It's no news that the budgets of films have seen a little improvement in numbers recently. Now producing movies with high budgets has become something normal in the movie industry. We've seen a lot of movies with very high budget did very well at the box office and we've also seen movies with high budgets doing very bad. We've seen movies with low budget not doing great in most cases but we've also seen some movies with this same budgets doing very very great, in fact more than those having a very big budget.
Frozen 2 is a very good example of one of the movies with a very low budget compared to what it grossed at box office. Frozen 2 which was released in 2019 as a sequel to the first Frozen with a budget of $150 million raked in $1.450 billion at the Box Office. That, if you ask me is a project that made almost multiplied by 10 of its budget. That's not something you come by often. Though there's been a lot of other movies that did great that year and also made the 1 billion milestone at the Box Office such as Marvel's Avengers: End game with a budget worth $356 million dollar which grossed $2.798 billion at the box office, most of them when compared have a budget higher than that of Frozen 2 and a lower box office success. Even Avengers: End game which came close has a budget that's more than the multiplied by 2 that of Frozen 2 and raked in less than the multiplied by 2 what Frozen made at the box office. In a more mathematical term:
FROZEN 2 Budget = $150 million
Box Office = $1.450 billion
AVENGERS: Endgame Budget = $356 million
Box Office = $2.798 billion
AVENGERS: Endgame Budgets and Box Office divided by 2
Budget/2 = $356 m./2 = $178 m.
Box Office/2= $2.798 b/2 = $1.399 b.
Comparing the figures to Frozen's $150 million budget and $1.450 billion Box Office, I think Frozen is a very big success in 2019. Because unlike Frozen, Avengers Endgame did not make up to x9.66 of the Budget.
JOKER of course has the highest and craziest success margin in 2019, and in fact one of the craziest in history. A film with just a Budget of $55 million grossed over $1.06 billion at the Box Office (isn't that crazy?). That's almost multiplied by 20 of its budget. DC comics sure smiled to the bank with the success of Joker. Though Avengers: Endgame overall highest grossing film to be produced in 2019, it still have to line at the back when Budget-Box Office success margin is to be taken into consideration.
Also we have the likes of John Carter, an American science fiction action movie which was released back in 2012. John Carter is a movie with a budget of $263.7 - 306.6 million but only made almost or less than it's budget at the Box Office. This results in hundreds of millions deficit for Disney and every other plan which was on ground for a sequel was canceled by Disney due to the failure of the first film. This explains but only one thing, and that is, there are more to the success of a movie than the budgets. Though sometimes depending on the production of a movie, bringing it to life might determine it's budget being high. But we can only learn one thing from the aforementioned movies, and that is it's not all about budget. An interesting story with great characters, actors, locations, moments (cinematography as a whole) to mention a few can determine the success of a movie. And all these going the other way can as well make a budget become a deficit. Imagine a situation where the budget of a film is entirely gotten from loan packs and at the end of the day the movie did bad at the Box Office, that's going to be like a disaster (double trouble lol).
So here I'm going to be doing a top 10 countdown to the movies with low budgets but great Box Office success. Some of these movies you have probably seen and some probably not seen before based on their popularity which is low. But as far as the Budget-Box Office Success margin is concerned, these movies did extremely well compared to those you're familiar with. So we're going to rate these movies by comparing their budget to their World wide gross at the Box Office. This time around, the countdown is no more top 10 but top 20.
Let the countdown begin ( it's a long list this time around)
20) MOONLIGHT
Budget = $4 million
Box Office = $65.3 million
Box Office = Budget x 16.3
Moonlight is a 2016 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Barry Jenkins, based on Tarell Alvin McCraney's unpublished semi-autobiographical play In Moonlight Black Boys Look Blue. It stars Trevante Rhodes, André Holland, Janelle Monáe, Ashton Sanders, Jharrel Jerome, Naomie Harris, and Mahershala Ali.
