Smart machine; It is a type of machine that includes artificial intelligence (thus partial decision and action autonomy) embedded as hardware and software, has the awareness of its own situation, operates over the network and has the ability to communicate with other systems, as well as performing the functions foreseen during its design. Before moving on to the features that distinguish smart machines from traditional ones (known as Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet), it may be useful to recall the design principles brought up by new technologies. With the association of these technologies with the problems and needs in the market, the following design principles come to the fore for new products, services, processes, ways of doing business and business models: Interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time working capability, integration (service orientation), modularity (plug-and-play) feature. Undoubtedly; These design features will have aspects in the new machinery industry that require consideration at macro or micro scale (enterprise or machine scale).
The first feature of the smart machine is awareness of its own situation. In case of any deviation from the parameters assigned to it, it becomes aware of this and informs the relevant operator over the network. This type of machine is equipped with sensors with different detection and measurement features for due diligence and can demonstrate artificial intelligence applications through embedded hardware and software. Thus, an autonomy is provided to the machine, limited to situations where an operator is not needed for intelligent decision and selection.
One of the features of smart machines is the ability to communicate with operators and / or other machines, called connectivity. Such machines can communicate directly with the environment via local networks and the Internet. Thanks to this feature, the smart machine goes far beyond what traditional devices and automation can do, and performs data sharing and takes an active part in production planning.
The smart machine phenomenon is the sum of existing and new technologies articulated to each other. At the beginning of technologies that are the pillars of smart machine structure, those related to connectivity take the first place. For example, Ethernet, which is an information-communication network technology, provides the connection that allows healthy data flow between electronic objects. It provides a basis for service-based models and security management. The increase in number and type of ports on network and Internet-based devices enables smart devices to make more advanced connections with peripheral equipment.
A feature that is expected to be a standard for smart machines is that such devices are designed in accordance with the "plug-and-play" approach. It is desirable that the new smart machine to be included in the system should be compatible with the existing system consisting of devices produced by different manufacturers and be easily integrated without requiring additional hardware and software. It should be a feature of the smart machine design that the time to be taken in adding the new machine to the system is short and there is no need for new resources in this regard. Also; The facilities of maintenance and repair services to be provided over the network will be another reason for the preference of smart machines.
One of the elements that support smart machines are portable devices that will enable communication with such systems. Smartphones, tablets, portable computers, wearable technology products will continue to be important devices for communicating with smart machines and exchanging data. Progresses and price drops in both processor and memory area can detect status information in smart machines, transmit them, make and execute decisions without operator intervention in cases contrary to assigned parameters. It makes it possible to use features such as.
In the past, one of the most important problems of machine technology was energy consumption. In the future, reducing energy consumption will continue to be among the most important criteria of machine design. With the widespread use of good machine design concept, noises, radiation, various wastes, etc., especially excessive heat emission - throwing energy into the environment as heat. Negative factors such as environmental pollution will rapidly decrease.
Among the expectations of enterprises from smart machine technology, flexibility is at the top of the list. Therefore, flexibility is among the primary and fundamental principles of smart machine design. The concept of flexibility; rapid product change in the production line, batch size that can be reduced to a single product or increase to very large quantities, or the ability to manufacture more than one product on the same line, etc. It can mean different things like. In today's world where innovation is becoming more and more important, the real-time speed of the product's market launch is one of the new sources of profitability. The production system created with the participation of smart machines must also be flexible and resourceful in individualized products.
Intelligent machine systems must provide the necessary conditions for monitoring the product, production and data flow; It should allow for cost reduction compared to traditional approaches. Likewise, it should be able to improve the total cost of ownership in terms of asset management. It should allow real-time data management to improve supply chain management. Integration of new and existing technologies should be easy to achieve. Thanks to new technology, product quality should increase; The negative effects on the environment should be reduced. It should facilitate maintenance and repair work thanks to the data it transmits regarding its own situation and operation-stop story. It must be designed to ensure the safety of the machine itself and the operator or other workers around it.
