Some major bacterial Poultry diseases

1-Fowl typhoid

Fowl typhoid (FT) and pullorum disease (PD) are septicaemic bacterial diseases of mainly chickens and turkeys, though other birds, such as pheasants, quail, ducks, guinea-fowl and peafowl, are also susceptible. Fowl typhoid  is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are highly host modified and rarely cause significant problems in hosts other than chickens, turkeys and pheasants.  ( Klein E.,1889).  Pullorum disease was called bacillary white diarrhea before 1929. These two diseases seriously endangered the poultry industry in the near the beginning 1900s due to extensive outbreaks accompany by high mortality. However, FT and PD have been eradicate from profitable poultry in the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom, mainly due to pullorum-typhoid programmes, namely: the National Poultry development Plan (NPIP) and the Poultry Health Scheme respectively. However, FT and PD are at rest common in many countries throughout the world. Details of a variety of aspects of FT and PD can be found in reviews. (Bullis K,1997., Office International des Epizooties,1996).

The clinical signs in chicks:

The clinical signs in chicks  and poults due to FT and PD have been described before.( Beaudette F.R. (1930), Beaudette F.R. (1936), Beaudette F.R. (1936). These comprise moribund and dead birds in the incubator or in a while after hatching if the chicks and poults are hatched from impure eggs. The birds may obvious depression, somnolence, anorexia, huddling together, droopy wings, dehydration, laboured breathing, diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, weakness and adherence of faeces to the find expression for In some situations. FT or PD may not be experiential awaiting five to ten days after hatching. The highest mortality frequently occurs in birds of two to three weeks of age. Survivors may be very much abridged in weight and badly feathered, and may not grown-up into well developed laying or breeding birds. Flocks that have skilled a harsh outbreak will have a superior percentage of carriers at maturity. Other signs, as well as blindness, swelling of the tibiotarsal joint and the humeral, radial and ulnar articulations may be experiential. In rising and adult fowl, clinical signs of FT and PD may not be clear in some cases. Non-specific clinical signs, counting a refuse in feed expenditure. A tired look, or disheveled fine hair and light wasted combs might be observed. Other cipher, as well as decreased egg production, fertility and hatchability, may also be observed depending upon the harshness of disease. Death can happen inside four days of contact but more often than not occurs after five to ten days. An add to in body temperature may occur as a result of PD and FT. Other famous clinical signs include anorexia, diarrhoea, depression, dehydration and loss of weight,display lower morbidity and mortality than birds that are strained by transport. Financial dead due to PD and FT can be extremely elevated. This is manifested in the loss of birds, feed costs, veterinary costs, disposal of dead birds, etc. Although the precise figures are not obtainable but the following is an example to exemplify the financial loss. In spite of the abolition of PD in the USA, the result of the disease was felt in 1990-1991 when a series of outbreaks occurred in a totally included broiler operation connecting five States in the eastern USA .( David M. & Goldsmith S. (1992, Salem M., Odor E.M. & Pope C. (1992). The outbreaks ultimately concerned nineteen breeder flock ultimately traced back to an infected grandparent male line breeding flock .( David M. & Goldsmith S.,(1992). while the precise costs are not obtainable,abolition of the grandparent line, parent flocks and growout birds, and the replacement of these birds entailed significant cost. At present, the major economic importance of FT and PD in developed nations is the cost of observation programmes.