The film presents three stages in the life of the main character: his childhood, adolescence, and early adult life. It explores the difficulties he faces with his sexuality and identity, including the physical and emotional abuse he endures growing up. Filmed in Miami, Florida, beginning in 2015, Moonlight premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2016. It was released in the United States on October 21, 2016 by A24, receiving universal acclaim and grossing over $65 million worldwide.
Moonlight has been cited as one of the best films of the 21st century. The film won several accolades, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama and the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with Best Supporting Actor for Ali and Best Adapted Screenplay for Jenkins and McCraney from a total of eight nominations. It became the first film with an all-black cast, the first LGBTQ-related film, and the second-lowest-grossing film domestically (behind The Hurt Locker) to win the Oscar for Best Picture. Joi McMillon became the first black woman to be nominated for an editing Oscar, and Ali became the first Muslim to win an acting Oscar.
19) BLUE VALENTINE
Budget - $1 million
Box Office - $16.6 million
Box Office = Budget x 16.6
Blue Valentine is a 2010 American romantic drama film written and directed by Derek Cianfrance. Cianfrance, Cami Delavigne, and Joey Curtis wrote the film, and Michelle Williams and Ryan Gosling played the lead roles as well as serving as co-executive producers for the film. The band Grizzly Bear scored the film. The film depicts a married couple, Dean Pereira (Gosling) and Cynthia "Cindy" Heller (Williams), shifting back and forth in time between their courtship and the dissolution of their marriage several years later.
The film received critical acclaim and Williams was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, while Gosling received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama.
18) JOKER
Budget = $55 million
Box Office = $1.074 billion
Box Office = Budget x 19.5
Joker is a 2019 American psychological thriller film directed and produced by Todd Phillips, who co-wrote the screenplay with Scott Silver. The film, based on DC Comics characters, stars Joaquin Phoenix as the Joker and provides an alternative origin story for the character. Set in 1981, it follows Arthur Fleck, a failed clown and stand-up comedian whose descent into insanity and nihilism inspires a violent counter-cultural revolution against the wealthy in a decaying Gotham City. Robert De Niro, Zazie Beetz, Frances Conroy, Brett Cullen, Glenn Fleshler, Bill Camp, Shea Whigham, and Marc Maron appear in supporting roles. Joker was produced by Warner Bros. Pictures, DC Films, and Joint Effort, in association with Bron Creative and Village Roadshow Pictures, and distributed by Warner Bros.
17) MAD MAX (1979)
Budget = $350,000
Box Office = $8.7 million
Box Office = Budget x 24.9
Mad Max is an Australian post-apocalyptic action media franchise created by George Miller and Byron Kennedy. It began in 1979 with Mad Max, and was followed by three films: Mad Max 2 (1981, released in the United States as The Road Warrior), Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985) and Mad Max: Fury Road (2015). Mel Gibson starred in the first three films and Tom Hardy took over as Max in the fourth film.
The series follows the adventures of Max Rockatansky, a police officer in a future Australia which is experiencing societal collapse due to war and critical resource shortages. When his wife and child are murdered by a vicious biker gang, Max kills them in revenge and becomes a drifting loner in the Wasteland. As Australia devolves further into barbarity, this skilled warrior of the road finds himself helping pockets of civilisation, initially for his own self-interest, but his motives always drift into more altruistic ones.
The series has been well-received by critics, with each film marked "Certified Fresh" on the film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes; Mad Max 2 and Fury Road in particular have been ranked among the best action films ever made. Furthermore, the series has also had a significant influence on popular culture, most notably apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, and encompasses works in additional media, including video games and comic books. In 2016, Fury Road became the first film of the Mad Max franchise to receive Academy Award recognition, including being nominated for Best Picture and Best Director for Miller, and winning six of its ten nominations.
