1. Introduction

Bitcoin, the world‟s most common and well known cryptocurrency, has been increasing in popularity. It has the

same basic structure as it did when created in 2008, but repeat instances of the world market changing has created

a new demand for cryptocurrencies much greater than its initial showing. By using a cryptocurrency, users are

able to exchange value digitally without third party oversight. Cryptocurrency works on the theory of solving

encryption algorithms to create unique hashes that are finite in number. Combined with a network of computers

verifying transactions, users are able to exchange hashes as if exchanging physical currency. There is a finite

number of bitcoin that will ever be generated, preventing an overabundance and ensuring its rarity. Water, despite

its requirement as a life giving material, is generally accepted as being free or of little cost because it is so

abundant. If water was rare, it would be more valuable than diamonds. Value exists for bitcoin because its users

have trust that if they accept it as payment, they would could use it elsewhere to purchase something they want or

need (Kelly, 2014). As long as the users maintain this faith, the valued object can be anything. Bitcoin‟s value

exists in its ecosystem much in the same way that wampum, a seashell, was the currency of the land for Native

Americans (Kelly, 2014). Bitcoin does not have intrinsic value like gold in that it cannot be used to make physical

objects like jewelry that have value. Nevertheless, value continues to exist due to trust and acceptance.

Current legal and financial structures are not designed with a technology like this in mind. Financial institutions

are built off of much older forms of currency. In some ways, it is comparative to the computing industry. The

baseline of computing still relies on transmitting and processing 1‟s and 0‟s, providing only two dimensions of

input. Yet all of our current technology uses this technologically archaic system due to adoption, cultivation, and

lack of need for newer systems. If cryptocurrencies became the global norm for transactions, long standing

systems for trade would need to be completely reformed to deal with this type of competition. For this reason,

cryptocurrencies could possibly be the single most disruptive technology to global financial and economic

systems.

BitPay, the largest bitcoin processor in the world, has recently seen transaction rate grow 110% in the past 12

months (Team, 2016).

Transaction increase is an indicator of user acceptance growing. The conditions for Bitcoin‟s widespread adoption

could be described as a “fire triangle”. Where fire needs fuel, oxygen, and heat to exist; Bitcoin needs user

acceptance, vendor acceptance, and innovation to ignite. Without all three aspects, bitcoin may not truly become a

legitimized mainstream currency. Bitcoin is currently experiencing an increase in user acceptance and use, which

is driving the other two aspects of the “fire triangle”. Cryptocurrency‟s adoption will be an important subject to

watch in the future, as it could be a truly transformative technology that alters the way money is exchanged

worldwide. Bitcoin‟s increased adoption has been integrally tied to global market shifts. The current Internet-

fueled global market is very much entangled. If one regional market begins to plummet, it can easily drag the

others with it. Bitcoin, like the Euro, can freely move across many national borders, creating an environment that

promotes global trade, mutual prosperity, and even peace.

2. Strengths

Bitcoin has strength by design to make it a viable currency that has elevated it in status over the years, more

notably the fixed limit of bitcoin that will exist. Bitcoin will be mined with diminishing returns every four years

until the maximum number of bitcoins are reached: a total of 21 million (King, 2013). This aspect of Bitcoin is

important for its value. Due to the limited amount of bitcoins, it will never become inflated from an

overabundance of bitcoins. Also, bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are generally regarded as being protected

from inflation originating from national government changes or restrictions (Magro, 2016). This creates a “safe

haven” for investors to put their wealth into, as it generally does not lose value based on inflation. Bitcoin is

quickly showing its strength as a refuge against inflating national currencies. However, as is the case with most

commodities, the price can fluctuate wildly based on many other external factors. The combination of demand for

a safe haven option and its price volatility helped Bitcoin to become the best performing currency of 2015 using

the US Dollar Index (Desjardins, 2016). This means that Bitcoin was the highest valued currency in the entire

world at the end of last year. This is no small feat in a global economy with powerhouses like China and the

South America has seen a huge increase in bitcoin transactions, increasing 510% from 2014 to 2015 (Bitcoin: A

New Global Economy, 2015). Argentina is a hotbed for increased cryptocurrency usage due to its extremely high

inflation rate and high population of unbanked citizens (Magro, 2016). In the past, Argentinians would convert

their currency into US dollars to preserve their value. However, Argentina has recently put restrictions on how

many US dollars its citizens can convert. As a result, both a black market for purchasing USD at a higher price

and increased bitcoin adoption has arisen (Magro, 2016). The demand for Argentinians to keep their currency

value has made itself very apparent, and cryptocurrencies are prominent legal vehicles to meet that demand.

