The world has gone through four ice ages and four inter-ice ages. Every time there is a change in the body shape of the animals that survive in the warmer regions. This shape has occurred in humans as well as other animals. Java humans and Peking humans lived in the first phase of that ice age about a million years ago. Neanderthal human skeletons have been found all over the world. However, the closest people to Homo sapiens are the Cromanian humans. Incidentally, their fossils are found in caves in the Croatian region of France.

In the Neolithic (Old Stone Age) era, human life was a hunter-gatherer life and in the Neolithic (Neolithic Age) era, agriculture was a permanent life. The practice of clan and totem (religion) began among the people in the Palaeolithic era. Taboo was the name given to all restrictions imposed on the practice of totem or religion. Towards the end of the apocalyptic age, people began to express their thoughts through broken words and gestures. When it comes to agricultural life, people are seen worshiping various natural forces.

The story of human civilization begins in this agricultural age.

Egyptian civilization

Herodotus, the father of history, called Egypt a "gift of the Nile." Because Egyptian civilization developed around the Nile. The main deity of the Egyptians was the sun god, named 'Aman'. The idea of ​​the Egyptian king Pharaohs, they are descendants of the sun god. So they were immortal and because of this belief they mummified their bodies after death.

Another god was ‘Osiris’, he was the god of natural energy, grain and blues. Pharaoh Amenhotep IV introduced the worship of one god, the sun god, instead of many. He changed the name of the sun god to 'Aten' and gave his name to the god 'Akhenaten'.

The Egyptians were skilled in making idols. The limestone statues of Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti still seem alive. The name of the Egyptian hieroglyphics is ‘hieroglyphic’, a name given by the Greeks, which means ‘sacred inscription’. Paper was used to make paper from reed bushes. Emperor Napoleon found a stone called 'Rosetta' of Egyptian civilization, from which it was possible to decipher later hieroglyphic languages. The development of astronomy and mathematics in the world of science was the first success of the Egyptians. Besides, the Egyptians are thought to have invented arithmetic and geometry. Because it was important to have knowledge of geometry to build a triangular pyramid.

Sumerian civilization

The Greek word ‘Mesopotamia’ means ‘land between two rivers’. The Tigris or Tigris River to the east of Mesopotamia, and the Euphrates or Euphrates River to the west. The Sumerian civilization is the oldest of many Mesopotamian civilizations. It was born in 3500 BC. The writing system of this civilization is called ‘Cuneiform’, which was written on a soft slate of clay. A library of four thousand clay discs has been found in a temple in the ancient Sumerian city of Nippur. Although the Sumerians believed in many gods, they had no idea of ​​the hereafter, so no mummies were found in this civilization. Their chief deity was the sun god 'Shamash'.

Ancient Babylon

This Mesopotamian civilization was founded in 2050 BC. This civilization was formed by a group of people from the Syrian desert known as the Amorites. This civilization was born under the leadership of Hammurabi, the famous leader of the Amorites. He is famous as a law compiler. Babylon has the ‘Epic of Gilgamesh’. Language cuneiform.

Assyrian civilization

The city of Ashur was located on the banks of the Tigris River in Mesopotamia. The Assyrian civilization developed around this city. This civilization was initially dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry. But with the passage of time, due to the increase in population, there were various crises in their daily life and gradually they started looting by occupying different areas in the vicinity. Later, looted goods became the main source of their economy. The Assyrians had a modern army in that era. They were the first to make iron weapons, form artillery and use war chariots. There is a library with 2200 clay slates written in cuneiform style built by the last emperor 'Ashurbanipal'. At the end of a period of three hundred years, this civilization was destroyed in 612 BC.

Chaldean civilization

The Chaldean civilization was also called the New Babylonian Civilization as it developed around the city of Babylon. Emperor Nebuchadnezzar was instrumental in building the Chaldean Empire, the final stage of Mesopotamian civilization. Strict ruler Nebuchadnezzar revolted against him, destroyed the city of Jerusalem, and took thousands of Hebrew (Jews) captives, known as the Babylonian Captivity.

The queen of Nebuchadnezzar asked the king to build a garden as a hobby. To appease the queen, King Nebuchadnezzar built a huge garden on the roof of the city wall, now known as the 'Gardens of Babylon'. Although they have not contributed much to other branches of science, their contribution to astronomy has been outstanding. The Chaldeans divided the first week into seven days and the day into 12 pairs of hours.