History of Bangladesh at a Glance: 1947 On 14 August, Pakistan gained independence from British rule.
On 15 August, India gained independence from British rule.
1947 February 23: In the Constituent Assembly, Dhirendranath Dutt demands that Bengali be made the state language.
March 21: Muhammad Ali Jinnah announces at the racecourse that Urdu will be the only state language of Pakistan.
March 24: Muhammad Ali Jinnah announces at Dhaka University that Urdu will be the only state language of Pakistan.
1949 The Awami Muslim League was formed on 23rd June. At that time Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani was the President and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the Joint General Secretary. 1952 January 26: The then Prime Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin announces that Urdu will be the only state language of Pakistan. January 30: All-Party State Language Struggle Council is formed. February 21 is the great International Mother Language Day.
Police brutally opened fire on students violating Section 144 demanding the state language. Salam, Barkat, Rafiq, Jabbar and many others were killed. 1953 Awami Muslim League, Krishak Praja Party, Nizam Islam, Pakistan Ganatantri Dal, Pakistan Khilafah etc. formed the United Front on 4th December.
1954 March 8-12: The United Front won 223 of the 237 Muslim seats in the East Pakistan Assembly elections. The United Front won the election by a wide margin. May 31: Governor General of Pakistan Ghulam Mohammad abolishes the United Front Council of Ministers and introduces Governor's rule in the province by promulgating Article 92 (a) of the Constitution. 1956 October 7: Iskander Mirza seizes power through a military coup. October 26: Ayub Khan overthrows Iskander Mirza without bloodshed, seizes power and declares himself president.
196 February 5-6: At the Opposition Conference, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman raised six points which later came to be known as the Charter of Liberation of the Bengali Nation. 1969: Mass uprising January 5: Student Struggle Council is formed. February 22: Agartala conspiracy case against 35 people, including Sheikh Mujib, is withdrawn.
1970: General elections in Pakistan December 7: Awami League wins 16 out of 189 seats. 1971: Great War of Liberation March 2: The first national flag is hoisted. It was erected at Kalabhavan of Dhaka University. Raised by ASM Abdur Rab, then co-president of Daksh. March 7: Historic speech by Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman at the then Racecourse Maidan (now Suhrawardy Udyan). And the call for war. March 26: Declaration of Independence. MA Hannan made the announcement on behalf of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on Chittagong Betar. April 10: Provisional Mujibnagar government is formed at Baidyanathtala in Meherpur. April 17: Historic Mujibnagar Day. On this day the caretaker Mujibnagar government was sworn in. And the Declaration of Independence was read. Professor Yusuf Ali read. December 7: India recognizes Bangladesh. December 14: Almost all intellectuals in Bangladesh are brutally killed. An attempt was made to make Bangladesh incompetent. Current Martyred Intellectuals Day.
December 16, 1971 At 4:31 pm, a surrender document was signed with 91,000 Pakistani soldiers for independent Bangladesh. General Niazi signed the surrender letter on behalf of Pakistan. General Jagjit Singh Arora accepted the surrender letter on behalf of the Allied Forces of India and Bangladesh. The path of independent Bangladesh began.
Divisional map of Bangladesh
 History of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a small and developing country in South Asia. Evidence of human settlement has been found in some parts of it since prehistoric times. Although quite ancient, the people of Bangladesh did not give birth to any separate civilization. But of course it has survived as a distinct and distinguished culture throughout the ages. In fact, at no stage of ancient history has Bangladesh had the opportunity to build its own state in a completely independent and united manner. They got this opportunity after the final independence in 1971.
However, the people of Bangladesh have never again acknowledged the complete subordination of anyone. Many rebellions have been born in this region. The country is now surrounded on three sides by India and on one side is the Bay of Bengal. In prehistoric times, most of the country was buried under the Bay of Bengal. The main part of Bangladesh has risen from the depths of the sea.