Argentina‟s situation is not an isolated case. Over and over again, investors have seen global markets crash

(generally for political reasons), and crypto currencies increase in value and usage. The United Kingdom has

recently voted to leave the European Union, popularized by the term “Brexit”. Before the vote, the price of bitcoin

dropped almost 15% (Bovaird, 2016). After the UK voted to leave, the price skyrocketed from $550 to $650 a day

later. Inversely, the world‟s globally traded markets saw a significant drop in value as investors lost confidence in

what the Brexit vote would mean financially. Cryptocurrency is strong in this situation as being the only currency

that can be purchased and sold expeditiously, and still be used worldwide. Other fiat currencies can be exchanged,

but that activity requires visiting a money exchange in person, and that money cannot be spent unless it is

accepted locally. For example, an American could not quickly exchange USD for Japanese Yen, then use that

currency to make a purchase. They would have to visit a currency exchange, which may require driving to the

nearest international airport. Secondly, once they‟ve obtained the currency, they would have no way to use the

Yen because it is not a locally trusted and recognized currency. This situation is not the case for Bitcoin (or any

other cryptocurrency). To purchase bitcoin, one only needs to set up an online account with an online exchange,

make their request, and the transaction is usually completed in minutes. Once the bitcoin is in their digital wallet,

they would be able to make purchases from thousands of vendors worldwide. In this example, Bitcoin is the more

viable solution as quick entry and exit for a currency that can quickly gain value. Other fiat currencies may

become stronger and be more desired, but they cannot compete with cryptocurrencies‟ agility. Cryptocurrency is

the disruptive technology that could be pushed into acceptance by investors who simply want a refuge from

sinking global markets

An increase in Bitcoin flow will motivate vendor acceptance to accommodate customer needs. Theoretically, this

would be a cyclical effect. As more vendors adopt cryptocurrency technology, more users will use it to capitalize

on its benefits.

3. Weaknesses

Bitcoin has quite a few internal weaknesses that are part of its design and cannot easily be modified. The public

ledger, or block chain, means that every user can see every transaction. There is semi-anonymity, in that the

owners of bitcoin wallets cannot be identified outright, but it is slightly nerve-wracking for some potential

adopters. The public block chain is shared with all users, which means that it is susceptible to attacks due to easy

access (King, 2013). So far, the Bitcoin network has been subjected to multiple “stress tests” that were essentially

DDoS attacks (Hileman, 2016). These “tests” were launched by exchanges and miners to attempt to prove a point

about Bitcoin‟s design: that the network cannot handle a high load transaction rates. The mere fact that the

participants of Bitcoin‟s operation can bring the network down to prove a point is an unfortunate design feature of

the code. These two aspects of Bitcoin‟s design are integral to operation, and cannot be changed. Adoption by

reluctant users must be in spite of these attributes.

Bitcoin has developed a questionable reputation through recent events. Stories like Silk Road can portray a

negative image of digital currency in general, not just Bitcoin. Silk Road was an online marketplace buried in the

dark-net, which allowed thousands of drug dealers and nearly a million customers to make illegal drug deals.

Bitcoin was their primary means of transaction, due to the lack of government tracking and semi-anonymity. It

ran from 2011 to 2013, and racked up nearly one billion USD in sales (Bearman, 2015). People want criminals to

have justice meted against them, so the semi-anonymity attribute of bitcoin seems negative to law abiding

citizens. Without positive marketing towards the value of semi-anonymity for normal users, the general user base

will think that cryptocurrencies are only used by criminals.

Cryptocurrencies have also developed a reputation of having questionable security. Mt Gox, short for Magic the

Gathering Online Exchange, was the world‟s primary bitcoin exchange until it went bankrupt after it was robbed

by hackers in 2011 of approximately 460 million USD (McMillan, 2014). The CEO and main programmer, Mark

Karpeles, was not using version control for new code. He also would allow bug and security fixes to languish for

weeks (McMillan, 2014). These security flaws and oversights allowed hackers to skim bitcoin from the exchange.

This breach severely dropped Bitcoins value when users sold their bitcoin for fear of it getting stolen. Etherium,

another form of digital currency, just recently suffered a similar form of theft to the tune of a 50 million USD

hack (Price, 2016). These hacks are generally targeted at large holders of cryptocurrency that do not keep their

security standards up to date. They are the main reason that the value of these currencies plummet, and do the

most damage to the image of cryptocurrency. Until future organizations who exchange cryptocurrency understand

how security flaws can lead to these attacks, these events will continue to hinder adoption.

