(German: Karl Heinrich Marx German pronunciation: [kaːɐ̯l ˈhaɪnʀɪç ˈmaːɐ̯ks]) (May 5, 1818 - March 14, 183) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, and socialist revolutionary.
Marx was one of the most influential figures in all of human history. [3] Among Marx's most important works were the three-volume Capital and the Communist Manifesto (1848), co-authored with Friedrich Engels.
Marx's theories on society, economics, and politics are known as Marxism. According to Marx, human societies are evolving through class struggle.
This struggle is manifested in the capitalist system by the ruling class (who control the state and the factories at the same time).
And the working class (whose only means of subsistence is to save labor for the minimum wage in the capitalist factory), among them.
Marx said that only a fraction of the new value created by the working class by engaging in the process of production they receive as wages, the lion's share of the surplus capital is embezzled by the owners.
Following dialectical materialism, Marx claimed that capitalism, like previous social systems, would collapse due to its internal divisions and class struggles, and that socialism would be born.
Marx thinks that in an unstable and crisis-prone capitalist system, class consciousness will be born among the oppressed working class through constant class struggle; Which will lead to unity among them and
This united working class will overthrow the tyrant ruling class and build a classless Qaumi society.
Marx thinks that there is no alternative to armed revolution by uniting the oppressed working classes for the sake of ending the existing capitalist tyrannical system and for their own liberation.
Biography
Karl Marx was born into a Jewish family in Trier, in the province of Lower Rhine, in the Prussian Empire. He was the third of nine children in the family.
Father Heinrich Marx belonged to a dynasty whose ancestors were rabbis. Of course, among them the influence of the age of excessive theism and enlightenment can be noticed.
Many of them admired philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau. Heinrich Marx was born Herschel Mordechai, his father's name was Levy Mordechai (1843-1604) and his mother's name was Eva Lwow (1853-1823).
Heinrich was born into a Jewish family, but his religion prevented him from practicing law and he converted from Judaism to Lutheranism. Lutheranism was then the state Protestant religion of the Prussian Empire,
So he converted in that Roman Catholic-majority state in the hope of gaining various privileges as a Lutheran minority.
Karl Marx's mother's name was Henriette née Pressburg (17-183). He is the grandfather of industrialists Gerard Philips and Anton Philips.
And successor to the Barent-Cohen family. Henriette's father was Isaac Heijmans Presburg (1846-1832) and her mother was Nanette Salomon Barent-Cohen (184-1833).
Nanette's father was Salomon David Barent-Cohen (d. 1808) and mother was Sara Brandes. This Salomon and Sarah were again the uncles of Nathan Mayer Rothschild's wife.
Education
Karl Marx studied at home until he was 13 years old. At the end of his childhood he was admitted to Trier Gymnasium and graduated from there at the age of 18.
He then started studying law at the University of Bonn. He wanted to study literature and philosophy, but his father thought he could not prepare himself as a scholar.
Within days, his father transferred him to the Humboldt-Universitiverst in Berlin. At that time Marx wrote poems and essays on life, the language of his writing was the language of theology and transcendentalism inherited from his father. It was at this time that the young Hegelians embraced atheism.
He obtained his PhD in 1841. The subject of his PhD dissertation was The Difference Between the Democritean and the Epicurean Philosophy of Nature.
It is to be noted that he did not submit his PhD dissertation to the University of Berlin but to the University of Jena. Because he was a young Hegelian radical, his image in Berlin was not good.
University student Marx
The University of Berlin had two divisions. The young Hegelian, philosophical student and journalistic society centered on Ludwig Feuerbach and Bruno Bauer was leftist.
And the teacher society was GWF Hegel. These two parts were contradictory.
While criticizing Hegel's metaphysical assumptions, the Left followed Hegel's dialectical approach to harsh criticism of established religion and politics.
Some young Hegelians point to the similarity of Hegel-North philosophy with Aristotle-North philosophy.
For example, Max Sterner, in his book Der Einzige und sein Eigenthum (1844), criticized Feuerbach and Bauer, calling them pious individuals for practicing the ambiguous reformation of abstract ideas.
Marx was fascinated by this book and left Feuerbach's materialism. This epistemological break helps a great deal in laying the groundwork for his ideas on historical materialism.
He also opposes Stirner with this new idea. He also wrote a book on the subject, Die Deutsche Ideologie (1845). However, this book was not published before 1932.
Paris and Brussels
Marx arrived in Paris in late October 1843. The city then became the headquarters of German, British, Polish and Italian revolutionaries.
He went to Paris to work with the German revolutionary Arnold Ruge on Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.
At that time Friedrich Engels went to Paris to inform Marx about the reality of working people in England in 1844. Earlier, in 1842, Engels had talked about this with Marx.
Engels took such an initiative on the basis of his identity. Thus, on October 26, 1844, Marx and Engels began the most important chapter of their friendship at the Café de la Régence in Paris.
It was one of the most important intellectual friendships in history.
After the fall of the German-French Anniversary or Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, Marx wrote an article in the most progressive German newspaper in Paris (the secret society called the League of the Just published it). The subject of this article was the Jewish question and Hegel.
Outside of writing, Marx spent time reading the history of the French Revolution, the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and the rural proletariat.
William H. Sewell Jr., in his book Work and Revolution in France, described his special interest in the situation of the proletariat at the time.
... Marx's sudden support for the doctrine of the proletarian cause can be traced back to his earlier direct contact with the socialist intellectual society in France.
Marx re-evaluated his relationship with the young Hegelians. On the Jewish Quest, written in response to Bauer's atheism in 1843, is part of this reassessment.
It was at this time that he wrote another essay on political emancipation, how Judaism and Christianity oppose human emancipation, and critiques contemporary views on civil and human rights.
The convincing communist Engels led Marx's economic research and created his enthusiasm for the condition of the working class.
Thus Marx became a communist, expressing his humanist views on communism through his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (not published before the 1930s).
In capitalist society he speaks of an un-aligned working class as opposed to an isolated working class.
According to him, in such a communist society, everyone can build themselves independently and develop the system of production on the basis of mutual cooperation.
When Vorwärts approved the assassination attempt on King Friedrich William I of Prussia in January 1845, all revolutionaries, including Karl Marx, were expelled from Paris.
He moved to Brussels with Engels. It is here that he studied history to complete his historical materialism. In a follow-up to this, in The German Ideology (1845), he said,
The nature of each person depends on the conditions of the object that determines their production.
It was through this that he formulated the design of production and predicted the collapse of industrial capitalism and the establishment of communism instead.
This was followed by a critique of French socialism, entitled The Poverty of Philosophy (1848). It was a response to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's The Philosophy of Poverty (1848).
Intellectually, Marx's The German Ideology and The Poverty of Philosophy are the mainstays of the later Communist Manifesto. This manifesto was the principle of the Communist League.
Return to Paris
In 1848, many revolutions took place across Europe. A lot has changed. Marx was captured and later deported from Belgium.
Meanwhile, the revolutionaries persuaded King Louis-Philippe of France to bring Marx back to Paris.
He returned to Paris at the invitation of the king.
It was at this time that the revolution known as the June Days Uprising took place in Paris, which Marx witnessed. : !!