A human being has chickenpox only once. Just like measles is not more than once. But where does this resistance come from or is it made? Once we are infected with the germs of these diseases, our body forms a force to detect and prevent those germs, part of which are antibodies. The next time this same germ tries to attack again, our body immediately starts fighting against it. Eliminates the germ before it gets sick a second time. This is called immunity. Vaccines also increase the immunity of our body by adopting the same method.
The vaccine is basically a fake version of that germ. After being vaccinated, our body thinks that a germ has actually attacked us. As soon as a force is formed against this germ, that force will be able to destroy the real germ. That said, vaccines train our bodies to fight.
There are numerous examples of possible vaccine use in historical literature. But the efficacy of the vaccine was first shown scientifically in 1796. British physician Edward Jenner. He first applied the cow-spring germ to the body of an 8-year-old boy. Jenner noticed that the germs of cow-spring could infect cows severely, but they could not have much effect on the human body. Jenner knew there were many similarities between the smallpox virus and the smallpox virus. So he wanted to see if the body of a person infected with the smallpox virus could develop resistance to smallpox.
A few days after overcoming the effects of smallpox, Jenner applied smallpox to the boy's body. You see, his idea is correct. Smallpox could not infect the boy. That started the journey of the history of vaccines, it is a brilliant chapter in the history of science. Vaccination has a significant impact on human longevity and health.
It is estimated that more than one million people were infected and 15 million died each year before the generic smallpox vaccine was discovered. But most of the young generation of this period may not have even heard the name of smallpox. Because, the discovery of the generic vaccine and the relentless efforts of the next generation of scientists have further improved the smallpox vaccine; With the international effort to spread it worldwide, smallpox has become an extinct disease in the world today. We also have a big role to play here. Cheap vaccines made in Bangladesh play an important role in eradicating smallpox.
Another great example of a vaccine to eradicate the disease is the polio virus vaccine. In 1988, polio took a terrible turn. About three and a half lakh people from 125 countries were affected. With the exception of just three countries, the world is almost polio-free. In 2014, only 33 infections were reported worldwide. And no child has been infected with polio in Bangladesh since 2006. In 2014, Bangladesh was declared polio free. Every child born in Bangladesh is vaccinated against a number of diseases including polio free of cost. Bangladesh's success in the vaccination program has set a great example worldwide. Many countries in the world now follow us.
The most worrying thing for us right now is the novel coronavirus. And the most sought after item is the coronavirus. There is no effective solution to the corona crisis until an effective and successful vaccine is discovered. We can't get out of the house, we can't take off our masks, we can't go to school until effective vaccines are discovered and distributed.
Researchers around the world are working to develop more than 165 vaccines against coronavirus. Of these, 28 possible ticker trials are underway. But we do not know how many more trials or examinations it will take for the vaccine to be approved and made available to the general public.
Several years of research and testing are usually required before a single vaccine can be administered to the public. But scientists around the world are working together to create a safe and effective Covid-19 vaccine by next year.
Just like you have to go through different steps while making any vaccine, you also have to give a trial in a few steps after making it. It is important to be successful in every step. If you do not succeed in one step, you have to start anew. A vaccine must go through 4 steps to be approved.
Pre-clinical trials: In this step, scientists use the vaccine on a variety of animals, such as rats, rabbits or monkeys. Whether resistance is being created in them or not is seen in this trial. If this step is successful, the clinical trial begins.
Clinical Trial Part-1 :
The vaccine is given to a small number of people, such as 20 to 80 healthy people. This step is to check the safety and levels as well as to make sure that the human body is building immunity.
Clinical Trial Part-2 :
In this episode, scientists administered the vaccine to hundreds of children and the elderly. This step examines the vaccine's ability to develop protective and resistant properties.
Clinical Trial Part-3 :
In this episode, thousands of people were tested. However, not everyone is vaccinated. Half of the people are vaccinated, the other half are given placebo instead of the vaccine. Then the rate of infection between people vaccinated and placebo. This observation confirms whether the vaccine can really protect humans from the virus.
Clinical Trial Part-4:
The results of the above trials are reviewed in each country to determine whether the vaccine will be approved. At this stage a vaccine during an epidemic may be approved for emergency use before it is officially approved.
Immediately after the genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in January this year, there was a worldwide rush to make a vaccine. The first trial in human body started in March. However, the next result is still uncertain. From previous experience in making vaccines for various diseases, some trials will fail, most trials will probably end without obvious results. Hopefully, however, several vaccines will be safe and effective. These may be the ones that will succeed in making long lasting antibodies in our body.
By the first week of August, five vaccines had reached the third stage. This third step is the most important. Because, the vaccine is being tested on thousands of people. And this is the closest step to approval. So we should know about these five vaccines.
Moderna vaccine: After the success of the second phase, the third phase trial has started in July. About 30,000 healthy people in the United States are being enrolled in this final test.
Biointech vaccine: The third phase of this vaccine trial is underway in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Germany and several other countries. 30,000 healthy people are also being registered in this trial.
Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine: The idea is that this vaccine is at the forefront of the race. The third phase of the vaccine is being tested in the United Kingdom, India, Brazil and South Africa. The AstraZeneca company says that if approved, they will be able to produce two billion doses by next year. The Serum Institute of India has already prepared several lakh doses for this ticker trial.
Synoform vaccine: The third phase of the trial of this vaccine started in the United Arab Emirates in July. The vaccine was first administered to the body of Abu Dhabi's health minister. A total of 15 thousand people will take part in this test. The vaccine is expected to be ready for public use by the end of the year.
Synovac vaccine: Synovac started the third phase of the trial in Brazil in July. The company is preparing to produce 100 million doses annually.
Since several vaccines are at risk of failure and more than 700 million people worldwide are vaccinated against the coronavirus, multiple vaccines are needed.
Ticker research is progressing very fast. Maybe we can get out of this epidemic soon. But there are still many questions. I end this article with those questions.
It is usually too late for low- or middle-income countries like ours to get vaccinated. When will the vaccine come to Bangladesh? Will the approved vaccines be able to build resistance among Bangladeshis? Or when the right vaccine comes to Bangladesh, who will be in the first row to get the vaccine?
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