16) SHE'S GOTTA HAVE IT
Budget = $175,000
Box Office = $7.1 million
Box Office = Budget x 40.6
She's Gotta Have It is a 1986 American black-and-white comedy-drama film written, produced, edited and directed by Spike Lee. Filmed on a small budget and Lee's first feature-length film, it earned positive reviews and launched Lee's career. The film stars Tracy Camilla Johns, Tommy Redmond Hicks, John Canada Terrell and Lee himself in a supporting role. Also appearing are cinematographer Ernest Dickerson as a Queens, New York, resident and, in an early appearance, S. Epatha Merkerson as a doctor. The plot concerns a young woman (Johns) who is seeing three men, and the feelings this arrangement provokes.
In 2017, Lee adapted the film into a Netflix series.
15) Pi
Budget = $60,000
Box Office = $3.2 million
Box Office = Budget x 53.3
Pi (stylized as π) is a 1998 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Darren Aronofsky in his feature directorial debut. Pi was filmed on high-contrast black-and-white reversal film and earned Aronofsky the Directing Award at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival, the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay and the Gotham Open Palm Award. The title refers to the mathematical constant pi. The film explores themes of religion, mysticism, and the relationship of the universe to mathematics.
The story, about a mathematician with an obsession to find underlying complete order in the real world, contrasts two seemingly irreconcilable entities: the imperfect, irrational humanity and the rigor and regularity of mathematics, specifically number theory.
14) GET OUT
Budget = $4.5 million
Box Office = $255.4 million
Box Office = Budget x 56.8
Get Out is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Jordan Peele in his directorial debut. It stars Daniel Kaluuya, Allison Williams, Lil Rel Howery, Bradley Whitford, Caleb Landry Jones, Stephen Root, Catherine Keener, and Lakeith Stanfield. Get Out follows Chris Washington (Kaluuya), a young African-American man who uncovers a disturbing secret when he meets the family of his white girlfriend, Rose Armitage (Williams).
Principal photography began in February 2016 in Fairhope, Alabama, then moved to Barton Academy and the Ashland Place Historic District in Mobile, Alabama. The entire film was shot in 23 days.
Get Out premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States on February 24, 2017, by Universal Pictures. It received acclaim from critics, with praise for the screenplay, direction, and social themes. It was also a massive commercial success, grossing $255 million worldwide on a $4.5 million budget, with a net profit of $124.8 million, making it the tenth-most profitable film of 2017.
13) STAR WARS: EPISODE IV
Budget = $11 million
Box Office = $775.5 million
Box Office = Budget x 70.5
Star Wars (retroactively titled Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space-opera film written and directed by George Lucas, produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker and Peter Mayhew. It is the first installment of the original Star Wars trilogy, the first of the franchise to be produced, and the fourth episode of the "Skywalker saga".
The film received ten Oscar nominations (including Best Picture), winning seven. In 1989, it became one of the first 25 films that was selected by the U.S. Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". At the time, it was the most recent film in the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. In 2004, its soundtrack was added to the U.S. National Recording Registry, and was additionally listed by the American Film Institute as the best movie score of all time a year later. Today, it is regarded as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures.
12) FRIDAY THE 13th (1980)
Budget = $550,000
Box Office = $39.7 million
Box Office = Budget x 72.2
Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films, a television series, novels, comic books, video games, and tie‑in merchandise. The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees, who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff. Decades later, the lake is rumored to be "cursed" and is the setting for a series of mass murders. Jason is featured in all of the films, as either the killer or the motivation for the killings. The original film, created to cash in on the success of Halloween (1978), was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham. The films have grossed over $468 million at the box-office worldwide. It was the highest-grossing horror franchise in the world until the release of Halloween (2018), putting the Halloween franchise in the top spot.
Frank Mancuso, Jr., a producer of the films, also developed the television show Friday the 13th: The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives. The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting, but was created based on the idea of "bad luck and curses", which the film series symbolized. While the franchise was owned by Paramount, four films were adapted into novels, with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors. When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema, Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films, in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street film series. Under New Line Cinema, thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published.
