LGBT

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1 year ago

TOPIC LGBT

INTRODUCTION:

LGBT is the abbreviation of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender. Whereas the term Lesbian is used for the female who have sexual orientation towards other female. Gay is also a homosexuality term used for men. Bisexual is a term refers to person male or female who have sexual attraction to both genders. While Transgender are a people who have a gender identity and expression different to their sex that has assigned.

BACKGROUND:

Many people consider homosexuality to be a modern-day phenomenon. This could not be further from the truth. Homosexuality has been documented in Western society as far back as the Ancient Greeks. Virtually every civilization since has had some record of the presence of homosexuality, from Ancient Greece to Rome to Victorian England, right up to the present day. (According to brief history of homosexuality by Gayle Zive)

While nowadays we understand that higher rates of psychological distress among LGB people are related to their minority status and to discrimination, by the early 20th century, psychiatrists mostly regarded homosexuality as pathological per se; and in the mid-20th century psychiatrics, physicians, and psychologists were trying to “cure” and change homosexuality (Drescher, 2009). In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association published its first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-I), in which homosexuality was considered a “sociopathic personality disturbance.” In DSM-II, published in 1968,homosexuality was reclassified as a “sexual deviation.” However, in December 1973, the American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees voted to remove homosexuality from the DSM.

The WHO has a list of diseases, called the “International Classification of Diseases”(ICD).This list is reviewed regularly, in accordance with the latest medical research. In 1977,ICD-9 still listed homosexuality as a disease. However, the WHO later removed the item from the list. The 43rd World Health Health Assembly endorsed that decision decision in May 1990. Therefore, the current used ICD-10 explicitly states that “sexual orientation by itself is not to be considered a disorder”.

RESEARCHES AND REPORTS:

Sigmund Freud(1856-1939) was an Austrian and pshychiatrist and the founding father of psychoanalysis. Freud argued that humans are born ‘polymorphously preserve’, meaning that any number of objects (including people) could be a source of sexual pleasure, and that we become heterosexual after negotiating various stages of pshychosexual development. This means Freud rejected the notion, popular among sexologists, that homosexuality or heterosexuality are inborn and instead viewed all forms of sexuality as the product of the family environment.(Source Book Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Queer pshycology). https://books.google.com.pk/books?

The stigmatization and discrimination of gay people may lead to mental-health problems but homosexuality in itself is not a mental-health problem. That is the scientific consensus and endorsed by the World Health Organization(WHO).

In the brain studies represented by the works of Simon LeVay (1991), it was concluded that the brain of heterosexuals and homosexuals were different morphologically: The brain clusters was more than twice large in the heterosexual than in the homosexual. LeVay‟s study has been criticized for methodological errors including failure to adequately identify a controlled group, using a small sample group and taking samples from homosexuals who died of AIDS. However, the idea of morphological difference between heterosexuals and homosexuals has remained hotly contested since LeVay.

In endocrinology, it has been hypothesized that because sex hormones are responsible for certain sexual behaviour, it follows that undersupply or oversupply of the hormones, such as testosterone and estrogens, in the bloodstream of individuals can lead the person to display opposite sexual pattern. In the animal studies of 1977 by a team of neurobiologists led by Roger Gorski, it was discovered that rats that had their hormones levels altered displayed opposite sexual behaviour. On the basis of this it was concluded that human homosexual behaviour was caused by endocrinological abnormality. Gorski study was criticized on the ground that there is no strict comparability between animals and human beings; that “motivated sexual behaviours in humans are unlikely to be under such rigid endocrine control”

In 1993, Dean Hamer and his colleagues published a report which indicated a certain genetic marker on the X chromosome was at least partially responsible for homoeroticism. The conclusion was reached after Hamer and his team had studied forty pairs of homoerotic brothers. Male human beings have an X and a Y chromosome, and the X chromosome is inherited from the mother. On the basis of this, the Hamer crew hypothesized that the mother causes the gay gene which is inherited by her son. This study is known as “linkage study”, where researchers use traits found in an extended family and then looks for common DNA segment, or marker, on a particular chromosome. If the same marker is present consistently in the family member who have that trait, it is theorized that the marker may be the gene that causes – or „codes‟ – for that trait.” Hamer et al (1993) concluded that: “We have now produced evidence that one form of male homosexuality is preferentially transmitted through the maternal side and is genetically linked to chromosomal region Xq28… that Xq28 contains a gene which contributes to homosexual orientation in males”

A new study of male twins, scheduled for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) in Baltimore, Maryland, today, could help explain that paradox. It finds that epigenetic effects, chemical modifications of the human genome that alter gene activity without changing the DNA sequence, may have a major influence on sexual orientation

CAUSES OF LGBT:

1. Genetic factors: Allan Schwartz, LCSW, Ph.D, a psychoanalyst who graduated from the National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, United States, wrote that genetic factors are believed by experts as one of the causes of LGBT. The X chromosome, which is passed from mother to child, carries a variety of genes that make a person gay.