Smart machine; It has the potential to fulfill some of the artificial intelligence functions with its embedded hardware and software capabilities. Thanks to these possibilities, it can detect its own situation and whether a situation violating predetermined parameters has occurred. It can produce some decision options, mostly at the operational level, and make decisions and implement them without the need for operator intervention. Decision-making capability does not depend on narrow-frame, machine-based, local automation like the previous generation, traditional machines. It can make some rational decisions and take action depending on the information flowing over local networks and the Internet. The different aspects of the smart machine compared to previous machine technologies can be listed as energy, time and material savings, increase in total equipment efficiency, load shedding according to the status of the previous and next devices in the production line and regulating the quality parameters.
The smart machine's monitoring of its own status provides the data needed for preventive maintenance. Thus, the necessary precautionary attempt is made with the status messages sent to the operator and the maintenance-repair team before a malfunction occurs in the machine itself or in the material it is processing. After all; With timely maintenance planning and scheduling, machine downtime is reduced and production is not interrupted.
Another issue related to the smart machine is the concept of decentralization (decentralization, decentralization). Thanks to the artificial intelligence they contain, these types of machines evaluate data easily and on the spot. They do not need to automatically send all the data they obtain from sensors or other data sources to a center and wait for it to be evaluated and returned to them in the form of a decision. Depending on their programming, they have the autonomy to make their own decisions and take action in the face of certain situations and events. Thus, while avoiding time delays, unnecessary data storage costs and data traffic are avoided.
One of the functions that will be embedded in the smart machine is the privacy and security feature called cyber security. The design of hardware and software embedded in the smart machine that will protect technological data and ensure security will enable this device to work safely on local networks and the Internet. It will also play a role in enhancing operator safety. This feature, which is built into the machine, will ensure the safety of the operators and minimize the risks of being connected to the network. Cyber security in the local network and Internet environment is provided by the smart machine at micro level and by the operating system at the macro level.
When it comes to network connections such as the Industrial Internet, security has to be handled in different ways. The security issue should be handled separately and in multiple layers in the areas of hardware, software and services. The security issue will be in a wide range from the manufacturer to the user in terms of smart machine hardware, software on this device, network connectivity and usage efficiency levels.
One of the most important developments in the field of informatics and communication in the 2000s was the design and production of hardware with plug-and-play feature. The convenience of smart machines in connecting or disconnecting from the large network prevents time and resource loss. This type of "add-remove" feature is one of the primary features of the Industry 4.0 phenomenon. In terms of flexibility, we can mention two more features for smart machines. Based on the embedded or loadable software features of smart machines, the first of these features is that these machines are modular and the second is reusable design. These three features ("plug-and-play", modularity and reusability) count among the basic tenets of contemporary machine design.
One of the trends we will observe more in technological development in the upcoming period is that hardware will be increasingly replaced by software. We can say that the place of the software can grow and concentrate in the smart machine design process, structure and operation. Thanks to the capabilities of the software, it is possible for machines with different features in different locations to work together and in harmony. In addition, a parallel work flow is formed in the cognitive and physical spaces thanks to the software on the basis of Industrial Internet-connected technologies. The digitization of the control systems, display and control panels in the factory environment is one of the change effects created by the software. Thanks to the software, it is possible to create virtual models equivalent to simulation and prototyping applications, which means the parallel of the physical product and workflow in the computer environment. Thus, product development and design work becomes easier. Thanks to the facilities provided by computer hardware and software tools, many dangerous obstacles in the software development process can be overcome without any problems. The easy integration of the software with the machine means increasing the capabilities of the smart machine by developing different software applications.
We are experiencing an early stage of a technological transformation where the industrial Internet continues to evolve. With the transition process, employees will need to improve themselves with new training content and methods. If managers want to take advantage of the new opportunities created by technological transformation, then they will have to invest in the development of their own employees. Machine manufacturers who want to maintain or improve their market position have to invest in machine designs that include artificial intelligence and communication features. Taking advantage of new technologies will increase machine performance and efficiency, reduce downtimes of the production system, reduce energy consumption and create the differentiation they need in terms of the competitive conditions of the market. In addition, parallel to the emergence of smart machines, it will be possible to produce new services, processes, systems and business models that will lead to effective and efficient results. In new machine technologies, while software is increasingly replacing hardware, the integration of information-communication technologies and operational technologies will be witnessed.
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