Christian Higgins said that light was a kind of wave. Later Young's experiments proved light waves.

X-ray scientists admit that light is actually a wave, as Young's double-slit test went north. But its wavelength is very short. So the problem is, double slit test results are not very good. The shorter the wavelength, the shorter the distance between the two holes in the double slit test, otherwise the design will be blurred. So it is difficult to get good results in X-ray interference test in normal double slit test. Then the X-ray wavegoers thought differently. Apanartna grating made two scratches on the glass plate side by side. With the help of this, light of many short wavelengths can also be disturbed. We have seen before that X-rays of different wavelengths are emitted from different metals. Those that are fairly large wavelengths, there is no problem with them. But in the case of X-rays whose wavelengths are very small, refraction grading does not work well. Then the deflection can be reduced to the gap between the two holes gritically, there is a lot of research going on, can such a small system be made?

The German physicist Max von Lou then pointed out a new path. That said, there is no point in having to create refraction grating on a glass plate. Rather we can find the easy way. And that easy path has already been made.

What is that path?

They are crystals of various substances, which most people know as crystals.

When does an object form a crystal? When the molecules inside an object are in a certain arrangement. That is, the bonds between all the molecules of the object are the same. The arrangement of the molecules will look the same wherever you look. The bond of one molecule with another in liquid water is not balanced. Different in different places. But the closure of the water molecules in the ice is perfectly balanced. So the ice cubes are each crystal. Inside the crystal, the atoms are arranged in layers. There are therefore very subtle gaps between the two levels. This is why the density of crystals is relatively low.

These are the subtle gaps between the two layers, which can be used as scratches of refraction grading. Light rays can easily pass through it. The distance between the two layers inside the crystal is very short. So Lava said, X-rays of very short wavelengths could easily go awry. Here the distance between two layers is equal to one molecule or atom.

The arrangement of molecules or atoms in a transparent object that is not crystal is not balanced, random. So if X-rays are sent through them, then X-rays will run randomly with them. Will also create a design out of crystal. That design will be round. The middle of it will be like a small dark circle. The outside of the circle will gradually get brighter and brighter. But it will not be found as Thomas Young did. In Yong's design, as far as the design on the walls is concerned, one dark and bright dot or line after another can be found in a balanced way.

When X-rays go through real crystals, they will go in a specific way, Lu said.