Origin of Bengali word
The exact origin of the word Bengali or Bengal is still unknown. According to the Mahabharata, the Puranas, and Harivashama Banga, one of the adopted sons of King Vali is thought to have established the kingdom of Bengal. One of the earliest references found is the Nesari Plates (604 AD) where written inscriptions of the word "Bangala" (Bengali) are found. The ruler of South India at that time was Rashtrakota III Govinda who invaded northern India in the ninth century. At that time Dharmapala was described as the king of Bengal. It is known from the records of Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty that he invaded Bengal in the eleventh century which gave consent to Govinda Chandra as the ruler of Bengal. Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah took the title of "Shah-i-Bangalah" and for the first time united the whole region under one government. Bengal is also known as the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, which included West Bengal, India and present day modern Bangladesh. Banga and Pundra were two influential tribes in ancient Bangladesh. Ancient Bengali Pre-historic Bengali Archaeological excavations in Bangladesh reveal the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (abbreviated NBPW or NBP) of the Indian subcontinent (800-200 BC) which was the Iron Age culture that began around 800 BC and lasted until 500-300 BC in India. Consistent with the rise of kingdoms or Mahajanapadas and the subsequent rise of the Maurya Empire. The eastern part of ancient India, a part of most of the Mahajanapadas of present day Bangladesh was part of the ancient Bengal Empire which is believed to have prospered in the sixth century. Linguistically, the earliest peoples of the region probably spoke Dravidian languages. For example, he spoke Austro-Asiatic languages, such as the Kurukshetra or perhaps the Santals. Later, people spoke languages from other language families. For example, the Tibetan-Varman which originally settled in Bengal. Indic Bangla represents the most recent settlement. By the seventh century, the western part of Bangladesh became part of the Indo-Aryan civilization as part of Magadha. The Nanda dynasty was the first historical state to unite Bangladesh under Indo-Aryan rule. Later, after the rise of Buddhism, many missionaries settled here for the spread of religion and erected many pillars like Mahasthangarh. Foreign colonization The Kingdom of Bengal was a brave nation on a mighty sea in ancient India. They had modern trade relations with Java, Sumatra and Siam (modern Thailand). According to the Mahabhanga, Prince Vijay Singh of Bengal conquered Lanka (modern-day Sri Lanka) in 544 BC and named the country "Sinhala". The Bengali people established their own colonies in maritime Southeast Asia and Siam (modern Thailand). Gangaridi Empire North and West Bengal were part of the empire of South Bengal and they became strong by trading with foreigners. The invasion of Alexander the Grea
Pala dynasty
The Pala dynasty was the first independent Buddhist dynasty in Bengal. Pala means protector and was used at the end of the names of all Pala emperors. The Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric disciplines of Buddhism. Gopal Pal was the first ruler of the dynasty. He came to power in Gaur in 650 after being elected by an imperialist party. He ruled from 650 to 60 AD and consolidated his position by controlling all the territories of Bengal. The Buddhist dynasty lasted for four centuries (650-1120) through which Bengal entered an era of stability and prosperity. They built many temples and works of art, as well as supported Vikramshila University. The Somapura Maha Vihara, built by Dharmapala, is one of the greatest Buddhist monasteries in the Indian subcontinent. The Pala Empire reached its peak of prosperity during the time of Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala spread his empire in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. This took it one step further to control the subcontinent. Devapala was the heir of Dharmapala. He greatly expanded the empire. In the Pala inscriptions it is mentioned that he achieved great victory in hyperbolic language. His successor Narayan Pal said in his grandfather's Khilan inscription that he became the Suryandra ruler or Chakravarti of the whole region in northern India surrounded by Vidyas and Himalayas. It further states that his empire extended to two oceans (probably: the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal). It claims that Devapala defeated Utkal (present day Orissa), Hunas, Dravida, Kamrup (now Assam), Cambodia and Gujarat. While these claims about Devapala's victory are exaggerated, they cannot be completely dismissed: there is no reason to doubt the victory of Utkal and Kamarupa. In addition, Gujarat-Patiya was weak along with Rashtrakuta, which may have helped him to expand his empire. Devpal is believed to have led the army as far as the Indus River in the Punjab.