Causes of FT disease:

                        Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are together members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and are extremely modified to the host. The bacteria fit in to serogroup D according to the Kauffmann-White scheme. The greater part of strains of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are incredibly alike at a chromosomal level.( Christensen J.P. & Bisgaard M,1996). In addition, S. Enteritidis, one more member of serogroup Group D, is consideration to be intimately connected to S. Gallinarum and S.Pullorum, based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (.Stanley J. & Baquar N,1994). According to one study, the mainly new frequent ancestor of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum was non-motile. ( Whittam T.S. & Seiander R.K. (1993). Since diverging from this ancestor, the S. Pullorum lineage appears to have evolved more quickly than the S. Gallinarum lineage ( Whittam T.S. & Seiander R.K. (1993). The organisms are Gram negative, non-sporogenic,non-motile and facultatively anaerobic. The bacteria are slender rods measuring approximately 1.0 pm-2.5 μm in length and 0.3 pm-1.5 μm in width. Both S. Gallinarum an S. Pullorum are measured to be non-motile. On the other hand, motility and flagellation have lately been induced in S. Pullorum grown on solid media.(Chaubal L.H. & Holt P.S. (1999), Guard-Petter J. (1997). Holt P.S. & Chaubal L.H. (1997).Other workers were not capable to encourage motility in S. Pullorum when grown on Hektoen agar.( Chart H. & Rowe B. (1998). Both S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum produce willingly on beef agar or broth or additional nutrient media. The bacteria are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic and cultivate best at 37°C. The organisms will grow in discriminating improvement media including selenite F and tetrathionate broths, and on differential plating media including MacConkey, bismuth sulphite and brilliant green (BG) agars. Salmonella Pullorum may infrequently be unsuccessful to cultivate on certain selective media such as BG or Salmonella shigella agar, but grow adequately on bismuth sulphite and MacConkey agars . Carlson V.L. & Snoeyenbos G.H. (1974). Colonies of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum appear as small, discrete, smooth, blue-grey or greyish-white, glistening colonies that are homogenous and whole on meat extract or meat mixture agar (pH 7.0-pH 7.2). Most of the colonies remain small (1 mm or less), but isolated colonies may have a diameter of 3 mm to 4 mm or more. Infrequently, morphologically abnormal strains can be encounter. Inoculation of gelatin slants yields greyish-white surface growth with filiform growth in the stab and no liquefaction.M Growth in broth is turbid with a heavy flocculent sediment. Both organisms can confusion arabinose, dextrose, galactose, mannitol, mannose, rhamnose and xylose to produce acid with or without gas production. (. Blaxland J.D., Sojka W.J. & Smither A.M. (1956). Hansen H.C. & Bisgaard M. (1992). Substances not fermented include lactose, sucrose and salicin. One important biochemical difference between the two organisms is that S. Gallinarum ferments dulcitol whereas S. Pullorum doesnot. In addition, S. Pullorum only occasionally ferments maltose. However, the chief disparity is that S. Pullorum produces rapid decarboxylation of ornithine, while S. Gallinarum does not. In addition, S. Gallinarum uses citrate, D - sorbitol, L - fucose, D - tartrate and cysteine hydrochloride gelatin (38). Hinz K.H. & Bisgaard M. (1994) Some of these differences may be obliging in differentiate between the two organisms. However, difference in the uniqueness of some strains can occasionally be experiential, especially in regard to gas production. Other techniques, including ribotyping and polymerase chain reaction, have been important tools to recognize S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum (37, 74, 143). Olsen J.E. & Bisgaard M. (1993). Hashimoto Y. & Ezaki T. (1997) Fukata T. & Baba T. (1995) These bacteria can be further typed for epidemiological studies by various techniques such as random intensification of polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid (RAPD), plasmid profiling, phage typing and cloning of chromosomal remains .(3, , 4 1 , 78, , 142. Harbola P.C. & Verma J.C. (1994) Holt P.S. & Lee M.D. (1999). T., Chaudhuri P., Singh V.P. & Sharma B. (1997). . Tsubokura M. (1966).

