1) Use of hands:
It cannot be called an exact discovery but it was a huge event. Only man can use his hand for fine work. This made it possible to write on today's keyboards, starting with sharpening stones in the new Stone Age (which facilitated food collection through hunting at the dawn of our civilization and we took a step forward in the struggle for survival).
2) Fire:
The beginning of civilization is from the discovery of fire. This was the first step in how to use energy. A universally accepted scale for measuring the progress of civilization is how much power it uses.
3) Agriculture and Animal Husbandry:
With the discovery of agriculture, people became self-reliant on the first element of survival. According to evolution, one has to struggle for existence and survive in the most qualified nature. By teaching food production, people were able to avoid struggling with ferocious animals for food. Otherwise, with the growing population, mankind could have become extinct due to food crisis. Agriculture has been equally important since ancient times. Animal husbandry and teaming up with the ancestors of dogs also led people to advance much in the competition. So today we are physically weak but at the top of the food chain.
4) Language (speech), melody, drawing and script:
We do not give importance to the discovery of language, melody and script. But the fact that it was such a great discovery is unthinkable. Other organisms rely on genetic mutation-induced evolution to transmit information from one generation to the next, an extremely slow process. It takes millions of years for little information to be transmitted.
Through language, melody and script, people were able to transmit information and thoughts to others and to the next generation very quickly. With the help of this, the development of human civilization became evolutionarily neutral and impossibly fast. Today we see how a very complex piece of information is spreading around the world in one second through language and script (and telecommunications).
5) Wheel:
It is well known how big an invention it is. The wheel brought tremendous speed in the development of civilization.
6) Philosophy:
From the earliest days of civilization, people began to think and question for some unknown reason (perhaps for fear of natural disasters). Wanted to understand nature and its own existence. It was this curiosity that gave birth to the intense desire to seek truth, and it was from this desire that imagination and philosophy were born. Science was born on the path of philosophy.
7) Mathematics:
Today, there is nothing in all areas of life where mathematics is not used. At the core of human civilization is science and if science is a story, mathematics is its language. Early examples of the use of mathematics are also found in the Indus Valley Civilization. Physics was born with the addition of mathematics to natural philosophy.
8) Medicine:
Physiology and medicine is one of the most important discoveries of mankind. Other organisms die helplessly when born weak or diseased. We can prevent or cure many diseases. Even if we are born weak, in many cases we can keep ourselves alive.
9) Electromagnetism:
Electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves are a great invention of the modern age. Today's mechanical civilization is almost entirely electromagnetic-dependent and electromagnetic waves are at the core of telecommunications. This discovery has spread all over the world. The expanded field of this is electronics. The present age is the age of electronics. Needless to say, this discovery revolutionized human civilization.
10. Space Technology:
Once upon a time aquatic life came ashore. From there we have come to a long evolutionary trend. First Africa - then spread all over the world. We are an expansionist species. Spreading is our religion. So the next step is to spread to the planets and satellites. Space science, especially rocket science, is a huge step in this direction. Mankind reached space for the first time in its long history only a few decades ago. Today we can stay in space for a few months. We have even set foot on the moon. I think in this century we will be able to settle on the moon and Mars.
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