Chandra dynasty
The Chandra dynasty was a family that ruled the Harikela kingdom of East Bengal (including Harikela, Bengal and Samatata, the oldest regions) from about the beginning of the tenth century. Their empire was around Bengal and Samatata, and Srichandra extended his influence to include Kamarupa. Their empire was ruled from their capital Bikrampur (modern Munshiganj) and their forces were strong enough to defeat the Pala Empire in the northwest. In the eleventh century, Govind Chandra, the last ruler of the Chandra dynasty, was defeated by Rajendra Chola, the first South Indian emperor of the Chandra dynasty.
Sen dynasty
Following the Palas, the kings of the Sen dynasty brought Bengal under the rule of a single ruler in the twelfth century. Vijay Sen, the second ruler of this dynasty, defeated the last Pala emperor Madanpal and established his kingdom. Ballal Sen introduced caste system in Bengal and made Nayadwip his capital. Lakshmana Sen, the fourth king of this dynasty, expanded his empire beyond Bengal to Bihar. However, Lakshman Sen later fled to East Bengal for fear of being attacked by the invading Muslims. Within a certain period of time, the Sen dynasty brought about the revival of Hinduism in Bengal. Some Bengali writers wrote about the famous Sanskrit poet Joydev (then known as Kalinga) of Orissa and the author of Gita Govinda that he was Pancharatna (i.e. 5 Ratna) in the court of Lakshman Sen. Although there is controversy over this.
The Middle Ages and the advent of Islam
Islam first appeared in Bengal in the seventh century through Arab Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries. In the twelfth century, the Muslims conquered Bengal and established Islam in that region. Bakhtiyar Khilji, a military commander from the Delhi Sultanate, defeated Bihar and Bengal in early 1202. In 1203, he conquered Navadvipa from the old emperor Lakshman Sen. He expanded the Muslim kingdom to most of Bengal such as Rangpur and Bogra. Bengal entered a new era under Muslim rulers. Because cities were developed; Palaces, castles, mosques, mausoleums and gardens; Roads and bridges were built; And new trade routes brought prosperity and new cultural life. However, small Hindu kingdoms like the Deva dynasty existed in the south and east of Bengal till 1450 AD. During the Mughal period some independent Hindu kingdoms were established in Bengal through Maharaja Pratapaditya of Jessore and Raja Sitaram Roy of Burdwan. These states made significant contributions to the various economic and cultural spheres of Bengal. Militarily it served as a deterrent against Portuguese and Burmese invasions. By the end of the 1800's, much of the kingdom had fallen. However, much of the prosperity of the northern state of Cooch Behar took place before the advent of the British in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Turkish rule
In 1203 AD, the first Turkish Muslim ruler Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji occupied Nadia and established Muslim rule. The political influence of Islam spread in Bengal with the conquest of Nadia, the capital city of Lakshman, the Sena ruler. Bakhtiyar captured Nadia in an interesting manner. He was aware of the presence of a strong force of Lakshman Sen on the main road of Nadia, so Bakhtiyar set out through the jungles of Jharkhand instead of the main road. He divided his army into several divisions and he himself led a detachment of seventeen cavalrymen and marched towards Nadia in the guise of horse traders. In this way Bakhtiyar had no problem entering through the city gates. Shortly afterwards, Bakhtiyar's chief army joined him and captured Nadia within a short time. After the capture of Nadia, Bakhtiyar moved towards Gaur (Lucknow), another major city of the Sen dynasty, and made it his capital in 1205. The following year Bakhtiyar embarked on an expedition to occupy Tibet, but this attempt failed. So he had to return to Bengal with a sick and small army. Shortly afterwards, he was assassinated by one of his commanders, Ali Mardan Khalji. Meanwhile, Lakshman Sen and his two sons recaptured Bikrampur (now Munshiganj district), where their fallen kingdom lasted until the end of the thirteenth century.
Khilji rule
After the death of Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1206, there were clashes between the Khiljis. Later, during the Turkish rule, the struggle for inheritance and internal conspiracies became commonplace. In this case Ghiyasuddin Iwaz Khalji won and elevated the Sultanate to Jessore and gave the province of East Bengal a strong foundation. The capital was established at Lucknow on the banks of the Ganges near Gaur, the capital of old Bengal. He was able to keep Kamarupa and Trihut loyal to him. But later he was defeated by Shamsuddin Iltutmish.
