Metallurgy is a field of science where the physical and chemical properties of metallic substances, inter-metallic compounds and alloys are studied. It is also a technology that deals with the use of metals in real life.
Extraction of precious metals from ore requires metallurgy. There are three issues. To collect ore. Metal extraction. Remove residual waste. First the ore is collected and powdered so that the required metal is removed from the waste as much as possible. The task is then to separate the required metal from the mixture of waste and metal. This is why some chemical solutions are often used so that when the ore powder is mixed, the required metal is dissolved in it and the rest of the waste is dissolved in an insoluble state. The metal is then removed from the solution after it has been moved elsewhere. Metals are also extracted by electroplating. In many cases the same ore contains more than one precious metal. In that case the waste that remains after the first extraction of a metal is used as the raw material for the extraction of the second metal. In this way the extraction of metals continues.
The most widely used metals in engineering are iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, nickel, magnesium, chromium, titanium. These metals are used in the form of hybrids. An alloy is a mixture of one or more metals or non-metals with a metal. In practice, alloys are more suitable than pure metals. Because only a pure metal has the necessary properties, it can be controlled as needed through metal hybridization. For example, several hybrids of iron-carbon can be mentioned. Cast iron is used in cases where there is no problem in rusting the iron. But where corrosion prevention is the main issue, stainless steel has to be used. Where light but strong metals are required, hybrids of aluminum are used. Copper-nickel alloys (e.g., monel) are used in highly corrosive environments. Some special alloys of nickel are used to make high temperature tolerant parts, such as: turbocharger, pressure vessel, heat exchanger.