Father is Scottish, mother is British. But lives in New Zealand. Ernest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics, was born on August 30, 181 in the same family. He was educated in New Zealand. MSc in 1894. Jagadish Basu did not get the status of inventor. On the other hand, in the same year, the Italian inventor Marconi was recognized as the inventor of the radio device.
Rutherford dropped out of college. He also mastered mathematics and physics. But after doing his MSc, he decided to study medicine. Because he did not get any encouragement from his teachers in mathematics or physics. So he wanted to return to his fatherland. He did not come to Scotland because the situation there was not good. Then Rutherford turned to physics again. He thought of going to study at Cambridge. He wanted money for this. Rutherford had a reputation for scholarships. For this, of course, he had to take the test in London.
Many people took part in that exam every year. But a scholarship was given to one. Rutherford came second in that exam. So there was no way to get his scholarship. But sometimes luck probably helped. So Radaford's fortunes were shattered. He received a scholarship and the opportunity to study in England.
Rutherford arrived in England in 1895. J. J. Thomson was a professor at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. Thomson had not yet discovered electrons. He started research. In fact, Radford's role in radioactive science is very big. He named the alpha and beta rays.
The fame of Cavendish Laboratory was then worldwide. Thomson redefined it. It became the best place in the world for experimental research. Rutherford won Thomson's heart in a few days. His fame spread through his work, intelligence and knowledge. Became an influential scientist.
169. A professor vacancy at Maggill University in Canada that year. Rutherford decides to join. It's a risky decision. Cambridge's world-renowned, famous laboratory, not to mention a prestigious university professor. Thomson wrote the letter of recommendation praising him. McGill University also hired Radford.
Rutherford's most famous work was the gold test. It was through this test that he discovered the nucleus inside the atom. However, he was not the first to advocate the idea of the nucleus.
1904. Two models of atoms have appeared since then. I have already mentioned one of them - Thomson's raisin model. And Philip Nenard's atomic model. There has been a lot of discussion about these two models.
Hantaro Nagawakai modeled the first atom in the solar system. He proposed that the positively charged particles are located in the center of the atom and the electrons are located on the outside. Like many solar systems. If so, then there must be an orbit for the electron. It must revolve around the nucleus. But the problem remains, is the force of gravity. The planets in the solar system revolve around the gravitational force. There is no chance of gravitational force acting on the atom. Here the matter of electric attraction ball-sapper is more important. Nagwaka said that there is no obstacle for electrons to rotate inside the atom in this way. That kinetic energy wants to move the planets in a straight path. On the other hand, the gravitational force wants to pull the planets towards the center. The planets can never go anywhere due to the pull of the gravitational force and the gravitational force. They revolve around the sun, in a certain orbit. The electrons also have such kinetic energy. That force wants to take the electron out of the atom. As a result, it cannot go in any direction. The electron revolves around the center, in a certain orbital.
It is true that Nagawaka spoke of a model of the atom, but he could not give any clear directions in this regard. Moreover, his theory is speculative. There is no experimental evidence. Discovered.
While working on radioactivity, Rutherford studied alpha particles. He also knew about their character and nature. He was able to measure the mass of alpha particles. He also knew that alpha particles have a positive charge. But he did not know what these alpha particles are. To discuss the details of the alpha particle.
Everyone is giving different theories about the structure of atoms. He is making models. But none of them are perfect. None of them have been verified by tests. So he wants to get the news inside the atom. For this he wants a reporter. With this it is not possible to fix the carrier. The bit particle is the current of the electron. There is no mass of gamma ray, there is no charge. It is absolutely immobile. But a very strong particle has been found. Alpha particle. This time he will either go and bring the news of the pot.
For this he did a gold leaf test. In that test he used a gold leaf. The leaf is very thin. It is equal to the diameter of 20 atoms. Even if it is a translucent sheet, it can be called. A lead block is placed in front of the alley. Inside the block is a source of alfacana. The block has a tunnel. Alfakana running out of that alpacana. On.
If the alpha particle passes through the gold leaf, it will fall on the perimeter of the zinc sulfide. The screen is light sensitive.
Radford hit the gold leaf with a swarm of scattering alpha particles. He saw that most of the particles were going through the gold leaf. All the alpha particles that pierced the gold leaf did not go in the same way. Going to different angles in different ways fell on the screen. A few particles could not penetrate the gold. Reflected in different angles fell on the screen.
The charge of the electron is negative and the charge of the alpha particle is positive. So what could not hold the electron by attracting the alpha particle?
If the mass of the electron was close to the alpha particle. The difference between the mass of the electron and the alpha particle is sky-deep.
Why didn't all the alpaca go straight through the gold leaf and hit the screen, why did their path get crooked? Why didn't some particles come back or come back? Surely there are some things in the gold leaf that have affected the alpaca trajectory. No object is supposed to have anything outside the atom. Atom means electron. If that electron cannot affect the alpha particle, then who dropped it?
From this test, Rutherford was convinced that the atom was not solid. If it was solid, the alpha particle would not be able to penetrate the gold leaf and move away.
Rutherford made sure that all atoms had a dense solid. The object was quite heavy, and could affect the motion of the alpha particle. However, this would not be the case if it were negatively charged. Its charge is positive. The direction of the going alpha particle is curved.
Why is it bent? If that heavy object is positive and it is a solid object, then the alpha particle is supposed to come back after getting obstructed in it. How did the leaf break through?
Rutherford was convinced of that. He said that the structure of the atom is somewhat like that of the solar system. At its center is a very dense and positively charged nucleus. Outside the nucleus is a huge empty space. Rutherford gave a great example of how empty it is If there is a fly inside it, then that is the nucleus of the atom. In the atom, most of the space inside the atom is empty.
Rutherford calculated that the volume of the nucleus was one-tenth of the total volume of the atom. Rutherford was also able to determine the radius of the atom and the nucleus. The nucleus occupies almost all the mass. The mass of the electron is so negligible that it is nothing compared to the total mass of the atom.
Rutherford added that electrons with a negative charge revolve around a nucleus with a positive charge. The nature of the motion of an electron revolving around the nucleus is much like that of the planets revolving around our Sun. The gravitational force acts in between and the electromagnetic force acts between the nucleus and the electrons.
Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment in 1911. He published the results of the experiment on March 7 of that year.
Scientists began to appreciate Radford's atomic mode. From this model, the atom was explained about the neutrality of the atom. At the center of the atom is a positively charged nucleus. Negatively charged electrons revolve around it.
But Radford's atomic model did not get wet in the rain of praise for a long time. Several errors came out of this model. Maxwell's electromagnetic equations caused problems. At the moment the direction changes, then the electromagnetic wave radiates. As a result of radiating the electromagnetic wave, the charged particle loses some energy.
Rutherford's model refers to the rotation of an electron. An electron is a negatively charged particle. And it revolves around the nucleus. We know that velocity is a vector quantity. The rate of change of velocity per moment is called acceleration or deceleration. The direction changes at the moment. This means that the direction of the velocity changes. As a result, the value of the velocity also changes. So the rotational speed means the accelerated speed.
The electron revolves around the nucleus in its orbit at every moment. This means that the speed of rotation of the electron is actually accelerated. And the accelerated electron must radiate electromagnetic energy. .
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