Mamluk rule
The weak heirs of Iltutmish enabled the local governors to declare their independence. Bengal was far enough away from Delhi so its governors would declare independence on this occasion, equipping themselves as the Sultan of Bengal. At this time Bengal was called "Bulgakpur" (rebel territory). Tughral Tughlaq Khan annexed Ayodhya and Bihar to Bengal. Mughisuddin Uzbek also conquered Bihar and Ayodhya from Delhi but was killed during a failed campaign in Assam. Two Turkish attempts east of the wide Jamuna and Brahmaputra rivers were thwarted, but the third attempt, led by Mughisuddin Tughlaq, succeeded in conquering from Sonargaon south of Dhaka to Faridpur and officially dissolving the Sen Empire in 126 AD. Mugisuddin Tughral repulsed two major attacks from the Sultan of Delhi. Eventually Gias Uddin was defeated and killed by Balban.
Mahmud Shahi dynasty
The Mahmud Shahi dynasty began with the declaration of independence in Bengal by Nasiruddin Bugra Khan. Nasiruddin Bugra Khan and his successors ruled Bengal for 23 years, until Bengal was re-incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
Elias Shahi dynasty
Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah established an independent dynasty which lasted from 1342 to 148. This dynasty successfully resisted Delhi's attempt to conquer Bengal. They extended their territory to Khulna in the south of modern Bengal and to Sylhet in the east. The sultans formed civic institutions and their outlook became more reactionary and "native" as well as more independent from the influence and control of Delhi. Significant architectural projects, including the Adina Mosque and the Darsbari Mosque, were completed by them and are still standing permanently near the Bangladesh-India border. The Sultans of Bengal were patrons of Bengali literature and started a process through which Bengali culture and identity would grow. For the first time during the reign of this dynasty, Bengal got a distinct identity. In fact, Ilyas Shah declared this province as a united, single and integrated region called 'Bangalah'. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was thwarted by a Hindu revolt under King Ganesha. However, the Ilyas Shahi dynasty was restored through Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. Morocco traveler and scholar Ibn Battuta came to Bengal during the reign of Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah. In his personal account called Rihla, he portrayed Bengal as a region full of abundance. Bengal was a progressive state with trade links to China, Java and Ceylon. Merchant ships would come and go from different destinations.
Sonargaon is also a sultanate
Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah ruled an independent region between 1338 and 1349 in eastern and southeastern Bangladesh. He was the first Muslim ruler to conquer Chittagong, the main port of Bengal in 1340 AD. Fakhruddin's capital was Sonargaon which emerged as the main city of the region and as an independent sultanate capital during his reign. After his visit to the capital in 1348, Ibn Battuta described him as "the possessor of a distinguished sovereign power" who loved strangers, especially fakirs and Sufis.
Ganesha dynasty
The Ganesha dynasty was started in 1414 AD by King Ganesha. After Raja Ganesha took control of Bengal, he faced an impending threat. Ganesha called on a powerful Muslim cleric named Qutb Al Alam to stop the threat. The saint agreed on the condition that Jadu, the son of King Ganesha, convert to Islam and rule in his place. King Ganesha agreed and in 1412 Jadu started ruling under the name of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. Qutb al-Alam died in 1418 and King Ganesha forced his son to leave the religion, so he returned to the throne in the name of Danujmardan Dev. Jalaluddin was converted to Hinduism by the Golden Cow Rite. After the death of his father, Jalaluddin converted to Islam again and began to rule again. Jalaluddin's son Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah ruled for only three years due to chaos and anarchy. The dynasty was also known for their liberal policies and they placed more emphasis on justice and charity.