Investors are beginning to realize that the bitcoin network has begun to stabilize, and immediate returns on

investment are not guaranteed. The source code makes solving the algorithm more difficult starting in June 2016,

increasing the cost of bitcoin mining. This is called a “halving event”, and it cuts the number of bitcoin returned

to miners by half. This could effectively push out 25% of the bitcoin network that is running older computer

hardware, as it would cost more to operate the machines than would be earned from mining (Kar, 2016). This

shift in the mining community could make the network less secure and more vulnerable to attack. It also makes it

less likely for new miners to enter the network due to the higher overhead required and limited returns on mining.

s the halving events continue, only the largest miners will exist until all of the bitcoin has been mined.

Cryptocurrencies‟ ability to be traded like a commodity can also be a weakness. Commodity based markets show

a huge fluctuation in value from various events in the marketplace. This value fluctuation ultimately limits

investor trust in the commodities. An unforeseen event could cause an investor to lose huge portions of money,

decreasing investor trust. Also, determinates of bitcoin price have not truly been meted out, which creates an

uncertain trading environment. Commodities are also prone to being traded by investors with a “buy low, sell

high” mentality, which has overreaching effects to those who are using bitcoin for currency and create value

fluctuations. Price volatility generates risk, which discourages both merchants and consumers from holding

cryptocurrency for any significant length of time (PwC, 2015). Too much risk in lower‟s consumer trust, which

limits validation of legitimacy. Bitcoin‟s price is also at risk from being in a shallow market, even though it has

the highest capacity of all cryptocurrencies.

An individual who desires to purchase a large amount of bitcoin would not be unable to without affecting the

current price (Kasiyanto, 2016). This is exponentially greater for other cryptocurrencies, who have a much smaller

capacity. Cryptocurrencies do not seem to be a mature form of currency in its current market and state. Further

growth in capacity and adoption would theoretically alleviate this problem.

4. Opportunities

Cryptocurrency is in a unique position as a forerunner in a possibly transformative technology to long standing

financial systems. By its very nature, it is able to fill gaps in current financial technologies and be able to help

solve traditional banking problems by being a peer-to-peer system. Napster, another peer-to-peer system,

transformed the music industry by cutting out the middle man (Kelly, 2014). Transformative technologies start by

solving a specific problem in an industry. For instance, cryptocurrencies are poised to help remediate the

problems related to unbanked consumers. Significant portions of the population in developing countries are

unbanked. In Latin America, 60% of 600 million inhabitants have no access to bank accounts (Magro, 2016).

Bitcoin‟s technology allows for individuals to exchange currency without needing a third trusted party, like a

bank, to oversee the transaction. All that is needed to use Bitcoin is a mobile phone, which 70% of Latin

Americans do have access to (Magro, 2016). Due to bitcoin‟s ad-hoc networking capability, two users can trade

bitcoin with each other by scanning QR codes displayed on their phones printed out by the application. This is a

truly unique solution to a problem that has existed for many years for some people. This would invariably

increase as the user base grows, so the demand for better cryptocurrency network and applications will come to

the forefront. There is an enormous market for potential developers to create these applications, as this technology

could affect any industry that relies on a trusted third-party clearing system (PwC, 2015). Any developers who

increase usability through application and GUI improvements to bitcoin would be very successful. Bitcoin‟s

progression into becoming a transformative technology is driven by its ability to solve long standing problems,

combined with a supportive and growing community of developers and users.

Businesses are beginning to see the value in using cryptocurrencies for international transactions, especially when

transactions need to occur quickly in response to an emergency. Cryptocurrencies are solely positioned to solve

this problem thanks to the speed and ease of transaction in the peer-to-peer system. Money can be wired

internationally, but typically arriving days after being sent and not for the full amount (Team, 2016). The

transaction can be hit with any number of unexplained fees as it crosses borders, making it difficult to send the

correct amount to another business. A good example of this type of emergency need is an online company who is

suffering from a denial-of-service attack and is looking to get immediate protection from a network security

company (Team, 2016). In this scenario, speed is of transaction is of the essence, for every minute that the

company‟s website is down, profits are being lost. Cryptocurrency has a major advantage over traditional

currencies thanks to its agility in making fast peer-to-peer transactions, especially in international business-to-

business scenarios.

