Bangladesh,  country of South Asia, located in the delta of the Padma (Ganges [Ganga]) and Jamuna (Brahmaputra) rivers in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinentOFFICIAL NAMEGana Prajatantri Bangladesh (People’s Republic of Bangladesh)

FORM OF GOVERNMENTunitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Parliament [3501])

HEAD OF STATEPresident: Abdul Hamid

HEAD OF GOVERNMENTPrime Minister: Sheikh Hasina Wazed(Wajed)

CAPITALDhaka

OFFICIAL LANGUAGEBengali (Bangla)

OFFICIAL RELIGIONIslam

MONETARY UNITBangladesh taka (Tk)

POPULATION(2019 est.) 166,585,000

POPULATION RANK(2018) 8

POPULATION PROJECTION 2030183,691,000

TOTAL AREA (SQ MI)56,977

TOTAL AREA (SQ KM)147,570

DENSITY: PERSONS PER SQ MI(2018) 3,074.1

DENSITY: PERSONS PER SQ KM(2018) 1,186.9

URBAN-RURAL POPULATIONUrban: (2018) 36.6%Rural: (2018) 63.4%

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTHMale: (2016) 70.3 yearsFemale: (2016) 72.9 years

LITERACY: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION AGE 15 AND OVER LITERATEMale: (2016) 75.6%Female: (2016) 69.9%

GNI (U.S.$ ’000,000)(2017) 242,754

GNI PER CAPITA (U.S.$)(2017) 1,470

• The riverine country of Bangladesh (“Land of the Bengals”) is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and its people are predominantly Muslim. As the eastern portion of the historical region of Bengal, the area once formed, along with what is now the Indian state of West Bengal, the province of Bengal in British India. With the partition of India in 1947, it became the Pakistani province of East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), one of five provinces of Pakistan, separated from the other four by 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of Indian territory. In 1971 it became the independent country of Bangladesh, with its capital at Stretching northward from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh constitutes roughly the eastern two-thirds of the deltaic plain of the Padma(Ganges [Ganga]) and Jamuna (Brahmaputra) rivers. Except for small higher areas of jungle-covered old alluvium (rising to about 100 feet [30 metres]) in the northwest and north-centre—in the Barind and the Madhupur Tract, respectively—the plain is a flat surface of recent alluvium, having a gentle slope and an elevation of generally less than 30 feet (9 metres) above sea level. In the northeast and southeast—in the Sylhet and Chittagong Hills areas, respectively—the alluvial plains give place to ridges, running mainly north-south, that form part of the mountains that separate Bangladesh from Myanmar and India. In its southern region, Bangladesh is fringed by the Sundarbans, a huge expanse of marshy deltaic forest.

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  The Barind is a somewhat elevated triangular wedge of land that lies between the floodplains of the upper Padma and Jamuna rivers in northwestern Bangladesh. A depression called the Bhar Basin extends southeast from the Barind for about 100 miles (160 km) to the confluence of the Padma and Jamuna. This area is inundated during the summer monsoonseason, in some places to a depth exceeding 10 feet (3 metres). The drainage of the western part of the basin is centred in the vast marshy area called the Chalan wetlands, also known as Chalan Lake. The floodplains of the Jamuna, which lie north of the Bhar Basin and east of the Barind, stretch from the border with Assam in the north to the confluence of the Padma and Jamuna in the south. The area is dominated by the Jamuna, which frequently overflows its banks in devastating floods. South of the Bhar Basin is the floodplain of the lower In north-central Bangladesh, east of the Jamuna floodplains, is the Madhupur Tract. It consists of an elevated plateau on which hillocks ranging in height from 30 to 60 feet (9 to 18 metres) give contour to cultivated valleys. The Madhupur Tract contains sal trees, whose hardwood is comparable in value and utility to teak. East of the Madhupur Tract, in northeastern Bangladesh, is a region called the Northeastern Lowland. It encompasses the southern and southwestern parts of the Sylhet area (including the valley plain of the Surma River) and the northern part of the Mymensingh area and has a large number of lakes. The Sylhet Hills in the far northeast of the region consist of a number of hillocks and hills ranging in elevation from about 100 feet (30 metres) to more than 1,100 feet (330 metres).

  In east-central Bangladesh the Brahmaputra River in its old course (the Old Brahmaputra River) built up the flood basin of the Meghna River, the region that includes the low and fertile Meghna-Sitalakhya Doab (the land area between those rivers). This area is enriched by the Titas distributary, and land areas are formed and changed by the deposition of silt and sand in the riverbeds of the Meghna River, especially between Bhairab Bazar and Daudkandi. Dhaka is located in this region