Hussein Shahi dynasty
The Habsi rule paved the way for the Hussein Shahi dynasty, which ruled from 1494 to 1538. Alauddin Hussain Shah was considered one of the greatest sultans of Bengal for his encouragement of cultural revival during his reign. He extended his sultanate to the port of Chittagong, which was first witnessed by Portuguese traders. Nasiruddin Nusrat Shah sheltered the Afghans during Babar's invasion although he was neutral. Nusrat Shah later made a treaty with Babar, which protected Bengal from Mughal invasion. The last sultan of the dynasty to rule from Gaur had to contend with increasing Afghan activity on its northwestern frontier. Finally, the rise of the Afghan rule in 1538 was followed by decades of Mughal rule.
Pashtun rule
Sher Shah Suri established the Sur dynasty in northern Bengal and northern India. After the Battle of Chausa, he declared himself the independent sultan of Bengal and Bihar. Sher Shah was the only Muslim sultan of Bengal to establish an empire in northern India. Sher Shah's son Islam Shah appointed Muhammad Khan Sur as the governor of Bengal. After the death of Islam Shah, Muhammad Khan Sur declared his independence from Delhi. Muhammad Khan Sur was followed by Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah and Ghiyasuddin Jalal Shah. Pashtun rule in Bengal lasted for 44 years. The construction of the Grand Trunk Road with Sonargaon, Delhi and Kabul was Sher Shah's most impressive achievement.
Karrani dynasty
The Karrani dynasty followed the Sur dynasty. Sulaiman Khan Karrani permanently annexed Orissa to the Muslim Sultanate. Dawood Shah Karrani declared independence from Akbar which led to four years of bloody war between the Mughals and the Pashtuns. The Mughals' feud with the Pashtun sultans ended with the battle of Rajmahal in 156 AD under Khan Jahan. However, the local landlords (Baro Bhuiyan) led by the Pashtuns and Isa Khan opposed the Mughal invasion.
Mughal era
From the time of Bengal Emperor Akbar onwards, the Mughal Empire became annexed. After the Battle of Tukaroi (in Bengal near the village of Tukaroi in Balasore District, West Bengal in 1575 AD), there was a war between the Mughals and the Karrani Sultanate of Bengal and Bihar. From that time Dhaka became the capital of the Mughal province of Bengal. But due to its geographical distance, the Mughals found it difficult to rule the region. In particular, the eastern region of the Brahmaputra River remained outside the mainstream Mughal infl
The ethnic and linguistic identity of Bengal became clearer during this period because the whole of Bengal was united under a capable and lasting administration. In addition, its inhabitants were given considerable autonomy in developing their own customs and literature. The conquest of Bengal by the Mughals was achieved through the defeat of Sylhet during the reign of Emperor Jahangir in 1612 AD, but with the exception of Chittagong. At this time Dhaka was promoted to the position of the provincial capital of Bengal. Later Chittagong was captured to stop the Arakanese campaign from Chittagong. A well-known Dhaka landmark, Lalbagh Fort, was built during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Islam Khan
Islam Khan was appointed subaddar of Bengal in 1606 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. He ruled Bengal from the capital Dhaka, which was renamed Jahangir Nagar. His main job was to control the rebel kings, Bara-Bhuiyan, zamindars and Afghan leaders. He fought with Musa Khan, the leader of the Bara Bhuiyans, and Musa Khan came under his rule in late 1611. Islam Khan defeated Pratapaditya of Jessore, Ramchandra of Baklar and Ananta Manikya of Bhuluya kingdom. He then joined the kingdoms of Kochbihar, Koch Hajo and Kakhar, thus taking control of the whole of Bengal except Chittagong.
Shaista Khan
After the death of Mir Jumla II in 183, Shaista Khan was appointed subaddar of Bengal. He was the longest governor of Bengal. He ruled the province from his administrative headquarters in Dhaka for about 24 years from 184 to 18. As governor he encouraged trade with Europe, Southeast Asia and other parts of India. He consolidated his powers by signing trade agreements with European powers. Despite his strong position, he was loyal to Emperor Aurangzeb. Shaista Khan's fame in Bengal depended on the re-conquest of Chittagong. Although Chittagong came under the rule of Sultan Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah in 1342 and the Sultanate of Bengal in the late sixteenth century, it passed into the hands of the Arakanese rulers in 1530. Considering the strategic importance of the port of Chittagong, Shaista Khan gave the highest priority to its restoration and was able to conquer Chittagong on 17 January. The victory brought peace and tranquility to the people of Chittagong as the local people became restless with the pirates.