11) MY BIG FAT WEDDING
Budget = $5 million
Box Office = $368.7 million
Box Office = Budget x 73.7
My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 independent romantic comedy film directed by Joel Zwick and written by Nia Vardalos, who also stars in the film as Fotoula "Toula" Portokalos, a Greek American woman who falls in love with non-Greek Ian Miller. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and, at the 75th Academy Awards, it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
A sleeper hit, the film became the highest-grossing romantic comedy of all time, and grossed $241.4 million in North America, despite never reaching number one at the box office during its release. It was the highest-grossing film to accomplish this feat for 14 years until the animated film Sing grossed $268 million in 2016.[4]
The film spawned a franchise, which inspired the short-lived 2003 TV series My Big Fat Greek Life and a film sequel titled My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, was released on March 25, 2016.
10) SAW
Budget = $1.2 million
Box Office = $103.9
Box Office = Budget x 86.6
Saw is an American horror franchise created by James Wan and Leigh Whannell. It consists of nine feature films and additional media. The franchise primarily revolves around John Kramer, also called the "Jigsaw Killer" or simply "Jigsaw". He was introduced briefly in Saw and developed in more detail in Saw II and the subsequent films. Rather than killing his victims outright, Kramer traps them in situations that he calls "tests" or "games" to test their will to live through physical or psychological torture and believes that if they survive, they will be "rehabilitated". Despite the fact that Kramer was murdered in Saw III, the films continue to focus on the posthumous influence of the Jigsaw Killer and his apprentices by exploring his character via flashbacks.
In 2003, Wan and Whannell made a short film to help pitch a potential feature film concept. Their pitch was ultimately successful, and, in 2004, the first installment debuted at the Sundance Film Festival. The film was released theatrically that October, by Lionsgate. The first of many sequels was immediately green-lit after the film's immensely successful opening weekend. Five directors have worked on the series: Wan, Darren Lynn Bousman, David Hackl, Kevin Greutert and The Spierig Brothers, while Whannell, Bousman, Patrick Melton, Marcus Dunstan, Josh Stolberg and Peter Goldfinger penned the scripts for separate films in the series. Each film was released subsequently every October, on the Friday before Halloween, between 2004 and 2010. Both of the creators remained with the franchise as executive producers.
9) OPEN WATER
Budget = $500,000
Box Office = $55.5 million
Box Office = Budget x 111
Open Water is a 2003 American survival horror thriller film. The story concerns an American couple who go scuba diving while on vacation, only to find themselves stranded miles from shore in shark-infested waters when the crew of their boat accidentally leaves them behind. The film is loosely based on the true story of Tom and Eileen Lonergan, who in 1998 went out with a scuba diving group, Outer Edge Dive Company, on the Great Barrier Reef, and were accidentally left behind because the dive-boat crew failed to take an accurate headcount.
The film was financed by the husband and wife team of writer/director Chris Kentis and producer Laura Lau, both avid scuba divers. It cost $120,000 to $500,000 make and was bought by Lions Gate Entertainment for $2.5 million after its screening at the Sundance Film Festival. Lions Gate spent a further $8 million on distribution and marketing. The film ultimately grossed $55.5 million worldwide (including $30 million from the North American box office alone).
8) NAPOLEON DYNAMITE
Budget = $400,000
Box Office = $46.1 million
Box Office = Budget x 115.3
Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American comedy film produced by Jeremy Coon, Chris Wyatt, Sean Covel and Jory Weitz, written by Jared and Jerusha Hess and directed by Jared Hess. The film stars Jon Heder in the role of the title character who befriends a new student who emigrated from Mexico and assists him with his class presidential campaign, but Napoleon's uncle, with whom he does not get along, has temporarily moved in to look after him while his grandmother recovers from an injury in the hospital.
