The rotation of the earth around its own axis is called the ecliptic motion of the earth. This motion is counterclockwise from west to east. The axis of diurnal motion of the earth intersects the earth's surface at the North Pole and South Pole.

The time when the earth rotates once relative to the sun is called the apparent solar day. During this time the Earth's orbital eccentricity and tilt change as it depends on the Earth's axial motion. As the Earth's orbital eccentricity and tilt change over thousands of years, so does the Earth's apparent solar day. The apparent solar days are usually longer than the average solar day at two times of the year and shorter at the other two times. When the Sun rotates through the equator at a greater angle than usual, the apparent solar day becomes longer by 10 seconds near Anusur, and shorter by 10 seconds near Apsur. The apparent solar day is 20 seconds longer in the vicinity of the ion and shorter by 20 seconds in the vicinity of the equator. These two phases of Anusura and Ayan together prolong the apparent solar day by about 30 seconds near 22 December. On the other hand, the apparent solar day is only 13 seconds longer when the effect of ion is eliminated by the apsur near 19th June. Due to the effect of the equinox, the apparent solar day decreases from 26 March to 18 seconds and from 16 September to 21 seconds.

The average of the total apparent solar days in a year is called the average solar day. The average solar day is made up of 86,400 average solar seconds. This second is now longer than the standard second. Since 1972, the average solar day has been 0-2 milliseconds longer than 86,400 standard seconds.

The axis of the ecliptic motion of the earth is in motion with fixed stars and the earth's surface. The external force of gravity of the sun, moon, and other cosmic objects causes the earth's ecliptic axis to rotate forward. For millions of years, the moon's gravitational pull has caused the earth's rotational force and angular velocity to slow down. However, a number of major events on Earth's surface, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, increased the speed of the Earth's rotation by as much as three microseconds. The change in the distribution of the mass of the Earth's surface due to the retreat of the glaciers after the Ice Age has resulted in a change in the rotation of the Earth due to the constant angular momentum.

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