Nawab of Bengal
Murshid Quli Khan declared the end of the Mughal Empire in 1616 AD by declaring the independence of Bengal during the Mughal rule. He shifted the capital to Murshidabad when a group of independent Nawabs of Bengal was emerging. Murshid Quli Zafar Khan, the founder of Nasiri, was born into a southern Oriya Brahmin family. Haji Shafi Isfahani, a Persian merchant, bought him before he was sold into slavery and later converted him to Islam. He entered the service of Emperor Aurangzeb and continued to prosper until he became the Nazim of Bengal in 1617. He held the post until his death in 1828. His grandson succeeded him and his son-in-law. Alivardi Khan of the Afsar dynasty succeeded him in 1840 when his grandson died in battle. Afsar ruled from 1840 to 1757. When Siraj-ud-Daulah ruled in the third and final dynasty of Bengal, the last Afsar rulers died in the battle of Palashi in 1757. When Nawab Alivardi Khan first invaded Bengal, he showed his military prowess during the war with the Marathas. He repulsed the first Maratha attack in Bengal. He overthrew a rebellion of the Afghans in Bihar and paid the British 150,000 rupees to blockade the Mughal and Armenian merchant ships. But the Marathas of the Maratha Empire repeatedly invaded Bengal and during the fourth Maratha invasion, Nawab Alivardi Khan was defeated and was forced to exchange views with the Marathas of the Maratha Empire. He agreed to pay twelve lakh rupees annually and handed over the province of Orissa to the Maratha
Colonial rule
European traders came to Bengal from the end of the fifteenth century. Gradually their influence continues to grow. In 1757, the British East India Company won the battle of Palashi and seized control of Bengal (Baxter [1], pp. 23–28). After the Sepoy Revolution of 1857, the rule of Bengal came under the direct control of the British Empire from the Company. A viceroy under the control of the British king administered the administration. (Baxter [1], pp. 30–32) During the colonial rule, severe famines occurred in the Indian subcontinent many times. Of these, an estimated 3 million people died in the famine of 180 AD, known as the Manvantar of the Seventy-six. [2] The partition of Bengal from 1905 to 1911 resulted in the formation of a new province with East Bengal and Assam, with Dhaka as its capital. (Baxter [1], pp. 39–40) However, the partition of Bengal was canceled in 1911 due to the extreme opposition of Calcutta-centric politicians and intellectuals. During the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, the province of Bengal was again divided on the basis of religion. Hindu-majority West Bengal is part of India, while Muslim-majority East Bengal is part of Pakistan. In 1954, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan. [3]
Pakistan period (1947-1971)
In 1947, British India was divided into two independent states, India and Pakistan. Pakistan's borders were marked on the basis of Muslim predominance, making it inevitable on the map of Pakistan to have two separate territories, one East Pakistan and the other West Pakistan. East Pakistan was formed mainly with East Bengal which is now Bangladesh. The history of East Pakistan is basically a history of oppression and exploitation at the hands of the West Pakistani rulers who had military rule from 1956 to 1971 on the other side. The zamindar system was abolished under land reform in 1950. (Baxter [1], p. 72) But despite the economic and demographic importance of East Pakistan, the Pakistani government and army were under the full control of the West Pakistanis. The language movement of 1952 was the first sign of conflict between the two parts of Pakistan. (Baxter [1], pp. 62–63) Over the next decade, the central government's economic and cultural initiatives led to protests in East Pakistan. The first step against Pakistani influence and dictatorship was the establishment of the Awami Muslim League under the leadership of Maulana Bhasani. The party was founded in 1949. The victory in the 1954 United Front elections and the formation of the Coalition Opposition or 'COP' with the aim of defeating Pakistan's military administrator General Ayub Khan in the 1975 presidential election were milestones in the movement led by East Pakistani politicians against Pakistani military rule. The question of the independence of East Pakistan has been raised since the mid-1950s. The Awami League emerged as a proponent of Bengali nationalism in the mid-1960s, and by 1969 it had become the main political party in East Pakistan, the Bengali nation. The six-point movement began in the mid-1980s. Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was imprisoned in 1986. He was re-arrested in 1979 through the Agartala conspiracy case. Despite the fall of Ayub Khan's military junta as a result of the mass uprising of 1971, military rule continued. Released from captivity, Sheikh Mujib participated in the general election of General Yahya Dattat held in 1970 and gained a majority in East Pakistan.
