Shahjahan
Persian name (Shahjahan, meaning: King of the Earth).
The fifth Mughal emperor of India. His full name is Shahbuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan. His childhood name was Khurram. After ascending the throne, his new name was 'Abul Muzaffar Shihabuddin Muhammad Shahjahan Sahib Kiran-i-Sani'.
He was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore. His father was the fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir. His mother was a Rajput lady. Mother's name is Manmati. He was the third son of Jahangir.
He became the darling of Emperor Jahangir at an early age due to his bravery and intelligence. In 1808 he attained the post of eight thousand mansabdari. In the same year, Shahjahan got engaged to Mamtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu Begum), daughter of Asaf Khan. In 1811 he attained the post of ten thousand mansabdari. He married Mamtaz Mahal in 1812.
Nurjahan, one of the wives of Emperor Jahangir, married the youngest prince Shahriar to the daughter of his first child. At this time Nurjahan tried to put Shahriar on the throne. As a result, Nurjahan's enmity with Shahjahan began. And Emperor Jahangir also got annoyed with Shah Jahan in order to protect his beloved wife's mind.
In 1613, during the war against Mebar, Shah Jahan was sent as army chief. In this battle Shahjahan won against Amar Singh, the king of Mebar. In 1615, the Mughals made a treaty with Amar Singh. According to this treaty, Amar Singh sent a thousand cavalry to the Mughal court. In 1818 he invaded the Deccan. He defeated Malik Amber. At this time Malik Amber handed over the Balaghat region and the forts of Ahmednagar to the Mughals. After winning this battle, Emperor Jahangir gave him the title of 'Shahjahan'. Shortly afterwards, on the occasion of the anarchy of the Mughal army, Malik Amber declared rebellion. As a result, Shah Jahan was again sent to fight against Malik Amber. This time too the owner Amber was defeated. In this battle the Mughal forces captured Bijapur, Ahmednagar and Golconda. At this time Malik Amber made a treaty with the Mughals by offering a large sum of money.
 When the Persian army besieged Kandahar in 1722, the army chief there prayed to Jahangir. When Nurjahan arranged to send Shahjahan to conquer Kandahar, Shahjahan refused to go on the expedition. Shahjahan thought that Nurjahan would arrange for him to be killed by sending him to Kandahar. In the wake of Shah Jahan's rebellion, a battle was fought with the Mughal forces in 1623 AD. Shah Jahan was defeated in the battle and fled to the Deccan. At this time, when Prince Parvez and his general Mohabbat Khan were sent against Shah Jahan, Shah Jahan captured Orissa, Bihar and Bengal. But he was defeated in a battle near Allahabad with Prince Pervez and General Mohabbat Khan and marched to the Deccan. This time he joined Malik Amber. In 1625, Shah Jahan was defeated in a battle with the Mughal forces and surrendered. Jahangir forgave the rebel Shahjahan.
Nurjahan became apprehensive about the success of Yuvraj Parvez and Mohabbat Khan in the war against Shahjahan. He first separated the two generals in order to put Shahriar on the throne. He instructed Mohabbat Khan to go to Bangladesh. But Nurjahan issued some serious allegations against Mohabbat Khair and ordered him to come to the capital. Nurjahan and Jahangir made a tactical attack on the way to Kabul and captured Jahangir. Nurjahan failed in his attempt to rescue Jahangir and surrendered to Mohabbat Khan. Later, when he was able to rescue Jahangir and come out, Mohabbat Kha met Shah Jahan in the Deccan. Prince Parvez died in 1826. Jahangir died in 1826 on his return from Kashmir. As a result, Shahjahan and Shahriar claimed the throne.
At the time of Jahangir's death, Shah Jahan was in the Deccan. So Asaf Khan (Shah Jahan's father-in-law) declared Dawar Box, the first son of Jahangir's first son Khasru (previously killed), as the interim emperor. At this time Nur Jahan declared Shahriar as emperor in Lahore. Asaf Khan quickly attacked Lahore, captured Shahriar and threw his eyes up. After this tragedy of Shahriar, Nurjahan retired from politics. However, he forgave Nurjahan and arranged for an annual stipend of two lakh rupees for him. Nurjahan died in 1845.