Internet marketplaces have been thriving and are true contenders to traditional brick-and-mortar stores.

Amazon.com has grown to a degree that seems almost unexpected. They have even begun to hire “on-demand”

delivery drivers, who use their own personally owned vehicle to deliver standard packages (Saito, 2016). This

type of growth shows an attempt to further tighten control of the company‟s logistics costs, which expand

exponentially with increased business. Ebay.com already uses a paying system that is similar to Bitcoin called

PayPal, and has been very successful in using it to facilitate all purchases made on its site. Silk Road was another

example of a thriving online market, albeit it‟s very illegal nature. It connected buyers and sellers who mostly

used bitcoin to complete transactions. This marketplace showed how a digital currency can connect buyers and

sellers without much interference by presiding governments and still succeed. Online shopping is thriving, and

bitcoin is poised to extend its reach with efficient and easy payments for both vendors and customers. General

purpose online shopping for individuals accounted for nearly 23 percent of transactions processed by Bitpay in

the second quarter of 2015 (Kasiyanto, 2016). Cryptocurrency has the advantage over traditional card-based for

the vendor in that it eliminates those fees.

International laws regarding taxation have been passed recently, creating validity for cryptocurrency as a

mainstream device. Laws regarding the taxation of cryptocurrencies are required before digital currency could be

considered a truly valid form of transactions. Towards the end of 2015, the European Court of Justice announced

that it viewed bitcoin transactions as exempt from value-added tax (Hileman, 2016). Steps like this will

significantly increase cryptocurrency flow.

Some users would refuse to use currency without knowing how it would affect their tax statements, regardless of

what positive light in which they are viewed.

One of Bitcoin‟s largest opportunities is that it can also act as a sort of commodity, similar to gold. The value of

gold can spike considerably whenever an event threatens the balance of the global market, as we have seen with

the Brexit vote. The precious metal saw an increase in value to a two-year high as investors became uncertain as

to how the markets would react to the vote, using it as a safe haven (Reuters, 2016). The commodity market is a

widely accepted form of trade worldwide, and cryptocurrency has seemingly begun to mimic the characteristics of

gold. Gold has been a long standing holder of value, and that is based on the universal acceptance and trust of its

value. Cryptocurrencies could potentially become a big player in the commodity market. They have a unique

attribute of being purchased through a direct online mechanism, which creates easy entry for buyers. If bitcoin

continues to be a valid refuge for inflating currencies, it will gain validity to investors and push deeper into

becoming more mainstream.

5. Threats

Bitcoin has quite a few hurdles to clear for user acceptance to become widespread. The value fluctuations that

plague cryptocurrencies puts doubt in users, as well as investors. Ultimately a limiting factor in cryptocurrency is

general acceptance. [PWC]. Value fluctuations reduce trust that a consumer‟s value would be retained on a day to

day basis, limiting faith in the currencies overall worth. In a survey performed by PwC, 83% of those surveyed

had little to no familiarity of bitcoin (PwC, 2015). The lack of central ownership of cryptocurrencies means that

any attempt to remediate this marketing problem using advertisements could theoretically help the investing

company‟s competition. This is not an ideal situation for a marketing plan. Cryptocurrencies have also seen fraud

and theft, generally due to faulty system setups by exchange companies. These hacks generally make the news,

and can easily convince the layman that they are unsafe locations to put their money. There is also a large gap in

laws that cover the use of cryptocurrency. As long as cryptocurrencies remain in an area not generally covered by

law, user acceptance will be limited. User‟s need to trust that any transactions using cryptocurrencies are legal and

binding. Markets and governments are slow to react to the new technology. Ultimately, all of these factors limit

consumer‟s trust in bitcoin and cryptocurrency.

This lack of trust leads to issues with investors as well. The dead pool of failed startups has increased to 24,

mostly citing „security‟ as the main reason for closure (Hileman, 2016). This metric could be considered a

watermark for future investors to consider before investing in bitcoin. The Mt Gox and DAO hack shows how

inattentive organization can not only lose millions of dollars‟ worth of digital currency, but can drop the value

significantly. New startups now know that a haphazard and unplanned launch is ill-advised at best, and new

market entry will be limited. This could ultimately hurt bitcoin, as development of better software is important to

improve security and user acceptance. As obvious of a concern as it may seem, security implementation and fixes

are both generally slow to adapt for any new technology. Even the DAO hack exploit was documented as a

potential problem weeks before the attack (Price, 2016). One of the issues with security is that the decentralized

nature prevents a unified effort to completely secure every server that runs the code. A unified front in the realm

of cryptocurrency may need to rise before the peer-to-peer network would become truly secured. A standards

committee similar to ANSI, the American National Standards Institute, may need to be appointed for

cryptocurrencies to develop security standards beyond the bitcoin application requirements. This type of

regulation could only be implemented at the cost of the freedom of peer-to-peer networks, and may cause

independent miners to exit the market.

