A constitution is a written document of a country and the source of all kinds of laws. Since Bangladesh did not have its own constitution before 1971, emphasis was laid on the formulation of the constitution after independence and a democratic provision suitable for Bangladesh was formulated in just 9 months. The first constitution was drafted by the Constitution Drafting Committee headed by Dr. Kamal Hossain. After the Constituent Assembly finally approved the draft constitution, the constitution of Bangladesh came into force on 16 December 1972. In the constitution of 1972, the constitutional rules of governing the state were based on a number of features and played an active role in protecting the rights of the Bengalis.
Key Features of the Constitution of 1972: The Constitution of Bangladesh enacted on 16 December 1972 gives a realistic picture of the implementation of the hopes and aspirations of the people. The main features of the Constitution of 1972 are discussed below:
Written Constitution: One of the main features of the Constitution of 1972 is that the Constitution is a written document. This constitution is written on every subject. The constitution contains a preamble, eleven parts and four schedules. Besides, the constitution consists of 153 articles. The first part is the characteristics of the republic, the second part is the principles of governance, the third part is fundamental rights, the fourth part is the executive branch, the fifth part is the parliament, the sixth part is the judiciary, the seventh part is the election, the eighth part is the audit and regulatory commission. The issues have been discussed in writing.
Language: The constitution has been written in Bengali and English. However, the constitution made Bengali the only state language and the first ten songs of the world poet Rabindranath Tagore's 'Amar Sonar Bangla' as the national anthem of Bangladesh. The constitution of 1972 referred to the citizens of this country as Bengalis. That is, the main feature of the constitution of the seventy-two is the use of Bengali language.
Mutable: Another important feature of the Constitution of 1972 is that it cannot be easily changed. Changing the constitution requires a two-thirds vote of MPs. However, some sections of the constitution cannot be changed if desired. Therefore, the constitution of 1972 is termed as a changeable constitution. Moreover, if two-thirds of the votes are not cast, no change is deemed worthy of change.
Principles of Governance: In the preamble of the 1972 constitution, four norms have been adopted as the principles of governance. Namely, nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism. Its main goal was to establish a society where the rule of law is a fundamental right for all citizens and to ensure political, economic and social equality, freedom and justice. One of the key features of the 1972 constitution was the incorporation of the principles of governance which have been used as a tool of the state system.
Formulation of Parliamentary System of Government: Another feature of the Constitution of 1972 was the formulation of parliamentary system of government. In the 1972 constitution, the cabinet introduced the system of governance and vested all de facto power in the hands of the prime minister. The constitution provides for a one-chamber legislature with 300 members and 15 women members in reserved seats.
Mention of Fundamental Rights: One of the features of the Constitution of 1972 is to enshrine the fundamental rights of the people. Fundamental rights are inserted in Articles 27-44 of the Constitution. Article 44 of the Constitution protects the Supreme Court from ensuring all kinds of fundamental rights. In other words, the basic human rights such as freedom of movement, freedom of speech, organization, rights, etc. have been guaranteed by the constitution. As a result, the basic human rights have been recognized as statutory by law.
Discipline of Members of Parliament: If a Member of Parliament leaves his party or votes against the decision of the party, he will lose his seat of Parliament (Article 70 of the Constitution of Bangladesh). This provision has been made in the interest of the stability of the government.
Provision of Ombudsman: Another feature of the Constitution of Bangladesh is the creation of the post of Ombudsman. Parliament can create this post by law. The ombudsman can conduct necessary investigations against any ministry, government official-employee. He will be the only local member of parliament.
Establishment of the Supreme Court: According to the Constitution, the Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. Under the Constitution, the Chief Justice and other judges will be able to conduct judicial proceedings independently. He will be responsible only to the parliament.
Administrative Tribunal: The Constitution of Bangladesh has jurisdiction over matters relating to the appointment, transfer, dismissal, promotion, punishment, and management and management of state-owned property by law. đ¯
In conclusion, the 1972 constitution was a written non-binding constitutional document. It was a widely written document and was superior to other constitutions in the subcontinent. In some cases conflict and weakness were widely reflected. The key features of this constitution, as well as the role it played in strengthening the hopes and aspirations of the people and the constitutional system, also served as the main source of law. Therefore, it can be said that the main feature of the constitution of 1972 is based on the constitutional basis.
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