Bangladesh is a populous and developing country in South Asia . After gaining independence from Pakistan in the 1971 War of Independence, the country emerged on the world map as an independent state. The eastern part of the Indian subcontinent borders the country with the main part of the ancient and historical region, where civilization has been going on for more than four thousand years, even in the Calcolithic era. The history of this region is closely related to the history of Bengal and the history of India. The early history of the area is the legacy of the Indian Empire, the history of internal conflicts and the conflict between Hindus and Buddhists. After the thirteenth century, when Muslim explorers, such as Turks, Iranians, Mughals, etc., came to this country, Islam gradually became influential. Later Muslim rulers strengthened the transformation process by building mosques and madrasas.
Archaeological excavations in Bangladesh reveal traces of the NBPW era (800-200 BC) in the Indian subcontinent. The Iron Age culture in the Indian subcontinent began around 600 BC and lasted until 500-300 BC. This period existed between the rise of the 18 great kingdoms or mahajanapadas of northern India and the subsequent rise of the Maurya Empire . [3] The eastern part of ancient India, present day Bangladesh or the kingdom of ancient Bengal was part of these mahajanapadas, which are believed to have flourished in the sixth century. [4]
Linguistically, the earliest peoples of the region may have spoken Dravidian languages , such as Kurukus, or perhaps Austro-Asiatic languages such as Santal. Later, people of other language families like Tibetan-Burmese settled in Bengal. By the 7th century BC, western Bangladesh became part of the Indo-Aryan civilization as part of Magadha . The Nanda dynasty was the first historical state to unite Bangladesh under Indo-Aryan rule. Later, after the rise of Buddhism, many priests settled here for the spread of religion and erected many pillars like Mahasthangarh .
Ancient period:
Foreign colonizationEdit
The Bengalis were a mighty sea explorers of ancient India. Not only the Bengali nation, but in ancient times various ethnic groups in the eastern part of India, such as Bengalis, Kalingis , Tamils, etc. , used to establish various colonies in Southeast Asia. They also built such a huge civilization in Southeast Asia. This is known as Srivijaya civilization. The history of Vietnam mentions that a man named Lak Long ( Lakshan ?) From a country called Bon-Lang (Bengali) in India went to Vietnam and established a kingdom called "Bon-Lang". There is no doubt that this forest is the Bengal of India. The kingdom of these Bengalis existed till the third century BC. [5] On the other hand, Sri Lanka has been mentioned in the history of the West Country fromA man named Vijay Singh overthrew the local Dravidian kings and established a new kingdom called Singhal (Lion Dynasty). Vijay Singh is considered as the father of the Sinhalese nation. There is also an epic in Sri Lanka about Vijay Singh which is known as "Mahavamsa". [৬]
Nanda EmpireEdit
Main article: Nanda Empire
The Nanda Empire was an unforgettable period in the history of Bengal. In this age Bengal's strength and abundance ascended to the top. During this period Bengal was able to spread its empire over the whole of northern India. Nanda kings were born in Bengal. They captured Magadha (Bihar) from Bengal and united the two kingdoms and established a new empire called Banga-Magadha. In ancient Greek history, Bengal is referred to as Gangaridai and Magadha as Prasi. In Greek history, this united kingdom is referred to as Gangaridai and Prasi.
Mahapadma Nanda was the greatest emperor of the Nanda dynasty. He conducted extensive military operations all over India. He conquered Koshal ( Uttar Pradesh ), Kuru ( East Punjab ), Matsya ( Rajputana ), Chedi (a forested region between Madhya Pradesh and Bihar), and Avanti (Madhya Pradesh). Mahapadma prepared a huge army at Digvijayartha. According to the history of the time, there were 200,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalry, 4,000 chariots and 2,000 elephants under Mahapadma. He had 200,000 infantry, 70,000 cavalry, 6,000 chariots, and 8,000 elephants.