Heder was paid $1,000 for starring in the film, but successfully negotiated to receive more after the film became a runaway success. The film was Hess' first full-length feature and is partially adapted from his earlier short film, Peluca. Napoleon Dynamite was acquired at the Sundance Film Festival by Fox Searchlight Pictures, who partnered up with MTV Films and Paramount Pictures for the release. It was filmed in and near Franklin County, Idaho, in the summer of 2003. It debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004. Most of the situations in the movie are loosely based on the life of Jared Hess. The film's total worldwide gross revenue was $46,122,713. The film has since developed a cult following and was voted at number 14 on Bravo's 100 funniest movies.
7) HALLOWEEN (1978)
Budget = $325,000
Box Office = $47 million
Box Office = Budget x 144.6
Halloween is an American slasher franchise that consists of eleven films, as well as novels, comic books, merchandise, and a video game. The films primarily focus on Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois. Michael's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween, on which all of the films primarily take place. The original Halloween, released in 1978, was written by John Carpenter and Debra Hill, and directed by Carpenter. The film is known to have inspired a long line of slasher films.
Eight sequels have since followed. Michael Myers is the antagonist in all of the films except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, the story of which has no direct connection to any other film in the series. In 2007, writer-director Rob Zombie made a remake of the 1978 film. A sequel to the 2007 remake was released two years later. A direct sequel to the original film that ignores all previous sequels was released in 2018. In July 2019, it was announced that two sequels would follow the 2018 film, titled Halloween Kills and Halloween Ends, and are scheduled for release in 2021 and 2022 respectively.
6) ONCE
Budget = $150,000
Box Office = $23.3 million
Box Office = Budget x 155.5
Once is a 2007 Irish romantic musical drama film written and directed by John Carney. The film stars Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová as two struggling musicians in Dublin, Ireland. Hansard and Irglová had previously performed music as the Swell Season, and composed and performed the film's original songs.
Once spent years in development with the Irish Film Board and was made for a budget of €112,000. It was a commercial success, earning substantial per-screen box office averages in the United States, and received acclaim from critics. It received awards including the 2007 Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film. Hansard and Irglová's song "Falling Slowly" won the 2008 Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the soundtrack received a Grammy Award nomination.
5) AMERICAN GRAFITTI
Budget = $777,000
Box Office = $140 million
Box Office = Budget x 180.2
American Graffiti is a 1973 American coming-of-age comedy film directed and co-written by George Lucas starring Richard Dreyfuss, Ron Howard, Paul Le Mat, Harrison Ford, Charles Martin Smith, Cindy Williams, Candy Clark, Mackenzie Phillips, Bo Hopkins, and Wolfman Jack. Suzanne Somers, Kathleen Quinlan, Debralee Scott, and Joe Spano also appear in the film.
Set in Modesto, California, in 1962, the film is a study of the cruising and early rock 'n' roll cultures popular among Lucas's age group at the time. Through a series of vignettes, the film tells the story of a group of teenagers and their adventures over the course of a single night.
The genesis of American Graffiti was in Lucas' own teenaged years in early 1960s Modesto. He was unsuccessful in pitching the concept to financiers and distributors, but found favor at Universal Pictures after every other major film studio turned him down. Filming was initially set to take place in San Rafael, California, but the production crew was denied permission to shoot beyond a second day. As a result, production was moved to Petaluma.
4) ROCKY
Budget = $960,000
Box Office = $225 million
Box Office = Budget x 234.4
Rocky is a 1976 American sports drama film directed by John G. Avildsen, written by and starring Sylvester Stallone. It tells the rags to riches American Dream story of Rocky Balboa, an uneducated, kind-hearted working class Italian-American boxer, working as a debt collector for a loan shark in the slums of Philadelphia. Rocky, a small-time club fighter, gets a shot at the world heavyweight championship. The film also stars Talia Shire as Adrian, Burt Young as Adrian's brother Paulie, Burgess Meredith as Rocky's trainer Mickey Goldmill, and Carl Weathers as the reigning champion, Apollo Creed.