2. Biological factors & hormones: Allan Scwartz also wrote that biological factors are also the cause of homosexuality and bisexuality, in LGBT. Mothers who give birth to more than one son are at risk of having gay sons, among the sons he gives birth to. According to experts, when the mother gives birth to an older boy, biological phenomena occur in the lining of her uterus. This condition, triggers changes in the fetus of a younger boy, and raises the risk of homosexual orientation. Scientists speculate that this biological phenomenon involves hormonal changes. This affects the brain of the child who becomes gay, although the specific mechanism is still unknown.

Does someone choose himself to be LGBT? Most experts believe that being part of the LGBT community, or having a homosexual or bisexual sexual orientation, is not a personal choice. In fact, a person is more likely to change his physical form, without being able to change and choose his sexual orientation. Scientists believe having a sexual orientation in the form of homosexual and bisexual, is a natural part of the individual. Having a homosexual orientation is not a person's choice according to experts. Like heterosexual people, or lovers of the opposite sex, same-sex attraction to homosexual and bisexual individuals in LGBT, has emerged since childhood. Likewise with transgender, as a belief in a gender identity that is different from gender. This kind of belief can even appear before the age of 5 years. LGBT children and adolescents may be at risk for experiencing excessive stress, because they have a different sexual orientation and gender identity from their peers. Some of them may choose to hide their identity, because they are afraid of the judgment and rejection of others. Some homosexual and bisexual individuals in LGBT can accept their sexual orientation at a certain age. However, some may still find it difficult to acknowledge their own feelings. Some of them will probably keep it tight. There are many who come out orcoming outto those closest to them, that they are gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.

DISEASES RELATED TO LGBT: Depression and suicidal risk among discriminated LGBT youth: Sexual minority adolescents report a greater incidence of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and increased suicidal behaviors than heterosexual adolescents.

STDs:Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) have been rising among gay and bisexual men, with increases in syphilis being seen across the country. In 2014, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men accounted for 83% of primary and secondary syphilis cases where sex of sex partner was known in the United States. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men often get other STDs, including chlamydia and gonorrhea infections. HPV (Human papillomavirus), the most common STD in the United States, is also a concern for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Some types of HPV can cause genital and anal warts and some can lead to the development of anal and oral cancers. Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men are 17 times more likely to get anal cancer than heterosexual men. Men who are HIV-positive are even more likely than those who do not have HIV to get anal cancer.

SOLUTION:

1.Conversion therapy:Conversion therapy is any emotional or physical therapy used to “cure” or “repair” a person’s attraction to the same sex, or their gender identity and expression. Providers claim these therapies can make someone heterosexual or “straight. Conversion therapy is also called reparative therapy or Ex gay therapy.

2.Psychotherapy: Talk therapy is the most widely used. But providers might also try behavioral, interpersonal, or cognitive therapies. Some teach stereotypical masculine and feminine behaviors or use hypnosis to try to change thought patterns for same-sex attraction. Another commonly used method is called “aversion therapy.” In this practice, people are exposed to painful or uncomfortable sensations like electric shocks and nausea- or paralysis-causing drugs. This is done in hopes of forming a negative association with the person’s attractions or identity to “correct” it.

3. Medical: This includes medicine, hormone, or steroid therapies. In extreme cases, gender-affirming surgeries are done to “neutralize” sexual orientation. especially among transgender people.

4. Faithbased: In some religious practices, homosexuality and other forms of gender expression and identity are sometimes viewed as “evil.” Conversion therapy is sometimes performed by clergy or other spiritual advisers. It may include using anti-gay slurs and prayers. In severe cases, it could also include beating, shackling, food deprivation, and even exorcism.

OUR SOLUTION:

Since science is still confuse that what will be the cause of lgbt. So there is no appropriate solution to it. But some solutions that come to our mind are:

1.Children are getting sex education in every part of world especially west. Lgbt is added as an education, there are many story books which are based on lgbt i.e my chacha is gay. It is because children have photographic memory, they pick things easily and the things they learn in childhood remain in their mind for the rest of their life. So we have to imprinting on our children. From the very beginning of their life teach them to perceive themselves with the gender that they have.

2. People who are coming to clinics to change their genders, their proper checkups are done before surgery. If there is real issue in their genitals then surgery would be performed otherwise it would be avoided.

CONCLUSION:

In reviewing the scientific literature, we find that almost nothing is well understood when we seek biological explanations for what causes some individuals to state that their gender does not match their biological sex. The findings that do exist often have sample-selection problems, and they lack longitudinal perspective and explanatory power. Better research is needed, both to identify ways by which we can help to lower the rates of poor mental health outcomes and to make possible more informed discussion about some of the nuances present in this field.

Thoughtful scientific research and careful, circumspect interpretation of its results can advance our understanding of sexual orientation and gender identity. There is still much work to be done and many unanswered questions. We have attempted to synthesize and describe a complex body of scientific research related to some of these themes.

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