Bangladesh War of Independence (1971)
In December 1970, a devastating cyclone killed about 500,000 people off the coast of East Pakistan. But the central government of Pakistan continued non-cooperation. Although the Awami League won a majority in the 1970 parliamentary elections, the military junta refused to hand over power.
(Baxter [1], pp. 78–79)
After the roundtable meeting with Mujib failed, General Yahya Khan arrested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman late at night on 25 March [4] and the Pakistani army launched an indiscriminate attack on the Bengalis as part of Operation Searchlight. Before his arrest, Bangabandhu wrote the declaration of independence of Bangladesh. [5] On 26 March, Major Ziaur Rahman read out the Declaration of Independence on behalf of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from the Kalurghat Radio Station in Chittagong. [6] [7] Intellectuals and minorities. About 10 million people took refuge in India. (LaPorte [9], p. 103) The total number of casualties in the liberation war of Bangladesh has been estimated at 3 million. [10] [11] In the 1970 elections, elected leaders of the Awami League formed an interim government at Ambagan in Baidyanathtala, Meherpur on 17 April. The war of independence of Bangladesh lasted for 9 months. The Mukti Bahini and the Bangladesh Army won in December 1971 with the help of India. On 16 December 1971, General Niazi, the Chief of the Pakistan Army, surrendered to Allied Chief General Jagjit Singh Aurora. About 90,000 Pakistani soldiers were taken prisoner of war and sent back to Pakistan in 1963. [12] Independent Bangladesh (1972-present) Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, 1972-1975 In the post-independence period, Bangladesh first introduced parliamentary democracy and Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the Prime Minister. The Awami League won an absolute majority in the 1973 parliamentary elections. In 1973 and 1974, there was a nationwide famine in the war-torn new country due to foreign conspiracies. [2] He and his family were killed in a coup d'etat on 15 August 1975, part of an army conspiracy. [13] Khandaker Mushtaq 1985 After the assassination of President Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August 1975, Awami League leader Khandaker Mushtaq Ahmed was sworn in as President. He formed a new cabinet. His term was from 15th August to 8th November 1975; At this time martial law was issued. His tenure was short. Later, Justice Abu Sadat Muhammad Sayem took over the presidency. Ziaur Rahman, 1985-1981 Army officer Ziaur Rahman gradually became involved in politics after the so-called Sepoy Revolution on November 7, 1975. On 19 November 1986, he was reinstated as Chief of Army Staff. He was the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator at the time. He was sworn in as President on April 21, 1986, after President Abu Sadat Sayem. Ziaur Rahman won the June 3, 1987 presidential election. Ziaur Rahman established a political ideology called Bangladeshi nationalism. General Ziaur Rahman founded the Jatiya Ganatantrik Dal (Jagdal) in February 1986, later renamed the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) on 1 September 1978. Zia was the coordinator of this group and served as the first chairman of this group. Professor A. Q. M Badruddoza Chowdhury was the first secretary general. Before the formation of the BNP, the Nationalist Democratic Party (Jagdal) was formed in February 1986 with Vice President Justice Abdus Sattar as its president. The second parliamentary elections were held in 1989 when Ziaur Rahman was the President. In this election Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) won 206 out of 296 seats. Zia was killed in a military coup in Chittagong on 29 May 1971. Thereafter, Vice President Abdus Sattar became the President. Hussain Muhammad Ershad, 1982-1990 Hussein Muhammad Ershad was one of the few high-ranking army officers who volunteered in Pakistan during the 1971 war of liberation. In the wake of