Shah Jahan's accession to the throne and suppression of the rebellion of Jujar Singh
Shah Jahan came to Agra in 1626 AD. He killed all the opponents of the throne. This time the medicine box fled to Persia. He eventually ascended the Mughal throne. In the same year, Bundela leader Jujar Singh revolted. After only a few days of fighting, Jujar Singh surrendered to the Mughal forces. At this time Jujar Singh paid 15 lakh rupees and 1000 Mohars to the Mughal forces as compensation for this battle. Instead, Shah Jahan gave him a jagir.
Rebellion of Khan-Jahan Lodi, the Mughal ruler of the Deccan
Khan-Jahan Lodi, the Mughal ruler of the Deccan, met with the Sultan of Ahmednagar and declared rebellion. In 1629, Shah Jahan led the revolt in the Deccan. In the battle Khan-Jahan Lodi was defeated and killed. He was then able to establish peace in the Deccan.
In 1830 there was a severe famine in Orissa. This famine was followed by a plague in Orissa. At this time, Shah Jahan waived the revenue of seven lakh rupees and the langarkhana was opened under government management.
Ahmednagar victory
After the death of Malik Amber in 1819, political conflict broke out in Ahmednagar. Fateh Khan, son of Malik Amber, was first a minister in the state of Ahmednagar. When a conflict arose with Sultan Mortuza of this kingdom, Sultan Mortuza captured Fateh Khan and imprisoned him. He later released Fateh Khan. Fateh Khan consulted with the Mughals to avenge this humiliation, captured Sultan Mortuza and installed his minor son Husain Shah on the throne. As a result, Fateh Khan became the real sultan of this kingdom. At this time Shahjahan decided to conquer Ahmednagar. In 1631, the Mughal forces laid siege to Daulatabad fort. Fateh Khan, son of Malik Amber, who was the Sultan of Ahmednagar at the time, accepted a bribe of one million rupees and handed over the fort to the Mughals. Sultan Hussain Shah was sent to the fort of Gwalior. And Fateh Khan was given a high position in the Mughal government.
Death of Mamtaz Mahal and commencement of Taj Mahal
In 1831, Shah Jahan's second wife, Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu), died in childbirth at the age of fourteen. Shahjahan was deeply saddened by the death of his wife. He took the initiative to build a memorial in memory of this wife. This memorial is known as the Taj Mahal. Note that the construction of the original Taj Mahal was completed in 1843 AD. According to the plan, the entire Taj Mahal was completed in 1753 AD.
Portuguese repression
With the generosity of Emperor Akbar and Jahangir, permission was granted to set up a trading post at Satgaon in Hughli. Later they increased their military strength by building factories in various places. During this time they started slave trade, piracy, converting locals. Meanwhile, the Portuguese captured two slaves of Empress Mumtaz Mahal, and Shah Jahan sent Qasim Khan to subdue the Portuguese. After about three months of fighting, the Portuguese forces were completely defeated. Many Portuguese soldiers were killed in this battle. About four and a half thousand Portuguese were captured and sent to Agra. This time some more Portuguese were killed on the way. In 1833, due to an apology from the Portuguese, he was allowed to stay in Hughli.
The second revolt of Jujar Singh
Bundela leader Jujar Singh revolted for the second time. As a result, Shah Jahan again launched a campaign against Jujar Singh. In this battle Shah Jahan recruited his third son Aurangzeb. On 13 December 1634, Aurangzeb fought the first battle at Bundelkhand. Sahajahan was the mastermind of this war. Aurangzeb only led an army in this war. In this battle Jujar Singh was defeated and killed.
