Parenting is a behavioral and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, including parental contributions to the evolutionary abilities of their offspring. Patterns of parenting are common and diverse in the animal kingdom. There are large differences between different groups of animals in how parents care for their young and in the amount of money that parents contribute.
Parental concern can refer to any behavior that contributes to the survival of the child. Care types may include creating a realistic growing environment, providing for young animals, or protecting young animals from predators
Parental care is found in many insects, especially insects such as ants, bees, and wasps; in some fish, such as carp mouths; widely in birds; in amphibians; Some reptiles, and especially mammals, share two main adaptive ways of caring for their young: pregnancy (the development of the embryo in the mother's body) and milk production.
Types Of Parental Care
Male-to-female abandonment can develop when natural selection in favor of parental care is stronger than sexual selection against parental care. [8] In about 1% of birds, males only care about laying eggs. [9] Exceptional caring for males is characteristic of many species, including fish and amphibians.
male buried scarabs (Nicrophorus vespilloides) attract three times as many females when given the opportunity to reproduce and care for their parents, compared to males who do not have the opportunity to reproduce. Species such as Gorilla beringei and Nicrophorus vespilloides indicate that selection may contribute to parental care in monogamous mismatched species.
Maternal Care
Females in mammals have adaptations that make them more capable of caring for their offspring. These adaptations include pregnancy and milk production. In invertebrates, maternal care is known to be a prerequisite for the development of strong family groups and friendliness.
Parental care
Parental care tends to take precedence when gender choices are not rigid and when the gender ratio of adult men to women is not significantly skewed. [18] For two parents to cooperate in childcare, partners must be consistent with each other and with the needs of the developing child and the needs of the environment.
Alloparental care
Alloparental care is a seemingly altruistic and costly reproductive behavior that occurs in over 120 mammalian and 150 bird species. This behavioral strategy has also been observed in eusocial insects, including some species of bees and ants. take care of children who are not descendants.
Examples
In fish
Several groups of fish have acquired parental care. The ratio of fish species, which are observed only in males: two females: females, is 9: 3: 1. Young when they lay eggs. [38] [39] Males of other species may play a role in protecting the eggs before they hatch. Oral incubation is a care that certain groups of fish (and some other animals such as Darwin's frogs) provide to their young by feeding them through the mouth. Oral feeding has developed independently in several fish families. catfish. , snakeheads, jawfish, pompano and arowana.
Insects
showed infrequent parental care in invertebrates; In contrast, oviposition is common in hermaphrodites. Adults lay eggs before leaving to hatch larvae, pupae, and adults. Eggs for meat and animal carcasses are desirable. Although parental and male care is rare, some invertebrates are cared for exclusively by females. Some insects, including the membranous order (ants, bees, and wasps), make significant efforts to care for their young. The type and amount of investment aid varies greatly. Lonely wasps, such as wasps (Eumeninae), build nests for their young, provided the nest is sealed and the young feed on until they leave the nest as adults. queens (mothers), and young were looked after mainly by workers (sisters of young).
In bird
Birds differ in the way they take care of their young. 90% of birds are cared for by their parents, including 9% of species that are cared for or helped by parents in the nest. [9] Parental care goes back to the archosaurs, who gave birth to birds before they developed the ability to fly.
Mammals
All mammals have maternal care. 95% of species only care for females. The remaining 5% of species have parental care. There are no known cases of caring for men only. [43] Higher mammals (with the exception of monogamous species, namely the echidna and the platypus) share two main adaptive ways of caring for their young, namely pregnancy (embryonic development in the mother's body with subsequent survival) and milk production. Mammals show more parental care, including building nests, digging holes, or feeding and protecting their young, often for extended periods of time.