The first human cases of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus causing COVID-19, subsequently
named SARS-CoV-2 were first reported by officials in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019. Retrospective
investigations by Chinese authorities have identified human cases with onset of symptoms in early December 2019.
While some of the earliest known cases had a link to a wholesale food market in Wuhan, some did not. Many of the
initial patients were either stall owners, market employees, or regular visitors to this market. Environmental samples
taken from this market in December 2019 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, further suggesting that the market in
Wuhan City was the source of this outbreak or played a role in the initial amplification of the outbreak. The market
was closed on 1 January 2020.
SARS-CoV-2 was identified in early January and its genetic sequence shared publicly on 11-12 January. The full
genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 from the early human cases and the sequences of many other virus isolated from
human cases from China and all over the world since then show that SARS-CoV-2 has an ecological origin in bat
populations. All available evidence to date suggests that the virus has a natural animal origin and is not a
manipulated or constructed virus. Many researchers have been able to look at the genomic features of SARS-CoV-2
and have found that evidence does not support that SARS-CoV-2 is a laboratory construct. If it were a constructed
virus, its genomic sequence would show a mix of known elements. This is not the case.
Another coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, the cause of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, was
also closely related to other coronaviruses isolated from bats. These close genetic relations of SARS-CoV-1, SARS-
CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, suggest that they all have their ecological origin in bat populations. Many of these
coronaviruses can also infect several animal species. For example, SARS-CoV-1 infected civet cats and then humans,
while the virus causing the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) is found in dromedary camels, and has
continued to infect humans since 2012.
All available evidence for COVID-19 suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic source. Since there is usually limited
close contact between humans and bats, it is more likely that transmission of the virus to humans happened through
another animal species, one that is more likely to be handled by humans. This intermediate animal host or zoonotic
source could be a domestic animal, a wild animal, or a domesticated wild animal and, as of yet, has not been
identified.
All the published genetic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from human cases are very similar. This suggests that the
start of the outbreak resulted from a single point introduction in the human population around the time that the
virus was first reported in humans in Wuhan, China in December 2019.
A number of investigations to better understand the source of the outbreak in China are currently underway or
planned, including investigations of human cases with symptom onset in and around Wuhan in late 2019,
environmental sampling from markets and farms in areas where the first human cases were identified, and detailed
records on the source and type of wildlife species and farmed animals sold in these markets.
Results from these studies are essential to preventing further zoonotic introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the human
population. WHO continues to collaborate with animal health and human health experts, Member States, and other
partners to identify gaps and research priorities for the control of COVID-19, including the eventual identification of
the source of the virus in China.
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