Adrenal or Supra-Renals...Guts.Gonads..

Today am going to discuss very interesting topic a part of human body and role in life how useful in daily life lets see and enjoy

A pair of adrenals is present on the peak of every kidney its outer layer is adrenal cortex while the inner layer is adrenal medulla the medulla produce the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone hormones.

Release of hormones.

ACTH from the pituitary stimulates the secretion of those hormones.

Hormones of adrenal medulla i.e both adrenaline and nonadrenaline are secreted in stress situations.

In rats whose adrenal medulla has been removed surgically the ability to withstand any stress situation is reduced.

The adrenal cortex is active at all time but espically active in shock or stress situation and infections.

Functions of adrenal medulla.

Both adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted in stress condition.

• Adrenaline.

It dilates blood vessels in certain parts of the body . it increase hearts beat output.

• Nonadrealine

It construct blood vessels in certain areas.

E.g Gut

Both hormones are involved in raising blood pressure rarely excess of these hormones lead to abnormals high blood pressure.

Both promotes the release of glucose from liver glycogen.

They also reinforce the effect of sympathetic system.

Functions of cortical Hormones.

It increase blood glucose level mainly by its produce from protein and by antagonizing the action of insulin.

The adrenal cortex mainly secretes aldosterone it conserve the level of Na+ ions in the body by preventiong their loss from the kidney tubules

Corticosterone it increase blood glucose levels regulate minerals ions balance so it is both a glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid.

Addisons Disease.

The destruction of the adrenal cortex such as occurs in addisons disease will lead to general metabolic

Weakness of muscle action loss of salts stress sitaution such as cold lead to collapse and death

Cushings disease.

Too much cortical hormone is produced

Symptoms are an excessive protien breakdown.

ResultingResulting muscular and bone

High blood sugar distirbes the metabolis as in diabetes.

Testosterone.

Very small amount of androgens are secreted in both male and female by adrenal glands.

Androgens cause development of the secondary male characteristics.

Disorder:

A tumor on the inner part of the adrenal cortex in a female cause,

Excess of androgens to be produced

As a result there is the development of certain male characteristics .however such cases are very rare.

Gut.

GastrinGastrin

It is a hormone produced by mucosa of pyloric reqion of stomach.

Function:

It stimulates the production of more and more gastric juice.

Production:

It is produced under the influence of protien food in the stomach after it is partially digested.

Secretin:

It is produced from the duodenum when acidic food touches its lining.

Functions:

It affects the pancreas to produce and release pancreatic juice and affects the rate of bile productionin the liver.

Gonads.

Ovary.

Hormones realsed by ovary and oestrogen and progesterone.

Oestrogen.

Oestrogen are secreted by ripenning follicals.

The development of follicles is initiated by FSH from pituitary.

Progesterone.

They produced by ruptured follicle in response to LH from the pituitary.

Testes:

The tested consist of many coiled seminiferous tubules here the spermatozoa developed between the tubules are regions of intersitial cells.

Functions:

In the foetus intiaties the development of sex organs at puberty brings about development of male secondary charactertics and promotes sex drive.

Deficiency:

The castrated male fails to develope secondary sexual character and his body is more like an immature female.

I hope will learn many many more.