There are also competitors to cryptocurrency that are attempting to provide an alternative to digital currency.

Apple is one of the main competitors with their product ApplePay. They are levering their infrastructure and

hardware to give users the ability to charge their debit or credit cards associated to their iTunes account with their

phones. Traditional credit card companies like Visa and MasterCard are happily joining ApplePay‟s infrastructure

as are allowed to keep their fees (Gerber, 2015). Bitcoin will always have a difficult time competing with these

household names. PayPal has been very successful as the eBay exchanging system, and could potentially be

moved into mobile payment. Companies like Apple, Google, and Amazon have entire marketing budgets with a

foothold in the mobile application market, giving them a huge advantage over Bitcoin‟s comparatively small time

players. Mobile consumers want to be able to buy things with phones directly, and bitcoin would have a hard time

rallying together as a community to beat out competitors.

Another serious threat to cryptocurrency is the maze of US regulations that would need to be traversed before

mainstream user acceptance. The US government has yet to even classify what type of asset bitcoin is, which will

prevent most market participants from adopting cryptocurrency-based business models (PwC, 2015).

Cryptocurrency could be labeled as either a security, capital asset, commodity, or a currency, and each would

have a different effect on how bitcoin is adopted. International views of bitcoin vary by country, but seems to be

viewed positively based on Bitpay‟s assessment of transactions. In Europe, transactions have reached an all-time

high at 102,221 per quarter (Patterson, 2015), which may be the cause regulations being passed regarding bitcoin

and cryptocurrency. Bitcoin transaction have become exempt from value added tax by the European Court of

Justice, effectively recognizing it as a legitimate means of payment in Europe (Perez, 2015). This simply means

that bitcoin transaction will not be taxed in Europe. While great news for European bitcoin users, other major

markets are still missing crucial legislation regarding bitcoin taxation. Legislation in the United States could

negatively affect how bitcoin transactions are processed, delivering a severe blow to legitimacy as a currency.

6. Conclusions

Cryptocurrency seems to have move past the early adoption phase that new technologies experience. Even motor

vehicles experienced this phenomenon. Bitcoin has begun to carve itself a niche market, which could help

advance cryptocurrencies further into becoming mainstream; or be the main cause of it failing. Cryptocurrencies

are still in their infancy, and it is difficult to see if they will ever find true mainstream presence in world markets.

The Bitcoin community is striving to push into the mainstream through innovation and solving old problems.

Other forms of cryptocurrency have already emerged and have gained followings of their own, and each slightly

different from Bitcoin and arguably as valid. Some nations like Iceland have even begun to start their own

national cryptocurrencies (Hofman, 2014). It possible that the future holds a place for cryptocurrency as a major

currency solution, and Bitcoin will be instrumental in paving the way for those currencies to flourish. The

European and Latin America markets are exploding with Bitcoin transactions, signifying true validity. Further

topics to explore regarding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are quite numerous. Extensive studies should be

performed on the economic effects of Bitcoin‟s effect on long standing fiat currency performance, and compare

the results to countries that are beginning to adopt state-sponsored cryptocurrencies. The ability for

cryptocurrency to perform micro transactions may allow it to bridge an economic gap that traditional state

sponsored currencies would not be able to solve, but requires a much deeper market and economic analysis to

determine. Also, the block chain technology that acts as Bitcoin‟s backbone has potential uses in other ways, such

as smart contracts (Hileman, 2016). These contracts are programmed payments that occur when a set condition

occurs. Predetermined payment contracts are normally carried out by an entire accounting department of a

company, making this an extremely interesting topic of further transformation. Lastly, cryptocurrency is a product

of using cryptography to create a digital property. The frontier of digital property was popularized by the music

industry‟s shift to a cloud-based infrastructure. This frontier is still fairly new and unexplored, mainly populated

by different types of media. Other forms of digital property may become as popular as music and cryptocurrency.

Eight years ago, digital money was completely unheard of, and the creator of Bitcoin single handedly changed

that. Cryptology, the root science beneath bitcoin and all cryptocurrencies, may be the mechanism behind the

frontier for new and exciting digital inventions.