Bijapur, and Golconda expeditions
A man named Shahaji stood up against the Mughals by declaring a boy of the Nizami dynasty of Ahmednagar as Sultan. During this time Shahaji made peace with Golconda and the Sultan of Bijapur. Shah Jahan first left Shahaji's side and ordered him to accept the subjugation of the Mughals. Although the Sultan of Golconda surrendered, the Sultan of Bijapur ignored the orders of the emperor. As a result Shahjahan attacked Bijapur. Later the Sultan of Bijapur accepted the subjugation of the Mughals. Shahji of Ahmednagar finally surrendered to Shah Jahan. In 1636, Shah Jahan divided Ahmednagar between Bijapur and Golconda.
The rise of Aurangzeb, the third son of Shah Jahan
In 1636, Shah Jahan appointed his third son Aurangzeb as ruler of Khandesh, Berar, Telangana and Daulatabad in the Deccan. Aurangzeb held this post till 1644 AD. At this time Aurangzeb defeated the Shah of Baglana near Nasik and brought it under Mughal rule. In 1644, Shahjahan's daughter Jahanar was accidentally burnt. At this time Aurangzeb came to Agra. But angry with Aurangzeb's arrogance, Shah Jahan dismissed him. In 1645, Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as the administrator of Gujarat. Then in 1848 he was sent from Gujarat as the administrator of Balkh region. Aurangzeb waged war against the local people and the Uzbeks, boosting the morale of the Mughal troops stationed here. The Uzbeks suffered a miserable defeat in the war. Abdul Aziz, the leader of the Uzbeks, made peace with the Mughals. He also counterattacked the Turkmenians and succeeded against them through war and tactics. Aurangzeb then became the administrator of Multan and the Indus region.
In 1623, Kandahar was captured by the Persian king during the reign of Emperor Jahangir. Until 1836, Kandahar was under Persian rule. In this year Shahjahan took the initiative to conduct the Kandahar campaign. Terrified by this initiative, Alimardan Khan, the Persian administrator of Kandahar, sought help from the Persian emperor. But the Persian emperor thought that Alimardan Khan would increase his power in this way and declare war on him. As a result, the Persian emperor tried to capture him instead of helping him. As a result, the Persian-Emperor's relationship with Alimardan Khan was ruined. On this occasion Shah Jahan bribed Alimardan and captured Kandahar. Alimardan was then appointed governor of Kashmir and Kabul. Then the Persian emperor Shah Abbas II campaigned for the restoration of Kandahar and laid siege to Kandahar. This time the Mughal forces surrendered after being besieged for about two months without any help from the Mughals. As far as is known, in 1649 AD, Kandahar fell to the Persian Emperor. He then sent Shahjahan Sadullah and Aurangzeb to rescue Kandahar. But this campaign failed. Then in 1752 Aurangzeb led a second expedition to Kandahar. After a two-month siege, the Mughal forces retreated, to the detriment of Persian-artillery. Then in 1752, a third expedition was launched under the leadership of Prince Dara to capture Kandahar. But after a few months of siege of Kandahar, the Mughal forces returned. After that no attempt was made to capture Kandahar during the reign of Shah Jahan.
In 1753, for the second time, Shah Jahan gave Aurangzeb the rule of the Deccan. Aurangzeb invaded Golconda after the Sultan of Golconda refused to pay annual taxes and tried to expand the kingdom in accordance with the Treaty of 1636. When the success of this war was almost certain, Shah Jahan ordered a ceasefire at the instigation of Darashiko.
In 1657, the Mughals made a treaty with Golconda. At this time part of Golconda came under the control of the Mughals. When Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur died at this time, his minor son Ali II ascended the throne. Aurangzeb took this opportunity to attack Bijapur. In this battle of 1757, he captured Bidar, Kalyani. But the war was stopped by the treaty of the Sultan of Bijapur.
The battle for the throne among the sons of Shah Jahan
In 1757, Emperor Shah Jahan fell seriously ill. The news spread across the state on September 7. Prince Darashiko was in Agra at this time. The contest for the throne began among Shahjahan's four children. Shah Jahan inherited the throne from Dara in front of everyone.