1. King Penguin:
Their scientific name is Aptenodytes patagonicus . It is the second-longest penguin species. King penguins are distinguished by a straight erect body, relatively long face, bright orange, or yellow color on the neck. Many ornithologists have divided it into two sub-species. These are Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus and Aptenodytes patagonicus halli . Again some ornithologists think this separation is unnecessary. They are found in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands. They are larger than these but bear a striking resemblance to the less colorful relative Emperor penguin. Adults have black feathers on the back and white feathers on the front. The throat and ear patches have a bright yellow color. Adults are 85-95 cm (33-37 inches) tall and weigh 14-17 kg (about 31-37 pounds). Babies are covered with dark brown feathers for 10-12 months. Although they eat squid, shellfish, etc., the main diet includes fish, especially lantern fish, barracudinas, escolars, etc. They are victims of Leopard Seal, Killer Whale, Giant Falmer, Squash, Seathbill.
Breeding: Most of the population breeds 3 times a year. Breeding population of Aptenodytes patagonicus patagonicus is found in South Georgia, Falkland Islands, South Sandwich Islands. Aptenodytes patagonicus halli can be found on Crozet Island, Carguilan Island, Prince Edward Island, Hard Island, Macdonald Island, Macquarie Island. In order to attract girls, men use a type of behavior called "ecstatic display". He makes a kind of noise and tries to get as tall as possible by extending his head. The two partners then take part in a kind of display so that they shake their heads and keep their heads down towards the chest. They lay their eggs between November and March. The two companions protect the eggs through the rotation. After about 54 days,
the baby hatches from the egg.
2. Emperor Penguin:
Its scientific name is " Aptenodytes forsteri ". They are the tallest species of penguins. It is well known for its elegant demeanor and black and white color. They live in about 50 colonies on a floating ice shelf off the coast of Antarctica. They can dive up to 550 meters (1,800 feet) in search of food. They have the record of diving to the highest depths of the sea as a seabird. They have similarities with King Penguin. However, the yellow color of their neck, ears and chest is less bright than that of the King Penguin and their lips are also relatively small. They can be about 130 cm (about 50 inches) long and weigh 25-45 kg (55-100 pounds). They can stay submerged for about 22 minutes. They eat krill, fish, squid etc. Again the killer whale, the leopard seal, became the prey of the Giant Falmer.
Breeding: breed in They large colonies. Breeding takes place in late March and early April. Despite the absence of specific habitat and the large size of the colony, about 15% of adults are able to find a mate the previous year. They lay their eggs in late May or early June before winter. Usually males lay eggs. After laying eggs, the female penguins move from the colony to the sea and travel about 80-160 km (50-100 miles). It is about 60-68 days to lay eggs. During this time the temperature drops below -50 ° C (-58 ° F) daily. Males survive without food and drink, burning body fat and holding eggs. The eggs hatch in August and the female mate returns.
The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has classified it as an almost endangered species.
3. Gentoo Penguin (Gentoo Penguin):
The way to distinguish this species is that they have white feathers on some parts of their eyes. Its throat is black and its tail is longer than other species, its lips are dark orange or red. Its two sub-species are Pygoscelis papua papua and Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii . It is the third largest penguin species in terms of body size. Adults are on average 75cm (about 30 inches) tall, but 95cm (37 inches) tall gentoo penguins have also been observed. The average mass is 5kg (11 pounds), but 8.5 kg (about 19 pounds) mass gentu penguins have also been observed. The lower part of the feathers of babies are gray. They are the fastest diving birds in the world. They can swim up to 36 km (about 22 miles) per hour for food or to escape from predators. They dive to a depth of 170-200 meters (560-660 feet). They eat small fish, snails, krill etc. They are victims of South American sea lions, weddell seals, leopard seals, killer whales.
Breeding: grasslands Hundreds of adults form colonies in snowless , adjacent to mountains or sandy places. Some adults stay out of the breeding colony for about 5 months of the year, some stay in the colony throughout the year. Breeding joints make new nests with stones, grass, debris every year. The breeding season starts at the end of June and lasts till the end of November. They lay eggs in October and November. Two eggs are laid at the same time and one lays at 2 o'clock in 3 days. The mates take turns laying eggs in 34-37 days. They become sexually mature at the age of 2 and live up to 13 years.
The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has included this species as a near-threatened species since 2004.
Reference:
1. https://www.britannica.com/animal/king-penguin
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