It is known from "Kathasrit Sagar" that he also conquered a large part of South India . He conquered the two kingdoms of Kalinga and Ashmak in southern India. Ashmak is the name of an ancient kingdom in the eastern part of Maharashtra . It was a famous colony of Aryans in South India. Kalinga is the ancient name of Orissa . It is known from the Hastigumpha inscription of Kalinga that Mahapadma built a huge water system for irrigation in Kalinga. He also took a statue of a Jain Tirthankara from Kalinga to the capital. Mahapadma was able to establish a large empire for the first time in the history of India. He conquered the whole of India and took the title of Ekrat. Following him, the kings of West India became great and the kings of South India became emperors.
After Mahapadma Nanda, his son Dhanananda or Ugrananda came to power . During the reign of wealth, the state witnessed great economic prosperity. During the reign of Dhanananda, five Dharmastupas were built at Pataliputra. Dhanananda has been mentioned in various histories of ancient India as a greedy man.
During the Ugrananda or Dhanananda period, the Greek emperor Alexander invaded India. But Ugrananda was ready to face Alexander with a huge army. Plutarch says that after the battle with King Purushottam (Porus), the Macedonian troops became frustrated, and reluctant to enter further into India. They learned that the Ganges, which was 230 stadia wide and 1,000 feet deep, had all its banks completely covered by armed warriors, horses, and elephants. The king of Gangaridai and Prussia was waiting for him (Alexander) with 200,000 infantry, 60,000 cavalry, 6,000 chariots and 8,000 elephants.
1947, British India was divided into two independent states, India and Pakistan. Pakistan's borders were marked on the basis of Muslim predominance, making it inevitable on the map of Pakistan to have two separate territories, one East Pakistan and the other West Pakistan . East Pakistan was formed mainly with East Bengal which is now Bangladesh. The history of East Pakistan is basically a history of oppression and exploitation at the hands of the West Pakistani rulers who had military rule from 1956 to 1971 on the other side.
The zamindar system was abolished under land reform in 1950. (Baxter [42] , p. 72) But despite the economic and demographic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani government and army were under the full control of the West Pakistanis. The language movement of 1952 was the first sign of conflict between the two parts of Pakistan. (Baxter quote error: The start <ref>tag is incorrect or incorrectly named , pp. 62–63) Over the next decade, protests by the central government over economic and cultural issues began to take root in the minds of ordinary people in East Pakistan.
The first step against Pakistani influence and dictatorship was the establishment of the Awami Muslim League under the leadership of Maulana Bhasani . The party was founded in 1949. The victory in the 1954 United Front elections and the formation of the Coalition Opposition or ' COP ' with the aim of defeating Pakistan's military administrator General Ayub Khan in the 1975 presidential election were milestones in the movement led by East Pakistani politicians against Pakistani military rule. The question of the independence of East Pakistan has been raised since the mid-1950s.
1947, British India was divided into two independent states, India and Pakistan. Pakistan's borders were marked on the basis of Muslim predominance, making it inevitable on the map of Pakistan to have two separate territories, one East Pakistan and the other West Pakistan . East Pakistan was formed mainly with East Bengal which is now Bangladesh. The history of East Pakistan is basically a history of oppression and exploitation at the hands of the West Pakistani rulers who had military rule from 1956 to 1971 on the other side.
The zamindar system was abolished under land reform in 1950. But despite the economic and demographic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani government and army were under the full control of the West Pakistanis. The language movement of 1952 was the first sign of conflict between the two parts of Pakistan. Tag is incorrect or incorrectly named , Over the next decade, protests by the central government over economic and cultural issues began to take root in the minds of ordinary people in East Pakistan.
The first step against Pakistani influence and dictatorship was the establishment of the Awami Muslim League under the leadership of Maulana Bhasani . The party was founded in 1949. The victory in the 1954 United Front elections and the formation of the Coalition Opposition or ' COP ' with the aim of defeating Pakistan's military administrator General Ayub Khan in the 1975 presidential election were milestones in the movement led by East Pakistani politicians against Pakistani military rule. The question of the independence of East Pakistan has been raised since the mid-1950s.