Transmission:

Fowl typhoid and PD can be transmit by a variety of means. (Beach J.R. & Davis D.E. (1927),Callenbach E.W. &Thorp W.T.S. (1949).The impure bird, such as a transporter or a reactor, is by far the majority significant income of maintenance and increase of the bacteria. Birds may not only contaminate their possess generation, but also following generations, through egg transmission. Egg spread may result from contamination of the ovum following ovulation or localisation of the bacteria in the ova by ovulation. (Beach J.R. & Davis D.E. (1927). Additional modes of transmission comprise shell infiltration, feed contamination, make contact with transmission either in the hatcher, brooder, cages or floor, cannibalism of impure birds, egg eating, and through wound on the skin.( Upp C.W. & Moore J.M. (1926). Kume T. &Sakazaki R. (1960). Dillard L.H. & Hall G.O. (1968). Faeces from contaminated birds are an significant source of contamination of other birds. Contaminated feed, water and trash can also be sources of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Followers, nourish dealers, bird buyers and company who move among farms and birda houses may increase disease except defense are taken to sterilize footwear, hands and clothing. likewise, trucks, crates and feed sacks may also be infected and can be the source of disease of birds. Wild birds, mammals, flies and insects may be significant in emotionless extend of the organism. Both S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum may stay alive for several years in a favourable environment, but are a lesser amount of defiant than paratyphoid salmonellae to heat, chemicals and unfavorable environmental factors. (Pomeroy B.S. & Nagaraja K.V. (1991). Snoeyenbos G.H.(1991).For example, S. Gallinarum was killed in 10 min at 60°C,

 within a a small number of minutes by shortest contact to sunlight. The S.Gallinarum was killed by 1:1,000 phenol, 1:20,000 dichloride of mercury or 1% potassium permanganate, and in 1 min by 2% formalin . Agar cultures might quickly misplace pathogenic nature. Salmonella Gallinarum was establish to keep feasibility for awake to forty-three days and topic to every day cooling and thawing. (Orr B.B. & Moore E.N. (1953). Organisms survived additional than 148 days at -20°C, still though they were by chance thawed  twice. Salmonella Gallinarum cansurvive in the faeces from contaminated chickens for up to 10.9  days when reserved in a variety home, and for two days fewer in the open.(Smith H.W. (1955).Compounds consisting phenol were the the majority efficient disinfectant for manage of S. Gallinarum in the field, followed by quaternary ammonium compounds and iodophores.( Berchieri A. & Barrow P. (1995).

Diagnosis:

A ultimate analysis of FT and PD require the separation and recognition of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum correspondingly. On the other hand, a hesitant conclusion can be complete, based on the gather history, clinical signs, mortality and lesions. Constructive serological conclusion can also be of huge price in detecting disease. The negative results should not be careful sufficient for a ultimate analysis, because of the holdup of three to ten or more days in look of agglutinating antibodies following disease. In adding, cross-reactions with other salmonellae, such as S.Enteritidis, should be measured when interpret serological consequences. ( Gast R.K. & Beard C.W. (1990). Lucio B. & Baker R.C. (1990) Waltman W.D. & Horne A.M. (1993). A short impression of diagnostic techniques will be given here. Additional comprehensive information is provided in a different place .

Public health implications

Since S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are extremely modified to the host, the diseases are of small public health importance. Infrequent PD in humans has been reported subsequent eating of infected food containing huge numbers of S. Pullorum.(Garlock F.C. & Broh-Kahn R.H. (1946). Popp L. (1947). The symptoms are characterised by a quick start of sharp enteritis followed by punctual mending with no treatment. Experimental imitation of salmonellosis using four strains of S. Pullorum in humans are in large numbers (billions) of bacteria.Which has shaped merely passing sickness followed by punctual revival.(McCullough N.B. & Eisele C.W,1951). Salmonella Gallinarum is hardly ever secluded from humans and is of little public health importance. According to a statement of the Centers for Disease Control and avoidance.Atlanta, USA, eight S. Gallinarum isolates and eighteen S. Pullorum isolates have been detected out of a total of 458,081 salmonella isolates from humans between 1982 and 1992 .(Anon. (1992). The attendance or nonappearance of symptoms in the individuals from which the salmonellae were isolated was not recorded.