The film, made on a budget of just over $1 million, was a sleeper hit; it earned $225 million in global box office receipts, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1976. The film was critically acclaimed and solidified Stallone's career as well as commenced his rise to prominence as a major movie star of that era. Among other accolades, it went on to receive ten Academy Award nominations, winning three, including Best Picture. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". Rocky is considered to be one of the greatest sports films ever made and was ranked as the second-best in the genre, after Raging Bull, by the American Film Institute in 2008.
3) SUPER SIZE ME
Budget = $65,000
Box Office = $22.2 million
Box Office = Budget x 341.5
Super Size Me is a 2004 American documentary film directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, an American independent filmmaker. Spurlock's film follows a 30-day period from February 1 to March 2, 2003, during which he ate only McDonald's food. The film documents this lifestyle's drastic effect on Spurlock's physical and psychological well-being and explores the fast food industry's corporate influence, including how it encourages poor nutrition for its own profit.
Spurlock ate at McDonald's restaurants three times per day, eating every item on the chain's menu at least once. Spurlock consumed an average of 20.9 megajoules or 5,000 kcal (the equivalent of 9.26 Big Macs) per day during the experiment. An intake of around 2,500 kcal within a healthy balanced diet is more generally recommended for a man to maintain his weight. As a result, the then-32-year-old Spurlock gained 11.1 kilograms (24 lb), a 13% body mass increase, increased his cholesterol to 230 mg/dL (6.0 mmol/L), and experienced mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and fat accumulation in his liver. It took Spurlock fourteen months to lose all the weight gained from his experiment using a vegan diet supervised by his then-girlfriend, a chef who specializes in gourmet vegan dishes.
2) THE BLAIR WITCH PROJECT
Budget = $60,000 (Post Production $500,000)
Box Office = $248.6 million
Box Office = Budget x 4143.3 (P.P Budget x 497.2)
The Blair Witch Project is a 1999 American supernatural horror film written, directed and edited by Daniel Myrick and Eduardo Sánchez. It is based on the purportedly true story of three student filmmakers—Heather Donahue, Michael C. Williams, and Joshua Leonard—who hike into the Black Hills near Burkittsville, Maryland in 1994 to film a documentary about a local legend known as the Blair Witch. The three disappear, but their equipment and footage are discovered a year later. The purportedly "recovered footage" is the film the viewer sees. Myrick and Sánchez conceived of a fictional legend of the Blair Witch in 1993. They developed a 35-page screenplay with the dialogue to be improvised. A casting call advertisement in Backstage magazine was prepared by the directors; Donahue, Williams and Leonard were cast. The film entered production in October 1997, with the principal photography taking place in Maryland for eight days. About 20 hours of footage was shot, which was edited down to 82 minutes. Shot on an original budget of $35,000–60,000, the film had a final cost of $200,000–750,000 after post-production edits.
1) PARANORMAL ACTIVITY
Budget = $15,000 (Post production = $200,000)
Box Office = $193 million
Box Office = Budget x 12,893.3 (P.P Budget x 965)
Paranormal Activity is a 2007 American supernatural horror film produced, written, directed, photographed and edited by Oren Peli. It centers on a young couple (Katie Featherston and Micah Sloat) who are haunted by a supernatural presence in their home. They then set up a camera to document what is haunting them. The film utilizes found-footage conventions that were mirrored in the later films of the series.
Originally developed as an independent feature and given film festival screenings in 2007, the film was shot for $15,000. It was then acquired by Paramount Pictures and modified, particularly with a new ending that cost an additional total of $200,000. It was given a limited U.S. release on September 25, 2009, and then a nationwide release on October 16, 2009. The film earned nearly $108 million at the U.S. box office and a further $85 million internationally for a worldwide total of $193 million. Paramount/DreamWorks acquired the U.S. rights for $350,000. It is the most profitable film ever made, based on return on investment,although such figures are difficult to verify independently as this is likely to exclude marketing costs.
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