In 1947, British India was divided into two independent states, India and Pakistan. Pakistan's borders were marked on the basis of Muslim predominance, making it inevitable on the map of Pakistan to have two separate territories, one East Pakistan and the other West Pakistan . East Pakistan was formed mainly with East Bengal which is now Bangladesh. The history of East Pakistan is basically a history of oppression and exploitation at the hands of the West Pakistani rulers who had military rule from 1956 to 1971 on the other side.
The zamindar system was abolished under land reform in 1950. (Baxter [42] , p. 72) But despite the economic and demographic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani government and army were under the full control of the West Pakistanis. The language movement of 1952 was the first sign of conflict between the two parts of Pakistan. Over the next decade, protests by the central government over economic and cultural issues began to take root in the minds of ordinary people in East Pakistan.
The first step against Pakistani influence and dictatorship was the establishment of the Awami Muslim League under the leadership of Maulana Bhasani . The party was founded in 1949. The victory in the 1954 United Front elections and the formation of the Coalition Opposition or ' COP ' with the aim of defeating Pakistan's military administrator General Ayub Khan in the 1975 presidential election were milestones in the movement led by East Pakistani politicians against Pakistani military rule. The question of the independence of East Pakistan has been raised since the mid-1950s.
The military operation was launched by the Pakistan Army in the first half of March 26. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and the political leaders became divided. Before being arrested by the Pakistani army, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman sent a signed note marked the Declaration of Independence of Bangladesh . The note was transmitted by a radio transmitter of the then East Pakistan Rifles. Bangladeshi Army officer Major Ziaur Rahman occupied the Kalurghat radio station and read out the Declaration of Independence on the evening of 26 March.
For military purposes, Bangladesh was divided into 11 sectors under 11 commanders. [55] In addition to these regional forces, three more special forces were formed to fight: the Z Force , the S Force and the K Force . The names of these three forces are derived from the first letters of the names of the commanders of those forces. Most of the weapons, including training and arms and ammunition, were provided by the Meherpur government, which was supported by India. During the war between the Pakistan Army and the Bengal Liberation Army , an estimated one crore Bengalis, mainly Hindus, took refuge in the Indian states of Assam, Tripura and West Bengal.
India had sympathy for East Pakistan and on 3 December 1971, India took part in the war on behalf of the Bangladeshis. This led to a short and devastating two-week war between India and Pakistan. On December 16, 1971, Lieutenant General A.A.K. Niazi and the Pakistani generals in East Pakistan surrendered to the allied forces of India and Bangladesh. At the time of surrender, only a few countries granted diplomatic recognition to the new state. After World War II , more than 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered in the history of the world.
The military operation was launched by the Pakistan Army in the first half of March 26. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested and the political leaders became divided. Before being arrested by the Pakistani army, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman sent a signed note marked the Declaration of Independence of Bangladesh . The note was transmitted by a radio transmitter of the then East Pakistan Rifles. Bangladeshi Army officer Major Ziaur Rahman occupied the Kalurghat radio station and read out the Declaration of Independence on the evening of 26 March.
For military purposes, Bangladesh was divided into 11 sectors under 11 commanders. In addition to these regional forces, three more special forces were formed to fight: the Z Force , the S Force and the K Force . The names of these three forces are derived from the first letters of the names of the commanders of those forces. Most of the weapons, including training and arms and ammunition, were provided by the Meherpur government, which was supported by India. During the war between the Pakistan Army and the Bengal Liberation Army , an estimated one crore Bengalis, mainly Hindus, took refuge in the Indian states of Assam, Tripura and West Bengal.
India had sympathy for East Pakistan and on 3 December 1971, India took part in the war on behalf of the Bangladeshis. This led to a short and devastating two-week war between India and Pakistan. On December 16, 1971, Lieutenant General A.A.K. Niazi and the Pakistani generals in East Pakistan surrendered to the allied forces of India and Bangladesh. At the time of surrender, only a few countries granted diplomatic recognition to the new state. After World War II , more than 90,000 Pakistani soldiers surrendered in the history of the world.
Bangladesh is a country full of history and natural beauty